atoms and periodic table unit part iii/iv for educators - download .ppt at

Part III/IVAtoms and

Periodic Table Unit

This is Part III / IV of an educational unit about Atoms and the Periodic Table

of the Elements

Download the Powerpoint version of this video, unit notes, assessments, lab

handouts, review games, videos, and much more at

www.sciencepowerpoint.com

• John Dalton’s Atomic Assumptions

• The Greek root for the word atom, "atomon," means "that which cannot be divided." – But atoms can be divided!

• The Greek root for the word atom, "atomon," means "that which cannot be divided." – But atoms can be divided! But not easily on earth.

Each Element is made up of one kind of Each Element is made up of one kind of atom. The number of Protons and atom. The number of Protons and Electrons.Electrons. Atoms are arranged on the periodic table of Atoms are arranged on the periodic table of

elements.elements.

Each Element is made up of one kind of Each Element is made up of one kind of atom. The number of Protons and atom. The number of Protons and Electrons.Electrons. Atoms are arranged on the periodic table of Atoms are arranged on the periodic table of

elements.elements.

• Hydrogen – 1 proton – Has an atomic mass of 1.

• Helium – 2 protons and 2 neutrons– Has an atomic mass of 4.

Atomic Mass = AMU Atomic Mass Units, The Atomic Mass = AMU Atomic Mass Units, The number of protons, nuetrons, and number of protons, nuetrons, and electrons.electrons.

• Review! To find # of protons and electrons

• Review! To find # of protons and electrons– It is the atomic number, or count the P+ or E-.

• Review! To find # of protons and electrons– It is the atomic number.– What is Sodium’s Atomic number?

• Answer! Count the 11 Protons

• Answer! Count the 11 Protons or 11 Electrons

• Review! To find # of neutrons

• Review! To find # of neutrons– Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass to

determine the difference.

determine the difference.– How many neutrons does Lithium have?

Atomic Mass

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass

Atomic Number6.94 amu – 3 =

• Answer! 6.94 – 3 = 3.94

Atomic Mass

• Answer! 6.94 – 3 = 3.94 or 4 neutrons

Atomic Mass

• Activity! Please create the table on the next slide, 4 down x 10 across. Use the periodic table of elements.

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Li Be B C N O F Ne

K Ca Sc Ti Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

New Area of Focus: Electron OrbitalsNew Area of Focus: Electron Orbitals

• Recommended link. Khan Academy Electron Orbitals. (Advanced)– #1)

http://www.khanacademy.org/video/orbitals?playlist=Chemistry (13 minutes)

– #2) http://www.khanacademy.org/video/more-on-orbitals-and-electron-configuration?playlist=Chemistry (15 minutes)

• Fill up orbitals in the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p - until you run out of electrons

• 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p

1s-orbital

2s-orbital

3s-orbital

4s-orbital

2px-orbital

2py-orbital

2pz-orbital

3px-orbital

3dz2 (squared)

3d x2y2

4d x2y2

4fz3 (cubed)

Energy increases as you move up the energy levels

Valence electrons: Electron’s in the Valence electrons: Electron’s in the outer most shell.outer most shell.

How many valence electrons?

1 2 1 4

1 2 1 4 5

1 2 1 4 5 1

Total Electrons

The number of valence electrons The number of valence electrons determines the group placement determines the group placement of an element on the periodic of an element on the periodic table.table.

The rules for the first 18 elements are The rules for the first 18 elements are as follows...SPONCH includedas follows...SPONCH included

- 2 electrons max in the 1st shell.- 2 electrons max in the 1st shell.- 8 electrons max in the 2nd shell.- 8 electrons max in the 2nd shell.- 8 electrons max in the 3rd shell. - 8 electrons max in the 3rd shell.

- 1818- 3232- 3232- 1818- 22

Most of the transition metals…Most of the transition metals…

Most of the transition metals…Most of the transition metals…2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 22, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2

• After the second orbit or shell is filled, things start to get complicated.

• After the second orbit or shell is filled, things start to get complicated. The third shell fills until it gets to 8,

• After the second orbit or shell is filled, things start to get complicated. The third shell fills until it gets to 8, and then the fourth shell starts adding electrons until it too has 8 electrons.

• After the second orbit or shell is filled, things start to get complicated. The third shell fills until it gets to 8, and then the fourth shell starts adding electrons until it too has 8 electrons. Then the third shell fills until it gets to 18.

• 2 electrons fill the first level

• 8 electrons fill the second level, ring, or shell.

• 8 electrons fill the second level, ring, or shell, and then…

• How many electrons are in the first three energy levels?

• Activity! Online Atom Builder.

– Sodium Na– Calcium Ca– Potassium K– Beryllium Be– Aluminum Al

• Activity! Each table group needs to build one of the SPONCH elements out of clay.

• Activity! Each table group needs to build one of the SPONCH elements out of clay.– Provide Name, Atomic #, and Atomic Symbol

on note card.

on note card.• Yellow = Proton, Red = Neutron, Green = Electron

– Roll balls of clay into fairly large circles for the correct number of protons.

– Repeat for neutrons, calculate correctly, (different color, slightly larger)

– Roll very small balls into electrons (different color).

– Arrange on table to show electron orbitals.

• Activity! Quiz Wiz: Name the atom based on the electron orbitals / atomic number.– Also tell me how many valence the atom has?

• Answers! Quiz Wiz: The answer will be given after each questions instead of at the end.

“This Quiz Wiz will

require you to work in

table groups.”

1 Hydrogen (#1) 1 Hydrogen (#1) 1 Valence 1 Valence ElectronElectron

2 Sodium (#11) 1 2 Sodium (#11) 1 Valence ElectronValence Electron

3 Trick? Not a correct Atom. Based on 3 Trick? Not a correct Atom. Based on valence electrons it would be Nitrogen. valence electrons it would be Nitrogen. Total number of electrons is 10, which Total number of electrons is 10, which means it would be neon, but neon means it would be neon, but neon should have 8 electrons in it’s outer should have 8 electrons in it’s outer shell, not 5. Best guess, It’s neon and shell, not 5. Best guess, It’s neon and the creator in cyberland didn’t know the creator in cyberland didn’t know about electron orbitals. about electron orbitals.

4 Carbon (#6) 4 4 Carbon (#6) 4 Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

5 Sodium Again 5 Sodium Again (#11) 1 Valence (#11) 1 Valence ElectronElectron

6 Copper (#29) 6 Copper (#29) 1 Valence 1 Valence ElectronElectron

7 Helium (#2) 2 7 Helium (#2) 2 Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

8 Aluminum (13) 3 8 Aluminum (13) 3 Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

9 Chlorine ( #17) 7 9 Chlorine ( #17) 7 Valence ElectronsValence Electrons

10 Neodymium 10 Neodymium (#60) 32 Valence (#60) 32 Valence ElectronsElectrons

• Bonus: What is this, and which characters have worn it. Do you know the order.

• Bonus: Lost by the Dark Lord Sauron,

• Bonus: Lost by the Dark Lord Sauron, Found by Smeagol / Gollum – Lost in cave,

• Bonus: Lost by the Dark Lord Sauron, Found by Smeagol / Gollum – Lost in cave, Found by Bilbo Baggins,

• Bonus: Lost by the Dark Lord Sauron, Found by Smeagol / Gollum – Lost in cave, Found by Bilbo Baggins, and given to Frodo Baggins. LOTR Trilogy & Hobbit.

• Activity Worksheet! Create electron dot diagrams in your journal for the following elements.– Also include atomic #, symbol, name and

• What is SPONCH?

• Answer! SPONCH are the biologically important elements of life. 99% of life is made up of these atoms.

S-S-P-P-O-O-N-N-C-C-H-H-

S-SulfurS-SulfurP-P-O-O-N-N-C-C-H-H-

S-SulfurS-SulfurP-PhosphorusP-PhosphorusO-O-N-N-C-C-H-H-

S-SulfurS-SulfurP-PhosphorusP-PhosphorusO-OxygenO-OxygenN-N-C-C-H-H-

S-SulfurS-SulfurP-PhosphorusP-PhosphorusO-OxygenO-OxygenN-NitrogenN-NitrogenC-C-H-H-

S-SulfurS-SulfurP-PhosphorusP-PhosphorusO-OxygenO-OxygenN-NitrogenN-NitrogenC-CarbonC-CarbonH-H-

S-SulfurS-SulfurP-PhosphorusP-PhosphorusO-OxygenO-OxygenN-NitrogenN-NitrogenC-CarbonC-CarbonH-HydrogenH-Hydrogen

• Activity! SPONCH Elements

• Create an atomic model for each element in SPONCH.

• Create an atomic model for each element in SPONCH.S – atomic number # 16

P – atomic number # 15

O – atomic number # 8

N – atomic number # 7

C – atomic number # 6

H – atomic number # 1

• Which orbital diagram below matches up with the letters from the word SPONCH?

Name: Sulfur Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Mass: 32.066

Name: Phosphorus Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Mass: 30.97376

Name: Oxygen Symbol: O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Mass: 15.9994

Name: Nitrogen Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Mass: 14.00674

Name: Carbon Symbol: C Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Mass: 12.0107

Name: Hydrogen Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Mass: 1.00794

• Just over one hundred different kinds of atoms are known.

• Just over one hundred different kinds of atoms are known. – Ninety two of these elements are naturally

occurring (i.e. they are found on the earth), and the remainder have been made artificially in nuclear reactors.

• Just over one hundred different kinds of atoms are known. – Ninety two of these elements are naturally

occurring (i.e. they are found on the earth), and the remainder have been made artificially in nuclear reactors.

Octet Rule – Elements want 8 electrons in Octet Rule – Elements want 8 electrons in their outer shell (valence).their outer shell (valence). Go to your mini periodic table and complete.Go to your mini periodic table and complete.

Li Be B C N O F Ne

• Using Lewis dot structures = The number of electrons in outer shell.

• Using Lewis dot structures = The number of electrons in outer shell.– You can now make molecules following the

octet rule.

• (Optional Link): Khan Academy

• Periodic Groups: Octet Rule (12 min) Advanced Video.

• http://www.khanacademy.org/video/groups-of-the-periodic-table?playlist=Chemistry

Ion: A charged atom.Ion: A charged atom. When an atom strips an electron, now one atom When an atom strips an electron, now one atom

has 1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion), has 1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion),

Ion: A charged atom.Ion: A charged atom. When an atom strips an electron, now one atom When an atom strips an electron, now one atom

has 1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion), has 1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion),

• Which atom below is the anion, and which is the cation?

• Sodium formed a cation because it lost -1 electron.

• Chlorine formed an anion because it gained -1 electron.

• Which atom below formed a cation, and which formed an anion?

Cation +1

• Which atom below formed a cation, and which formed an anion?

Cation +1Anion -1

• Remember– Electrons are negative, protons are

positive. The atom has a neutral charge when the number is the same.

– When you remove an electron, the atom becomes more positive (cation)

– When you add an electron the atom becomes more negative. (anion)

• Electron Affinity: The amount of energy required to detach an electron from a singly charged negative ion.

• Will this atom want to lose this valence electron, or gain many electrons to have a full outer shell?

• Answer: This Potassium atom will want to lose this electron. It has a low electron affinity.

Who wants it?

• Will this atom want to lose this valence electron, or gain many electrons to have a full outer shell?

• Answer: This Chlorine atom will want to gain one electron rather than lose seven. It has a high electron affinity.

• Which atom below has a high electron affinity, and which has a low electron affinity?

Answers:

Flourine Sodium

High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity

Answers:

Flourine Sodium

High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity

• (Optional Link): Khan Academy

• Ionization Energy (12 min) Advanced

• http://www.khanacademy.org/video/periodic-table-trends--ionization-energy?playlist=Chemistry

• Using Lewis dot structures = The number of electrons in outer shell.– You can now make molecules following the

octet rule.

Li Be B C N O F Ne

• Using Lewis dot structures = The number of electrons in outer shell.

-S--S--P--P-

-O--O--N--N-

-C--C-H-H-

-S--S--P--P-

-O--O--N--N-

-C--C-H-H-

-S--S--P--P-

-O--O--N--N-

-C--C-H-H-

-S--S--P--P-

-O--O--N--N-

-C--C-H-H-

-S--S--P--P-

-O--O--N--N-

-C--C-H-H-

-S--S--P--P-

-O--O--N--N-

-C--C-H-H-

-S--S--P--P-

-O--O--N--N-

-C--C-H-H-

• Let’s try a water molecule. H2O

H=O- -H

• Let’s try a water molecule. H2O

• Let’s try a water molecule. H2O– When using Lewis Dot Structures, a single

bond is represented with one line.

• Let’s try a water molecule. H2O– When using Lewis Dot Structures, a single

bond is represented with one line.

• Let’s try Methane CH4

• Some helpful tools.

• Some helpful tools.– Carbon can form a backbone or ring.

• Some helpful tools.– Carbon can form a backbone or ring– Hydrogens are on the outside

• Some helpful tools.– Carbon can form a backbone or ring– Hydrogen is on the outside

• Some helpful tools.– Carbon can form a backbone or ring– Hydrogen is on the outside– The smaller number is usually on the inside

• Some helpful tools.– Carbon can form a backbone or ring– Hydrogen is on the outside– The smaller number is usually on the inside– Double or triple bonds can often form

• Activity! Use the whiteboards to create Lewis Dot Structures for some common molecules.– Recommended to record the correct

molecules in your journal after whiteboard use.

• Activity! Use the whiteboards to create Lewis Dot Structures for some common molecules.– Recommended to record the correct

molecules in your journal after whiteboard use.

• Hydrogen + hydrogen =

• Hydrogen + hydrogen = H2 Gas– Full shell = elements

Try Methane CH4 Draw it and then build it

• Black = Carbon• Yellow = Hydrogen

• Now using electron dot diagramsCreate molecules like Methane CH4

• What is the empirical formula for this?

Answer: NF3

• Try Water H2O Draw it and then build it– Yellow = Hydrogen– Red = Oxygen

• Table Salt NaCl

• Double Bond O2 Gas

• Try a triple bond N2 Gas

• Please create electron structure and then build CCl4.

• Please make Beryllium Chloride. BeCl2

• Carbon Dioxide Gas CO2

– Hint- It forms a double bond.

– Hint- It forms a double bond.– Double bonds occur when an atom isn’t

completely involved. A difficult orbital thing that we aren’t going to cover.

– Each oxygen will share 4 electrons with the carbon, Carbon then = 8 , and Oxygen =8

– Black = Carbon– Red = oxygen

• Carbon Dioxide Gas CO2Draw it and then build it

• Activity Worksheet! Lewis dot structures and molecule building. Worksheet supported by slideshow.

• What Element are these?

• Which one is essential for life?

• Answer! Phosphorus (Part of DNA)

• Which one is rat poison?

• Answer! Arsenic

• How are these two elements similar?

• Answer! They both have 5 valence electrons?

Arsenic takes the place of Phosphorus in your DNA which causes death.

• Carbohydrates: What three elements do you think can be found in carbohydrates based on their name?

Carbohydrate: A group of organic Carbohydrate: A group of organic compounds, including sugars, compounds, including sugars, starches and fiber, that is a major starches and fiber, that is a major source of energy for animals. Made source of energy for animals. Made of C, H, O (1:2:1)of C, H, O (1:2:1)

• Make Glucose C6H12O6Black = CarbonRed = OxygenYellow = Hydrogen

Note – Red should not touch another red, and it works easier if carbon is in a chain for building purposes.

• Make Glucose C6H12O6Black = CarbonRed = OxygenYellow = Hydrogen

Note – Red should not touch another red, and it works easier if carbon is in a chain for building purposes.

• Sugars take many formsGlucose C6H12O6

Hydrocarbon: An organic compound Hydrocarbon: An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

• Create Lewis Dot Structure and then build Propane C3H8

Black = CarbonYellow = Hydrogen

• Butane C4H10Draw it and then build it

– Black = Carbon– Yellow= Hydrogen

• Pentane C5H12Draw it and then build it

– Black = Carbon– Yellow = Hydrogen

Alcohol: Mostly carbon and hydrogen with Alcohol: Mostly carbon and hydrogen with an OH groupan OH group

• Create Lewis Dot Structure and then build Alcohol C2OH6

• Which molecule below is C2OH6?

• Answer! Ethanol C2OH6

• Create Lewis Dot Structure and then build Alcohol C3OH8

• Which molecule below is C3OH8?

• Answer! Propanol C3OH8

• What alcohol molecule is this a picture of?

Protein: Group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are a essential part of living cells. ONCH

• Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein. Mostly made of ONCH.

• Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein. Mostly made of ONCH. Amino Acids contain both a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2)

• Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein. Mostly made of ONCH. Amino Acids contain both a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2)– Try and build the protein below.– Black = Carbon– Yellow = Hydrogen– Red = Oxygen– Blue = Nitrogen– Purple = R group

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids called Alanine, CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids called Alanine, CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH – C (put me in the middle)

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids called Alanine, CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH – C (put me in the middle)– CH3 (Attach me to the C)

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids called Alanine, CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH – C (put me in the middle)– CH3 (Attach me to the C)– NH2 (Attach to the C in the middle)

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids called Alanine, CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH – C (put me in the middle)– CH3 (Attach me to the C)– NH2 (Attach to the C in the middle)– COOH (Attach me to the C in the middle)

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids called Alanine, CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH – C (put me in the middle)– CH3 (Attach me to the C)– NH2 (Attach to the C in the middle)– COOH (Attach me to the C in the middle)– H (Attach me to the C in the middle)

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids called Glycine, NH2-CH2-COOH

• Amino Acids called Glycine, NH2-CH2-COOH

• Try and build one of the many Amino Acids called Glycine, NH2-CH2-COOH (different structure) than priorBlack = CarbonYellow = HydrogenRed = OxygenBlue = Nitrogen

“Ruff!”

• Try and find the NH2 group, and COOH group in the Amino Acid, Glutamine H2N-CO-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH

COOH groupCOOH group NH2 GroupNH2 Group

COOH groupCOOH group

NH2 NH2 GroupGroup

• These are some of the various amino acids that make up proteins, the building blocks of life.

• Activity! Worksheet. Lewis dot structures and electron dot diagrams.

• Activity! Atom Powerpoint Review Game.

END PART III/IVAtoms and the

Periodic Table Unitwww.sciencepowerpoint.com

End Part II / IV of an educational unit about Atoms and the Periodic Table

of the Elements

• More Units Available at…

Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and The River Unit, The Water Molecule Unit.

Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and The Introduction to Science / Metric Unit.

Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit, The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology: Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and coming soon The Anatomy and Physiology Unit.

atoms and periodic table unit part iii/iv for educators - download .ppt at

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