bacteria(1) fix

BacteriaMaulita Cut Nuria, M.Sc., Apt

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Fungi Plant Animal

Protista

Prokaryotae

Five-kingdom system is a commonly accepted system ofclassification 2

Eukaryotes

Archaebacteria Eubacteria

Universal Phylogenetic Tree derived from comparative sequencing of16S or 18S RNA. Note the three major domains of living organisms.3

Divisions and Classes in the Kingdom Procaryotae(Monera) Identified by Common Names

DIVISION

Typical gram-negativecell wall

Typical gram-positivecell wall

Wall-less procaryotes

Unusual walls

CLASS

Nonphotosynthetic bacteria

Anaerobic photosyntheticbacteriaCyanobacteriaRods and cocci Actinomycetesand related organisms

Mycopeanas

Archaeobacteria4

The taxonomic classification scheme for bacteria may befound in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.In Bergey's Manual, bacteria are divided into four divisions.Three divisions consist of eubacterial cells, and the fourthdivision consists of the archaeobacteria. Each division isdivided into classes

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Skema klasifikasi taksonomi bakteri mungkin

ditemukan dalam Manual Bergey Systematic Bacteriology.

Dalam Pedoman Bergey itu, bakteri dibagi menjadi empat divisi.

Tiga divisi terdiri dari sel eubacterial, dan keempat

divisi terdiri dari archaeobacteria. Setiap divisi

dibagi ke dalam kelas

Classes are divided into orders families

genera species

Bacterial species is defined simply as a population ofcells with similar characteristics.

Strain is a group of cells all derived from a single cell.

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Struktur Sel Bakteri

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Classification of bacteria

1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

2. DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

3. NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION

4. NUMERICAL TAXONOMY

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MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Morphological characteristics are useful in identifyingbacteria. For example, differences in such structuresas endospores or flagella can be helpful. However,many microorganisms appear too similar to beclassified by their structures.

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Karakteristik morfologi berguna dalam mengidentifikasi

bakteri. Misalnya, perbedaan dalam struktur seperti

endospora atau flagela dapat membantu. Namun,

banyak mikroorganisme tampak terlalu mirip jika

diklasifikasikan berdasarkan struktur mereka.

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

(For example Gram staining)Most bacteria are either gram-positive or gram-negative. But not useful in identifying either the wall-less bacteria or the archaeobacteria with unusualwalls.

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(Misalnya pewarnaan Gram)Kebanyakan bakteri baik gram positif atau gramnegatif. Tapi tidak berguna dalam mengidentifikasi baik Dinding kurang bakteri atau archaeobacteria dengan biasadinding.

PENGECATAN GRAM

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Gram-Negative Gram-Positive

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OO

CH2

CH2

O

P

OH

OH

O

Lipid A

Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from Cell-Wall ofGram-Negative Bacteria are “Endotoxin”

“O-Region”: Repeating tri-,tetra- or pentasaccharides

(up to 25)

Outside CellPolysaccharide “Core”

Cell WallHO

Inside Cell

O

HO

ONH

O

NHO

C OOC

O C

CH2

CH

C

CH2

O

CH

O

OH

P

OH

O

OH

CH2

HC

(CH2) 10

CH3

CH2

HC OH

(CH2) 10

CH

(CH2) 10

CH3

O

C

(CH2) 10

CH3

(CH2) 10

CH3 O

C

(CH2) 10

CH3

O

NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION

The similarity between genomes can be compared more directly by use of nucleic acid hybridization studies.

oIf a mixture of single-stranded DNA formed by heating dsDNA is cooled and held at a temperature below the Tm, strands with complementary basesequences will reassociate to form stable dsDNA, whereas noncomplementary strands will remain single.

Kesamaan antara genom dapat dibandingkan secara langsung dengan menggunakan asam nukleat studi hibridisasi.

Jika campuran DNA beruntai tunggal yang dibentuk oleh pemanasan dsDNA didinginkan dan diadakan pada suhu bawah Tm, untai dengan basa komplementer urutan akan reassociate untuk membentuk dsDNA stabil, sedangkan helai noncomplementary akan tetap tunggal.

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NUMERICAL TAXONOMY

The development of computers has made

possible the quantitative approach known as

numerical taxonomy. Information about the

properties of organisms is converted into a

form suitable for numerical analysis and then

compared by means of a computer.

The resulting classification is based on general similarity as judged by comparison of many characteristics,each given equal weight.

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Perkembangan komputer membantu secara kuantitatif dalam taksonomi numerik. Informasi tentang sifat organisme diubah menjadi bentuk cocok untuk analisis numerik dan kemudian dibandingkan dengan cara komputer.

Hasil klasifikasi didasarkan pada kesamaan umum sebagaimana dinilai dengan perbandingan banyak karakteristik, masing-masing diberikan bobot yang sama.

THANKYOU

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