basics of chemistry milady’s standard cosmetology cosmetology :

Basics of Chemistry

Milady’s Standard Cosmetology

Cosmetology:

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

“The greater the difficulty, the more glory in surmounting it. Skillful pilots gain their reputation from storms and

tempests.”

Epictetus

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Objectives

• Explain the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry.

• Discuss the different forms of matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures.

• Explain pH and the pH scale. • Describe oxidation and reduction (redox)

reactions.

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Matter

• Anything that occupies space, has physical and chemical properties, and exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Elements

• Simplest form of matter• Cannot be reduced without loss of

identity• 90 – natural• 22 – artificial• Identified by a letter symbol• C – O – H – N – S

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Atoms and Molecules

• Atom: Particles from which all matter is composed.

• Molecules: Result of joined atoms.– Elemental molecule– Compound molecule

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States of Matter

• Solid: Have shape, volume, weight (ice)• Liquid: Have volume and weight, no

shape (water)• Gas: Have no volume or shape (steam)

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Physical and Chemical Properties

• Physical: Determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density).

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• Chemical: Determined with a chemical reaction (change identity – rusting iron, burning wood).

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Pure Substances and Mixtures• Pure substances (distinct properties)

• Mixtures (elements combined physically)

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Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions

• Solution• Solute• Solvent• Miscible liquids• Immiscible liquids• Suspension• Emulsion

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Surfactants• Head• Tail• Surfactant molecule• Oil in water

emulsion (O/W)

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Surfactants

• Water in oil emulsion (W/O)

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Other Physical Properties• Ointments

• Powders

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Common Ingredients• Alcohol• Alkanolamines• Ammonia• Glycerine• Silicones• Volatile organic compounds

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Potential Hydrogen and Ions

• Ion• Ionization• Anion• Cation

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Water and pH

• Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic.• Hydrogen ion (OH) is alkaline.

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The pH Scale• pH: Parts

hydrogen or potential hydrogen

• The scale: 0 – 14

• pH 7: neutral

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Acids• Acids

– pH below 7.0– Turn litmus paper from blue to red– Contracts and harden hair

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Alkalis• pH above 7.0 .• Known as “base”.• Turn litmus paper from red to blue.• Feel slippery and soapy on skin.• Soften and swell hair.

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Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions

• Pure water• Neutralizing shampoos and

normalizing lotions

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Oxidation Reactions• Oxidation• Oxidation-reduction• Exothermic• Combustion

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Reduction Reactions• Oxidized

• Reduction

• Oxidizing agent

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Redox• Redox (a contraction from “reduction”

and “oxidation”)• Oxidation (relocating hydrogen)• Reduction (adding or subtracting

hydrogen)

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Summary and Review• What is chemistry?• Why is a basic understanding of

chemistry important?• What is the difference between organic

and inorganic chemistry?• What are atoms?

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• What are elements?• What are the physical and chemical

properties of matter?• What is the difference between physical

and chemical changes. Give examples.• Describe 3 states of matter.

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

• Explain elements, compounds, and mixtures.• What is the difference between solutions,

suspension, and emulsions? Give examples.• Define pH and the pH scale.• Explain the difference between oxidation and

reduction reactions.

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Congratulations!

You’ve just completed one unit of study toward

program completion.