chapter 1: introduction to anatomy/physiology chapter 2: the chemical level of organization
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Unit 1: Introduction the Human BodyChapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy/Physiology Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the Human Body• What is anatomy?•The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.
• What is physiology?•The study of how organisms perform their vital functions through the use of internal and external structures of the body.
Levels of Organization
• Chemical/Molecular Cellular (simplest form of life) Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
• Figure 1-1
Homeostasis
• Homeo : unchanging + stasis : standing•The ability to continue a stable internal environment• Maintaining homeostasis is essential for
all living organisms to survive.• Homeostatic Regulation: the
adjustment of physiological systems to continue homeostasis• 2 Mechanisms Involved• 1-Autoregulation• 2-Extrinsic Regulation
Homeostasis continued…• Autoregulation: or intrinsic regulation • Automatic adjustment in response to an environmental
change
• Extrinsic Regulation:• Nervous system or endocrine system regulation
• When a homeostatic regulation occurs there are 3 parts:• 1- Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to an
environmental change• 2- Control Center: area which receives and processes the
information from the receptor• 3- Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the
commands
Homeostatic Regulation continued…• Negative Feedback:• Controlling or going against the change • Example: Body gets too warm Negative Feedback: Body
begins to sweat • Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation
• Positive Feedback:• Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the
effects• Example: Break in blood vessel Damaged cells release
chemical clotting begins additional chemicals released clotting accelerates
• Important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion quickly
Organ Systems• The Integumentary • The Skeletal
Organ Systems• The Muscular • The Nervous
Organ Systems• The Endocrine • The Circulatory
Organ Systems• The Lymphatic • The Respiratory
Organ Systems• The Digestive • The Urinary
Organ Systems• The Reproductive
Anatomical Landmarks
• Anatomical Position•Hands at sides with palms facing forward• Supine: body laying
with face up• Prone: body laying
with face down
Anatomical Regions• 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)• Right lobe of liver, gall bladder, right
kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines
• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)• Left love of liver, stomach, pancreas,
left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)• Cecum, appendix, portions of small
intestine, reproductive organs, right ureter
• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)• Most of small intestine, portions of
large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs
Anatomical Regions• 9 Abdominopelvic Region•Right Hypochondriac Region •Epigastric Region•Left Hypochondriac Region•Right Lumbar Region•Umbilical Region•Left Lumbar Region•Right Inguinal Region•Hypogastric Region•Left Inguinal Region
Directional Terms• Superior: above, at a higher level• Inferior: below, at a lower level• Anterior: front• Posterior: back• Ventral: Belly side• Dorsal: Back side• Cranial: the head• Caudal: the tail/coccyx• Medial: towards the midsagittal
plane• Lateral: away from midsagittal
plane• Proximal: close to attached base• Distal: away from attached base• Superficial: towards surface• Deep: farther from surface, deep
• Figure 1-8
Planes of Section• Transverse Plane:
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections
• Frontal Plane or coronal plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves
Body Cavities Figure 1-10
• Dorsal Body Cavities• Cranial Cavity• Spinal Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavities• The diaphragm separates:• Thoracic Cavity• Right Pleural Cavity• Mediastinum• Pericardial Cavity• Parietal Pericardium---opposing surface• Visceral Pericardium---layer covering the heart
• Left Pleural Cavity• Abdominopelvic Cavity• Abdominal Cavity• Pelvic Cavity
CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
• What percentage of each element is found in the Human body?• Oxygen---A component of water, important for respiration• 65%
• Carbon---Found in all organic molecules• 18.6%
• Hydrogen---A component of water• 9.7%
• Nitrogen---Found in proteins, nucleic acids• 3.2%
• Calcium---Found in bones and teeth• 1.8%
Inorganic Compounds-
•Usually do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as part of the primary structure•Most important• Carbon Dioxide• Byproduct of cell metabolism
• Oxygen• Gas required for important metabolic
reactions• Water• Accounts for most of our body weight
• Acids, bases, salts
Organic Compounds-Carbohydrates• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen•Most familiar are sugars and starches•Most important sources of energy that are metabolizes vs stored• 3 main types• Monosaccharides• Simple sugar• Common example would be Glucose and is the
most important metabolic fuel for the body—Chemical formula??• Can dissolve quickly in water and is rapidly
distributed throughout the body
Organic Compounds-Carbohydrates
• Disaccharides• Is 2 mono’s joined together• Complex molecule• The body must disassemble them before they
can be useful • Polysaccharides• Multiple Disaccharides joined together• Our digestive tract can break these molecules
into Mono’s• Starch is a common example • Cellulose-more energy expended through
chewing than made back through digestion
Organic Compounds-Lipids• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen• Familiar lipids include fats, oils, and waxes•Most are insoluble in water• Form an essential component in all cells• Phospholipids
• Account for 12-18% of total body weight in males and 18-24% in females• Common Examples• Fatty Acids• Glycerides• Steroids• Phospholipids
Organic Compounds-Proteins•Most abundant in human body• Account for 20% of total human weight• Functions:• Support• Movement• Transport• Buffering• Metabolic Regulation• Coordination and control• Defense
• Structure:• Contain long chains of amino acids
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