anatomy and physiology chapter 2 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
1/28
Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
Chapter #2Chapter #2
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
2/28
2.1 Introduction
Chemistryis the branch of science thatconsiders the composition of matterand how this composition changes.
Chemistry is essential forunderstanding anatomy and
physiology because body structuresand functions result from chemicalchanges within cells.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
3/28
2.2 Structure of Matter
Matter is anything that has mass(weight) and takes up space. Matteris found in arious forms! gases!
li"uids! and solids #lements make up all matter. #lements are composed of tiny
particles called atoms. $he smallest complete units of
elements are atoms.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
4/28
%tomic Structure
&ucleus is the central portion of theatom which contains neutrons (neutral)and protons (positie).
#lectrons! which are e'tremely small!found outside the nucleus in energyshells or leels or rings hae a negatiecharge.
hat are the components of an atomthat determine its electrical charge
*rotons and electrons
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
5/28
+rawing atoms
%tomic number is the number ofprotons in an element.
$he number of protons in the nucleusof an atom e"ual the number ofelectronsin its shells.
#nergy leels or shells,
1. 1stshell can hold a ma' of 2 electrons2. 2nd- th shells can hold a ma' of /
electrons
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
6/28
+rawing atoms continued0
%tomic weight is the number ofprotons plus neutrons.
S0. %tomic weight - atomic number the number of neutrons.
+raw 3ithium
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
7/28
$he defining characteristic of stableelements is the ma'imum number ofelectrons in its outer shell. &oblegases.
4nstable elements achiee stablestructures by gaining! losing! or
sharing electrons in their energyleels or shells.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
8/28
5ond $ypes 6 Main $ypes1) Ionic bond between a metal and
nonmetal they transfer electronsforming ions. Ion atoms that gain or lose electrons
(7) become electrically charged.
2) Coalent bond between two nonmetalsthey share electrons.
hen atoms combine with other
atoms! they can share an electron withanother atom! lose an electron or gainan electron.
6. 8ydrogen 5onds
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
9/28
Molecules and Compounds
% moleculeis formed when two or moreatoms combine.
If atoms of different elements combine! the
resulting structure can also be called acompound. #'amples, 5aking soda! sugar
Molecular formula represents the numbersand types of atoms in a molecule.
#'amples0 82 9 C812 Structural formulas show what molecules
look like.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
10/28
Structural :ormation
You do Not need
in your notes
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
11/28
Chemical ;eactions < $ypes
1) Synthesis when two or more atoms orreactants bond to form a new! morecomple' structure. Synthesis re"uires
energy and is important to the growthof body parts.
2) +ecomposition the opposite of
synthesis6) Single ;eplacement
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
12/28
Catalysts affect the speed of areaction but is not consumed by thereaction.
#lectrolytes contains electricallycharged particles (ions)! it will conductan electric current. hen electrically
charged ions disassociate in water! thesolution will conduct electricity.#'ample, Salt water
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
13/28
%cids and 5ases
p8 scale ranges from = to 1 &eutral p8 e"ual to >
5ases hae p8 greater than >
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
14/28
2.6 Chemical Constituents ofCells
2 types of chemicals
1. rganic must contain carbon and
hydrogen but may contain otherelements as well. (C.812.) 3iing
things or once liing things.
2. Inorganic all the other compounds(82=) do &$ contain C.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
15/28
Inorganic Compounds
1. ater
2. 'ygen
6. Carbon +io'ide
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
16/28
ater
In the human body! water plays animportant role in dissoling solidsubstances! moing chemicals around the
body! and absorbing and moing heat Is the most abundant compoundin cells
and is a solent in which chemical reactionsoccur.
$ransports chemicals and heat.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
17/28
'ygen
;eleases energy from glucose andother nutrients.
$his energy dries metabolism.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
18/28
Carbon +io'ide
Is an inorganic substances that is ametabolic waste product! e'haledfrom the lungs.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
19/28
Salts
*roide a ariety of ions thatmetabolic processes re"uire.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
20/28
rganic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates
2. 3ipids
6. *roteins
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
21/28
Carbohydrates
Supply most of the energy needed by cells
Composed of what 6 elements C!8!
1) Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
2) +isaccharides are two sugars ?oinedtogether
6) *olysaccharides! such as starch! are built
of many sugars. 8umans synthesi@e the comple'
carbohydrate called glycogen.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
22/28
3ipids3ipids made of C!8! but in different amounts
3ipids include fats(most common)!steroids! and phospholipids.
% fat that has all of its carbon atoms ?oinedby single carbon to carbon bonds is said to
be saturated. (solid at room temp! bad foryou)
4nsaturated fats(li"uid at room temp!good for you! double bonds)
Cholesterol! estrogens! and testosteroneare all steroids.
% phospholipid typically has two fatty acidchains and a phosphate group.
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
23/28
*roteins *roteinshae a great ariety of functions in the
body777as structural materials! as energysources! as certain hormones! as receptors oncell membranes! as antibodies! and as en@ymesto cataly@e metabolic reactions.
*roteins contain what < elements C!8!!&
Sometimes S 5uilding blocks of proteins are the amino acids
(2=) *roteins hae comple' shapesheld together by
hydrogen bonds. (their many shapes changes
their functions) *rotein shapes! which determine how proteins
function! can be altered by p8! temperature!radiation! or chemicals. 8 bonds break this iscalled denatured.
You do NOT need in
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
24/28
%mino %cids1. %lanine
2. Alutamic acid
6. 3eucine
. 3ysine
/. $hreonine
. %sparagine
1=. Alycine
11. Methionine
12. $ryptophan
16. %spartic acid
1. Cysteine
1/.Isoleucine
1. *roline
2=.Daline
(&$#, the / essential aminoacidsare in red. $hesecannot be synthesi@ed bythe human body and mustbe obtained from food.%rginine and histidine are
essential only forchildren.)
You do NOT need in
your notes
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
25/28
&ucleic %cids
&ucleic acids form genes and takepart in protein synthesis.
$hey contain the elements C!8!!&!* $he building blocks are called
nucleotides.
&ucleic acids are of two ma?or types,+&% (with deo'yribose) and ;&%(with ribose).
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
26/28
+&% 9 ;&%
+eo'yribonucleic acid, +&%(deo'yribonucleic acid) stores themolecular code in genes.
8ow many strands does it hae 2 +eo'y means without 'ygen
;ibonucleic acid, ;&% (ribonucleic acid)functions in protein synthesis.
8ow many strands does it hae 1
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
27/28
linical onnection
linical onnection
Prion protein can assume up to 12 differentPrion protein can assume up to 12 differentshapes before prion was discovered it wasshapes before prion was discovered it wasbelieved protein shape was always 3-Dbelieved protein shape was always 3-D
ome prions are infectious !mad cow disease"ome prions are infectious !mad cow disease"
ome prions are not infectious !#l$heimerome prions are not infectious !#l$heimerdisease" which cause %ummy pla&ues in thedisease" which cause %ummy pla&ues in the
brain and disrupt functionin%'brain and disrupt functionin%' ome forms of #l$heimer disease may beome forms of #l$heimer disease may becaused by protein misfoldin%caused by protein misfoldin%
-
7/24/2019 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 (1)
28/28
Work cited
ork cited
(hemistry )ma%e'(hemistry )ma%e'
www'aperfectworld'or%*healthcare+medicine'htwww'aperfectworld'or%*healthcare+medicine'ht
mlml DN# ima%e'DN# ima%e'
www'pbs'or%*w%bh*nova*ori%ins*,noll'htmlwww'pbs'or%*w%bh*nova*ori%ins*,noll'html
tructural formula ima%e'tructural formula ima%e'
www'chemistry'mtu'edu*pa%es*courses*coursewww'chemistry'mtu'edu*pa%es*courses*courses*ch12s*ch12
http://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htmlhttp://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.chemistry.mtu.edu/pages/courses/courses/ch4412http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/knoll.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.htmlhttp://www.aperfectworld.org/healthcare_medicine.html