chapter 18 the french revolution & napoleon 1789 - 1815

Chapter 18 The French Revolution & Napoleon 1789 - 1815

Daily Objectives•1. Specify why social inequality & economic problems contributed to the French Revolution.

•2. Explain why radicals, Catholics priests, nobles & the lower classes opposed the new order.

Section 1: The French Revolution

Begins

I. Background to the Revolution

•More violent & radical than the American Revolution

•Causes: conditions of French society, which was based on inequality

•Population divided by Estates, orders of society

Estates

First Estate

Second Estate

Third Estate

A. The Three Estates•First estate Clergy•130,000 people, owned 10% of

the land, exempt from taxes•Taille (TAH yuh) or tax•Second estate Nobility•350,000 people, owned 25 to

30% of the land

A. The Three Estates•Second estate Nobility•Held positions in gov’t, military,

law courts & church offices•Like the clergy, they were

exempt from paying taille or taxes

•Sought to keep their control over positions

A. The Three Estates•Third estate commoners•75 to 80% of the population,

owned 35 to 40% of the land•½ had little or no land on which

to survive•Divided by vast differences in

occupation, level of education & wealth

Clergy: bishops, abbots, and parish priests are at the top of the social pyramid.

This group represented .5% of the total population.

Doctors, lawyers, merchants, and business managers made up the middle class.

A. The Three Estates•Relics of feudalism, or

aristocratic privileges•Ex. Payment of fees for use of

village facilities•Skilled craftspeople,

shopkeepers•Bourgeoisie, or middle class•8% of population, owned 20 to

25 of the land

A. The Three Estates•Bourgeoisie included

merchants, bankers, industrialists, professional people, lawyers, holders of public offices, doctors and writers

B. Financial Crisis•Social conditions•Near collapse of gov’t finances•Bad harvests, slowdown in

manufacturing, food shortages, rising prices of food and unemployment

•Costly wars & court luxuries

http://www.louis-xvii.com/marian3.jpg

B. Financial Crisis•The gov’t had spent large

amounts to help the American colonists against Britain

•Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the Estates-General (the French Parliament) to raise new taxes

http://www.louis-xvii.com/louis161.jpg

II. From Estates-General to National Assembly

•Representatives from the 3 estates•3rd Estate wanted to abolish the tax

exemptions of the clergy & nobility•Meet at Versailles on May 5, 1789•One vote per estate, which meant

the 3rd estate could always be out voted 2 to 1

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II. From Estates-General to National Assembly

•3rd estate demanded that each deputy have one vote

•Louis was in favor of the current system

•Third Estate called itself a National Assembly and decided to draft a constitution

II. From Estates-General to National Assembly

•When the deputies arrived at Versailles they found themselves locked out

•They moved to a nearby indoor tennis court and swore to produce a French constitution, which came to be called the Tennis Court Oath

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II. From Estates-General to National Assembly

•On July 14, 1789 a mob of Parisians stormed the Bastille, an armory and prison in Paris and dismantled it brick by brick

•The fall of the Bastille had saved the National Assembly

The storming of the Bastille

II. From Estates-General to National Assembly

•A popular revolution broke out throughout France

•Peasant rebellions became part of the Great Fear, a vast panic the spread throughout France

III. The Destruction of the Old Regime

•The National Assembly destroyed the relics of feudalism, voted to abolish the rights of the landlords & financial privileges of the nobles & clergy

A. Declaration of the Rights of Man

•Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, right to liberty, property, security & resistance to oppression

•Reflected Enlightenment thought•Freedom & equal rights for all

men, an end to exemption from taxation

A. Declaration of the Rights of Man

•Did these rights include women?•Olympe de Gouges, who wrote

plays & pamphlets refused to except the exclusion of women

•She penned the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

B. The King Concedes•Louis refused to accept the

National Assembly’s decrees•Thousands of Parisian women

marched to Versailles, they forced the king to accept the new decrees

•The mob forced Louis and his family to return to Paris as a show of support

• Parisian women marched to Versailles, the mob forced Louis and his family to return to Paris as a show of support

C. Church Reforms•The National Assembly seized

and sold the lands of the Church

•Both priest and bishops were to be elected by the people and paid by the state

•Many Catholics became enemies of the revolution

D. A New Constitution & New Fears

•The National Assembly completed a new constitution in 1791, which set up a limited monarchy & legislative Assembly which would make the laws

•Louis XVI made things difficult for the new gov’t

D. A New Constitution & New Fears

•Louis XVI attempted to flee France in June 1791

•He was captured and brought back to Paris

E. War with Austria•European leaders began to fear

that revolution would spread to their countries

•The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria & Prussia in the Spring of 1792

F. Rise of the Paris Commune

•Because of defeats in war & economic shortages, radicals of the new Paris Commune organized a mob on the royal palace and Legislative Assembly

•They took the king captive & forced the Assembly to suspend the monarchy & call a national convention

F. Rise of the Paris Commune

•Power now passed from the Legislative Assembly to the Paris Commune

•Members called themselves the sans-culottes, ordinary patriots without fine cloths

Section 2: Radical Revolution &

Reaction

Daily Objectives

•1. Report how radical groups, & leaders controlled the Revolution.

•2. Discuss why the new French Republic faced enemies at home & abroad.

I. The Move to Radicalism

•Georges Danton led the Paris Commune

•The sans-culottes sought revenge on those who aided the king and resisted the popular will.

Georges

Danton

I. The Move to Radicalism

•Thousands of people were arrested and massacred.

•A new leader emerged, Jean-Paul Marat, who published a radical journal called Friend of the People

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/resourcesb/dav_marat.jpg

A. The Fate of the King

•2/3 of the people were under the age of 45

•Most distrusted the king.•First step was on September 21

was to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. -French Republic

A. The Fate of the King• They split into factions (dissenting

groups) over the fate of the king.• 1. Girondins-wanted to keep king alive• 2. Mountains-wanted to kill the king• Both factions were members of the

Jacobin club• The king was condemned to death-executed on

January 21, 1793- Beheaded with the Guillotine

B. Crises & Response

• Political and Foreign Crises• The National Convention gave broad

powers to a special committee of 12 known as the Committee of Public Safety.

• It was dominated at first by Georges Danton, then by Maximilien Robespierre.

http://www.unipv.it/webdsps/storiadoc/images/Robespierre%20B.jpg

Maximilien Robespierre

II. The Reign of Terror• The Committee of Public Safety acted to

defend France from foreign and domestic threats.

• The Reign of terror was a revolutionary court system which prosecuted enemies of the republic. -40 thousand were killed

• Marie Antoinette and Olympe de Gourges, died under the blade of the guillotine

http://www.metaphor.dk/guillotine/Media/Plast.jpg

A. Crushing Rebellion

• The city of Lyon was made into an example by killing 1,880 citizens.

• The commander of the revolutionary army ordered that no mercy be given.

• Nantes (most notorious act of violence)- victims were executed by being sunk in barges in the Loire river

• People of all classes were killed.

B. The Republic of Virtue•Was called “democratic republic

composed of good citizens”•Modeled after the Roman Republic•Passed laws on primary education but

not very successful•Slavery abolished•They established price limits, but

weren’t very effective

B. The Republic of Virtue• Women remained active in the revolution• National Convention pursued a policy of

dechristianization.• The cathedral of Notre Dame was

designated a “temple of reason”• They adopted a new calendar• Dechristianization failed to work because

France was overwhelmingly Catholic

• The Festival of the Supreme Being

III. A Nation in Arms• The Committee of Public Safety mobilized

the Nation on August 23, 1793.• In less than a year the French

revolutionary government had raised a huge army of over one million.

• Largest ever seen in European history• The invading forces were pushed back and

France took the Austrian Netherlands.

III. A Nation in Arms

•The French revolutionary army was an important step in the creation of modern nationalism.

•Wars became the “people’s war”

A. End of the Terror

•The National Convention who feared Robespierre decided to act and had him guillotined.

•After his death more moderate middle-class leaders took control

•Reign of Terror came to a halt

"Act of Justice"Here Robespierre’s death is depicted as divine retribution, as in a classical myth. Numerous heads, presumably of those who had perished at the guillotine, watch two male figures (bearing a strong resemblance to Hercules, who had been an early symbol of the Revolution) carry the freshly severed heads of Robespierre and

his followers toward the mythological river Styx, guarded by the three–headed dog Cerberus.

IV. The Directory

•The Directory was five members that acted as an executive committee

•The Directory together with the legislative ruled

IV. The Directory•The Constitution of 1795 established a national legislative assembly consisting of two chambers: a lower house and upper house

•Members of the two houses were chosen by Electors- individuals qualified to vote in an election

IV. The Directory

•Known as an era of corruption and graft

IV. The Directory•In 1799, a Coup d’etat, a

sudden overthrow of the government, led by the successful and popular general Napoleon Bonaparte, toppled the Directory.

•Napoleon seized power

The remaining days are accounted for by having a festival at the end of the year.

September 22 marked the beginning of the year.

The third month is Frimaire, the month of frost.

It is the hottest period in France.

Section 3: The Age of Napoleon

Daily Objectives•1. Summarize how Napoleon built & lost an empire.

•2. Discuss how nationalism spread as a result of the French Revolution.

•3. Describe how Napoleon was exiled first to Elba, & then to St. Helena, where he died.

I. The Rise of Napoleon•Dominated French & European history from 1799 to 1815

•Helped bring an end to the French Revolution

A. Early Life•Born in 1769 in Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean Sea

•Educated in French military schools

•Commissioned as a lieutenant in the French army in 1785

B. Military Successes•At 24 he became brigadier general

•Fought in Italy•Energy, charm, and ability to make quick decisions

•Intelligence, ease with words, & supreme confidence

http://www.paintingstogo.com/david/napoleon.jpg

B. Military Successes•In 1797, he took Egypt from British and threatened India, a major source of British wealth

•But, the British controlled the seas, Napoleon was forced to abandon his army in Egypt in 1799 and return to Paris

C. Consul & Emperor•In 1799, he took part in a coup d’etat, he was only 30

•A new gov’t called the consulate was proclaimed

•As first consul, Napoleon controlled the entire gov’t

•In fact he had absolute power

C. Consul & Emperor•He appointed members of the bureaucracy, controlled the army, conducted foreign affairs & influenced the legislature

•In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I

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The crowning of Emperor Napoleon I

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Emperor Napoleon I

II. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies

A. Peace with the Church•In 1801, Napoleon made an agreement with the Pope to recognize Catholicism as the religion of France

•In return the Pope would not ask for the return of seized church lands

B. Codification of Laws•Most famous domestic achievement was his codification of the laws / called the seven codes of law

•The most important was the Civil Code, or Napoleonic Code

B. Codification of Laws•The code recognized the principle of equality of all citizens before the law, the right of the individual to choose a profession, religious toleration & the abolition of serfdom & feudalism

C. A New Bureaucracy• Napoleon worked hard to

develop a bureaucracy of capable officials.

• Promotion, whether in civil or military offices, was to be based NOT on rank or birth but on ability only.

D. Preserver of the Revolution?

• Did preserve aspects of the Revolution through his Civil Code & access to gov’t jobs

• Napoleon shut down 60% of France’s 73 newspapers.

• Mail was opened by gov’t police

III. Napoleon’s Empire

A. Building the Empire• From 1805 to 1807, Napoleon’s

Grand Army defeated the Austrian, Prussian & Russian armies.

• His Grand Empire was composed of three major parts: the French Empire, dependent states and allied states

B. Spreading the Principles of the Revolution

• Within his empire, Napoleon sought to spread some of the principles of the French Revolution, including legal equality, religious toleration & economic freedom.

B. Spreading the Principles of the Revolution

• The spread of French revolutionary principles was an important factor in the development of liberal traditions in these countries.

IV. The European Response

• Napoleon’s Grand empire collapsed almost as rapidly as it had been formed

• Two major reasons for the collapse of Napoleon’s Grand Empire are: the survival of Great Britain & the force of nationalism.

A. Britain's Survival• Britain’s survival was due

primarily to its naval power.• The British navy’s decisive

defeat of a combined French-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805 destroyed any thought of an invasion of Britain.

http://www.napoleonguide.com/pd_15.htm

A. Britain's Survival• The aim of the Continental System

was to stop British goods from reaching the European continent to be sold there.

• It failed, Allied States resented being told not to trade with Britain, others began to cheat, others resisted

B. Nationalism• Nationalism is the unique

cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion & national symbols.

• Indirectly help spread nationalism to other European countries

V. The Fall of Napoleon• The beginning of Napoleon’s

downfall came in 1812 with his invasion of Russia.

A. Disaster in Russia• The Russian forces refused to give

battle & retreated for hundreds of miles.

• As they retreated, they burned their own villages & country side to keep Napoleon’s army from finding food.

• When the remaining Grand Army arrived in Moscow, they found the city ablaze.

A. Disaster in Russia• Napoleon abandoned Moscow

late in October 1812 and began the “Great Retreat”

• Less than 40,000 out of the original 600,000 managed to arrive back in Poland in January 1813.

http://www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl/Suchodolski/Images/Berezyna.jpg

•Napoleon’s “Great Retreat” from Russia

A. Disaster in Russia• Napoleon was soon sent into

exile on the island of Elba, off the coast of Tuscany.

B. The Final Defeat• The restored monarch Louis XVIII had

little support & Napoleon bored on the island of Elba, slipped back into France.

• At Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815, Napoleon met a combined British & Prussian army under the Duke of Wellington & suffered a bloody defeat.

http://www.imh.org/imh/jpg/waterloo.jpg

B. The Final Defeat• This time, the victorious allies

exiled Napoleon to St. Helena, a small island in the South Atlantic.

Napoleon was crowned emperor in 1804.

Lord Nelson defeated the French at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Napoleon was exiled to Elba in 1814.

Revolutionary France

In 1784, deputies in the National Convention proposed a new military school that would train several thousand young males aged 16 and 17 in the arts of war and the love of country. A few months later, the École de Mars, or School of Mars (the Roman god of war), opened on the outskirts of Paris.

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