classification/taxonomy. why classify? why classify? to study the diversity of life, biologists use...
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Classification/TaxonomyClassification/Taxonomy
Why Classify?Why Classify?
To study the diversity of life, biologists use a To study the diversity of life, biologists use a
classification system to name organisms,classification system to name organisms,
group them in a logical manner, and studygroup them in a logical manner, and study
evolutionary relationships.evolutionary relationships.
TaxonomyTaxonomyDefinedDefined::
Discipline of classifying Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organisms and assigning each
organism a universally organism a universally accepted name.accepted name.
In other words, naming things.
Why common names don’t workWhy common names don’t workCommon names vary among different languages.Common names vary among different languages.
CatCat Arabic: quttahArabic: quttah
Czech: kockaCzech: kocka
French: chatFrench: chat
German: katzeGerman: katze
Japanese: nekoJapanese: neko
Russian: kotchkaRussian: kotchka
Spanish: gatoSpanish: gato
Why common names don’t workWhy common names don’t workCommon names vary among different countries.Common names vary among different countries.
Example:Example:
United Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawkUnited Kingdom – Buzzard refers to a hawk
United States – Buzzard refers to a vultureUnited States – Buzzard refers to a vulture
Red-tailed Hawk Honey Buzzard Turkey Vulture
Why common names don’t workWhy common names don’t workMany species have several common names.Many species have several common names.
Sand tiger Sand tiger sharkshark
Sand sharkSand shark
Gray nurse Gray nurse sharkshark
Why common names don’t workWhy common names don’t work
Dolphin Dolphin
Mahi mahi Turciops truncatus
Same common name used for different species
First Attempt to ClassifyFirst Attempt to Classify
AristoleAristole (Greek Philosopher) (Greek Philosopher)
* About 300 BC* About 300 BC
* Classified based on method of reproduction* Classified based on method of reproduction
* Used the words like “genera” and “species”* Used the words like “genera” and “species”
* Grouped animals between those with blood and * Grouped animals between those with blood and
those without bloodthose without blood
* He had many errors in his classification system, but it * He had many errors in his classification system, but it
was used until the 1700swas used until the 1700s
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)(1707 – 1778)
Created the system of naming we use today.Created the system of naming we use today.
In taxonomy, a group or level of In taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category organization is called a taxonomic category or or taxontaxon..
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature ““Bi” means 2Bi” means 2
““nomial” means namingnomial” means naming
Nomenclature means “the system of”Nomenclature means “the system of”
DefinedDefined::
In In Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature, each , each species is assigned a species is assigned a two-parttwo-part
scientific name. (genus & species)scientific name. (genus & species)
Example of Binomial NomenclatureExample of Binomial NomenclaturePolar Bear is Polar Bear is Ursus maritimusUrsus maritimus
UrsusUrsus: genus : genus
Ursus contains 5 other kinds of bearsUrsus contains 5 other kinds of bears
maritimusmaritimus: species : species
The Latin word, The Latin word, maritimusmaritimus, refers to the sea., refers to the sea.
Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea. Polar bears often live on pack ice that floats in the sea.
Here We Go…Here We Go…Polar BearPolar Bear
Species: Species: maritimusmaritimusGenus: Genus: UrsusUrsus
Family: UrsidaeFamily: UrsidaeOrder: CarnivoraOrder: CarnivoraClass: MammaliaClass: MammaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataKingdom: AnimiliaKingdom: Animilia
What do these mean?...lets seeWhat do these mean?...lets see
*Do NOT have to write*
What they meanWhat they mean
Species: Species: maritimus maritimus (lives in marine environment)(lives in marine environment)
Genus: Genus: Ursus Ursus (kind of bear)(kind of bear)
Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)Family: Ursidae (larger category of bears)
Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)Order: Carnivora (meat-eating animals)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded, hair, & milk)
Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)Kingdom: Animilia (there are 6 kingdoms)
*Do NOT have to write*
How to remember:How to remember:Daa KKing ing PPhillip hillip CCame ame OOver ver FFor or GGreen reen SSaladalad
DDomain omain
KKingdom ingdom
PPhylum hylum
CClass lass
OOrder rder
FFamily amily
GGenus enus
SSpeciespecies
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus Ursus
Speciesmaritimus
Rules of the GameRules of the GameUniquenessUniqueness: Every name has to be unique. : Every name has to be unique.
Universality: Universality: Zoologists have adopted, by International Code of Zoologists have adopted, by International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a set of rules for naming animals. A Zoological Nomenclature, a set of rules for naming animals. A single languagesingle language is to be used on a worldwide basis. All animals is to be used on a worldwide basis. All animals are given a generic name (common name) and specific name in are given a generic name (common name) and specific name in Latin &/or Greek (scientific name). Latin &/or Greek (scientific name).
These names are in These names are in italicsitalics when TYPED when TYPED or are or are underlinedunderlined when HAND WRITTEN. when HAND WRITTEN.
HumanHuman: Homo sapiens: Homo sapiensLion: Lion: Panthera leoPanthera leo
Taxonomy Video Taxonomy Video
If these three species belong to the same If these three species belong to the same genus, they are descended from a common genus, they are descended from a common ancestor.ancestor.
Genus species
Felis
domestica
negripes
margarita Sand cat`
Black Footed Cat
Domestic Cat
Felis domestica
Felis negripes
Felis margarita
A Problem with Traditional ClassificationA Problem with Traditional Classification Traditional classification systems relied on body structure comparisons Traditional classification systems relied on body structure comparisons
only (not DNA)only (not DNA)
Due to Due to convergent evolutionconvergent evolution, organisms that are quite different from each , organisms that are quite different from each
other evolve similar body structures.other evolve similar body structures.
Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution: Process by which unrelated : Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.similar environments.
Flying Squirrel…
Live in the US (GA)
Sugar Glider…
Live in Australia
Look similar, but totally unrelated!
Another Problem with Traditional ClassificationAnother Problem with Traditional Classification
Example: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpetExample: The Crab, The barnacle, & The limpet
• The barnacle and the limpet have similarly The barnacle and the limpet have similarly shaped shells & look alikeshaped shells & look alike
• The crab has a very different body formThe crab has a very different body form
• Based on Based on anatomyanatomy, the barnacle & limpet could , the barnacle & limpet could be classified together and the crab in a different be classified together and the crab in a different group.group.
Related
This incorrect because crabs and barnacles are actually related
Modern Principles of ClassificationModern Principles of Classification
Modern classification system has its roots in the Modern classification system has its roots in the
system of Linnaeussystem of Linnaeus
Modern classification has been revised to reflect Modern classification has been revised to reflect
Darwinian PrincipleDarwinian Principle of common descent of common descent
Most recently, molecular systematics (DNA) has Most recently, molecular systematics (DNA) has driven the most recent revisions in classificationdriven the most recent revisions in classification
Crustaceans
Even though they do not look a like, crabs & barnacles are actually
related
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Evolutionary ClassificationEvolutionary Classification Biologists now group organisms into categories that Biologists now group organisms into categories that
represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similaritiesphysical similarities
Evolution ClassificationEvolution Classification: Is the strategy of : Is the strategy of grouping organisms together based on their grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history.evolutionary history.
Classification Using Classification Using CladogramsCladograms
CladogramCladogram: : A diagram that shows the A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Crustaceans
Using Cladograms, you can see that crabs and barnacles share similar characteristics
because they both molt & are segmented
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
Crustaceans
You can also see that ALL have a free
swimming larva stage
Gastropods
Molted Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free swimming Larva
The Three-Domain SystemThe Three-Domain System In 1990, a new taxonomic level called In 1990, a new taxonomic level called DomainDomain was was
introduced and changed how bacteria were introduced and changed how bacteria were classified.classified.
Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Domain Eukarya Domain Eukarya
There are 6 Kingdoms total: There are 6 Kingdoms total:
1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria
3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
Both are Bacteria
Everything else (Except viruses)
6 Kingdoms6 KingdomsEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae AnimaliaEubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
E. ecoli Paramecium Fern frodH. coccinea Homo sapiensPyrococcus furiosus
ProkaryoteProkaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph orheterotroph
Autotroph/heterotroph
Heterotroph HeterotrophAutotroph
Most common bacteria
Live in very hot places
Includes Algae
Don’t belong in other euk
Cell walls &
Chloroplasts
Release enzymes to digest
food
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
Multicellular
“Ancient Bacteria”
Phyla To KnowPhyla To KnowPorifera: SpongesPorifera: Sponges
Cnidaria: Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, CoralsCnidaria: Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals
Echinodermata: Sea Urchin, Starfish, Sand DollarsEchinodermata: Sea Urchin, Starfish, Sand Dollars
Mollusca: Snails, Clams, OctopusMollusca: Snails, Clams, Octopus
Arthropoda: Insects, Crustaceans, SpidersArthropoda: Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders
Chordata: VertebratesChordata: Vertebrates
The End.
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