comparative process analysis who gets what, when, where, how & why?

Comparative Process Comparative Process AnalysisAnalysis

Who Gets What, When, Who Gets What, When, Where, How & Why?Where, How & Why?

Martin B. Tracy, Ph.D.Martin B. Tracy, Ph.D.Social Insurance Research InternationalSocial Insurance Research International1519 Canterbury Drive1519 Canterbury DriveMurray, Kentucky 42071-3250Murray, Kentucky 42071-3250mbtracy@murray-ky.netmbtracy@murray-ky.net

Two Primary Two Primary ApproachesApproaches

Descriptive Descriptive

AnalyticalAnalytical

DescriptiveDescriptive

Based on data that describe Based on data that describe whatwhat benefits and services are benefits and services are provided in a country or provided in a country or community, community, whowho provides them, provides them, whowho receives them, receives them, whenwhen they they are provided, are provided, wherewhere they are they are received, and received, and howhow they are they are delivereddelivered

AnalyticalAnalytical

Based on data that seeks to answer Based on data that seeks to answer the questions of the questions of whywhy benefits and benefits and services are provided:services are provided:

– To a particular populationTo a particular population

– In a particular wayIn a particular way

Analytical Studies Analytical Studies ContinuedContinued

– At a particular timeAt a particular time

– By a particular service providerBy a particular service provider

– In a particular placeIn a particular place

ExampleExample

Children under age 6 are eligible Children under age 6 are eligible for day care provided by trained for day care provided by trained child care workers in a child care workers in a community center. Only mothers community center. Only mothers with low-income are entitled and with low-income are entitled and they must apply for the services they must apply for the services through a social worker.through a social worker.

Example Example

Children Children (who)(who) are eligible for day are eligible for day care care (what)(what) under age 6 under age 6 (when)(when) provide by trained child care provide by trained child care workers workers (who)(who) in a community in a community center center (where).(where). Only mothers with Only mothers with low-income are entitled low-income are entitled (who)(who) and and they must apply for the services they must apply for the services through a social worker through a social worker (how).(how).

Analysis of Data and Analysis of Data and ProcessProcess Analysis is concerned with a critical Analysis is concerned with a critical

reflection of reflection of descriptive datadescriptive data and and processesprocesses to help us understand why to help us understand why particular strategies (who, what, when, particular strategies (who, what, when, where, and how) have been chosen from where, and how) have been chosen from all the infinite possible strategies all the infinite possible strategies available. available.

What explains the differences in What explains the differences in strategies between two or more strategies between two or more countries?countries?

Analytical Process Analytical Process ContinuedContinued We need the descriptive data of who We need the descriptive data of who

gets what, when, where, and how. gets what, when, where, and how. We also need information on the We also need information on the

process in which decisions as to who process in which decisions as to who gets what, when, where and how are gets what, when, where and how are made.made.

We do this by examining specific We do this by examining specific characteristics of the policy we are characteristics of the policy we are comparing.comparing.

Specific Specific CharacteristicsCharacteristics

1.1. Legal responsibilityLegal responsibility

2.2. Conceptual orientationConceptual orientation

3.3. Catalysts that led to programsCatalysts that led to programs

4.4. Obstacles and barriersObstacles and barriers

Specific Specific Characteristics Characteristics ContinuedContinued5.5. Determined needsDetermined needs

6.6. Goals and strategiesGoals and strategies

7.7. Program descriptionProgram description

8.8. Program evaluationProgram evaluation

1.1. Legal ResponsibilityLegal Responsibility

What are official responsibilities What are official responsibilities (legal authority, program design, (legal authority, program design, implementation) at each level of implementation) at each level of government or agency?government or agency?

Extent of decentralization?Extent of decentralization? Level of government at which Level of government at which

decisions are made?decisions are made?

Legal Responsibility Legal Responsibility ContinuedContinued How does program practice vary How does program practice vary

from policy at each level of from policy at each level of government or agency?government or agency?

Which government bodies or Which government bodies or agencies assume responsibility agencies assume responsibility for program financing, for program financing, administration, and delivery?administration, and delivery?

2. Conceptual 2. Conceptual OrientationOrientation What is the primary conceptual What is the primary conceptual

orientation of the program?orientation of the program?

– Is the program based on principles Is the program based on principles of social insurance? In what way?of social insurance? In what way?

– Is the program based on principles Is the program based on principles of social assistance? In what way?of social assistance? In what way?

Conceptual Orientation Conceptual Orientation ContinuedContinued

– Is the program preventive?Is the program preventive?

– Is the program remedial?Is the program remedial?

– Is the program limited to specific Is the program limited to specific populations?populations?

– Are provisions integrated?Are provisions integrated?

Conceptual Orientation Conceptual Orientation ContinuedContinued

– Is the program public?Is the program public?

– Is the program private?Is the program private?

– Is the program mixed public and Is the program mixed public and private? If so what is the proportion private? If so what is the proportion of the mix?of the mix?

Obstacles & Obstacles & Constraints that Constraints that Impede ProgramsImpede Programs What are the major obstacles and What are the major obstacles and

constraints?constraints?– Public opinion?Public opinion?– Financial resources?Financial resources?– Lack of Trained staff?Lack of Trained staff?– Public information about services?Public information about services?– Cultural, ethnic, religious Cultural, ethnic, religious

constraints? constraints?

3. Catalysts for 3. Catalysts for Intervention: Socio-Intervention: Socio-Economic ConditionsEconomic Conditions What are the main socio-economic What are the main socio-economic

factors that have contributed to factors that have contributed to the need for a program?the need for a program?

– Demographic (aging, minority, ethnic, Demographic (aging, minority, ethnic, urban, rural)?urban, rural)?

– Social (health, environment, culture, Social (health, environment, culture, exclusion)?exclusion)?

Socio-Economic Catalysts Socio-Economic Catalysts ContinuedContinued

– Economic (poverty, employment, Economic (poverty, employment, exclusion)?exclusion)?

– Political (devolution, Political (devolution, decentralization)?decentralization)?

4. Determined Needs4. Determined Needs

What are specific needs as What are specific needs as determined and understood by determined and understood by government or an agency?government or an agency?

How are needs determined How are needs determined (empirical, case studies, (empirical, case studies, secondary analysis, secondary analysis, administration, consumers)?administration, consumers)?

5. Goals & Strategies5. Goals & Strategies

What are the goals and What are the goals and strategies?strategies?

– Operational definition?Operational definition?

– Long-term goals?Long-term goals?

– Specific strategies?Specific strategies?

6. Process: Who is 6. Process: Who is Involved?Involved? Administrators?Administrators? Consumers?Consumers? Government officials?Government officials? Social service professionals?Social service professionals? Academics?Academics? Other community stakeholders?Other community stakeholders?

7. Program Description7. Program Description

What are primary benefits/services What are primary benefits/services (in-kind, income, personal)?(in-kind, income, personal)?

How do people qualify?How do people qualify? Who delivers services?Who delivers services? What are the basic rules of What are the basic rules of

entitlement?entitlement? How are data recorded and How are data recorded and

analyzed?analyzed?

8. Evaluation8. Evaluation

How are programs evaluated?How are programs evaluated? What are the major components What are the major components

of evaluation?of evaluation? Who conducts evaluation Who conducts evaluation

(including analysis)?(including analysis)? How do results compare with How do results compare with

goals and strategies?goals and strategies?

Analysis/Synthesis/Analysis/Synthesis/Critical ReflectionCritical Reflection How does the information How does the information

obtained explain why the obtained explain why the program exists as it does?program exists as it does?

Given all other possible ways of Given all other possible ways of addressing the social issue, why addressing the social issue, why is this program used?is this program used?