culture and attachment

Culture and Attachment

StarterIn pairs, try to define CULTURE in one sentence.

L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)To be aware of cross-cultural research

(AO2)

Read the chapter opening on page 114 of the textbook.

INDIVIDUALIST CULTURE?COLLECTIVIST CULTURE?SUBCULTURE?

List a few of the expectations of your culture.

Are there any for child rearing?

L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)To be aware of cross-cultural research

(AO2)

Bowlby's theory of attachment assumes universality of attachment: the features apply to all in all cultures.

If infant attachment is innate then it should be the same in all cultures.

We might all need responsive and sensitive parenting (according to Bowlby) but how we obtain it is not the same across all cultures.

Recap!

Independently, describe the behaviour of a:

Securely attached childInsecurely (anxious-avoidant) attached childInsecurely (anxious-resistant) attached childDisorganised/’other’ attached child

A B C D?

Suggest why children from different countries may behave differently in the Strange Situation (2 marks).

Suggest why there may be differences within a country in children's reactions to the Strange Situation (2 marks).

1 mark = name the key word/issue.+1 marks= elaborate/explain.

L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)To be aware of cross-cultural research

(AO2)

Cross-cultural research into attachment

Differences in long-term goals:Carlson & Harwood (2003)

Differences in caregiver response to needs:True et al. (2001)

Differences in value of caregiver/child:Tronick et al. (1992)

L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)To be aware of cross-cultural research

(AO2)

L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)To be aware of cross-cultural research

(AO2)Van Ijizendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)Cross-cultural comparison of the Strange Situation.

1. Study the data in the table (number of studies for each place and percentage attachment types).

2. Read their key findings.

L/O: To define and apply key terms (AO1/2)To be aware of cross-cultural research

(AO2)

Can the Strange Situation procedure be used to assess the development of secure attachment in children regardless of which culture they are brought up in? Explain your answer with reference to cross-cultural research.(6 marks)

Cultural Bias

AO1 – to be able to outline cross-cultural research into attachment.

AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.

TOP MARKSAccurate and reasonably detailed.

TOP MARKSSpecifics of

the research findings are

accurate.

Recap!

Independently, describe the behaviour of a:

Securely attached childInsecurely (anxious-avoidant) attached childInsecurely (anxious-resistant) attached childDisorganised/’other’ attached child

A B C D?

- Separation- Stranger- Reunion

Cross-cultural research into attachment

1. Differences in long-term goals:Carlson & Harwood (2003)

2. Differences in caregiver response to needs:True et al. (2001)

3. Differences in value of caregiver/child:Tronick et al. (1992)

Van Ijizendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)Cross-cultural comparison of the Strange Situation.

1. Study the data in the table (number of studies for each place and percentage attachment types).

2. Read their key findings.

Can we?

AO1 – to be able to outline cross-cultural research into

attachment.

Outline one or more studies that have investigated cultural variations in

attachment (6 marks)

Accurate and reasonably detailed.

Can we?

AO1 – to be able to outline outline cross-cultural research

into attachment.

Outline one or more studies that have investigated cultural variations in

attachment (6 marks)

Accurate and reasonably detailed.

Read your neighbour’s answer. Are they accurate?

AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.

Exam Tip: It is impressive to use specific examples of attachment/child-rearing differences across, and within, cultures.

Tell the person next to you one specific difference. Listen to theirs.

TOP MARKSSpecifics of

the research findings are

accurate.

AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.

Read ‘Cultural Bias’ – a Japanese perspective on pages 118-119.

Complete the table of differences found.Discuss the findings on your tables.

Evaluate the Strange Situation as a method for investigation types of attachment (4 marks).

Or

Apart from ethical issues, explain one or more limitations of using the Strange Situation to assess the type of attachment in young children (4 marks).

AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.

Mark scheme:Cultural differences e.g. German children are encouraged to be independent so may appear insecure anxious-avoidant whereas Japanese children are rarely separated from their mothers so may appear insecure avoidant-resistant.

What other ways could the Strange Situation be criticised? (other than ethical and cultural

issues).

AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-cultural research to evaluate the Strange Situation.

Can we?

AO2 – to select appropriate details from cross-cultural research to evaluate the

Strange Situation.

Outline and evaluate research into cultural variations in attachment (12 marks)

AO1 – 6 marksOutline methodology (what they did, who with, key factors in the culture and attachment, findings).

AO2 – 6 marksEvaluate research (strengths and criticisms) based on other research (supports or contradicts) or on AO3 grounds.

Meta-analysis: not a new study but a bringing together of information from studies conducted

previously (e.g. Van Ijzendoorn)

Choose and write on a post-it note one thing / idea / part of the model answer that would you were impressed by and would like to try to use in your answer next week.

Self-Study: Complete Research Methods questions (AO3)

Rothbaum et al. (2000) argue against the assumed universality of attachment principles.

• Insufficient consideration of the importance of culture on attachment.

• Differences in child-rearing behaviour and attitudes.• Attachment theory concepts are “deeply rooted in a

Western-perspective” - focused on Western values.

- CULTURALLY BIASED

AO1 – to be able to outline the findings of Rothbaum’s comparative study.

Rothbaum et al. (2000) compared three key aspects of attachment theory with Japanese child-rearing and culture.Aim: to demonstrate the cultural bias.

1. The sensitivity hypothesis2. The secure base hypothesis3. The competence hypothesis

AO1 – to be able to outline the findings of Rothbaum’s comparative study.

Can we?

AO1 – to be able to outline the findings of Rothbaum’s

comparative study.

Outline one or more studies that have investigated cultural variations in

attachment (6 marks)

Accurate and reasonably detailed.

Can we?

AO1 – to be able to outline the findings of Rothbaum’s

comparative study.

Outline one or more studies that have investigated cultural variations in

attachment (6 marks)

Accurate and reasonably detailed.

Read your neighbour’s answer. Are they accurate?

Self-study for over half term1. Update card tracker for 12 markers including reflection on key target.• Choose one main Subject Target and write in Spring

Term 2 of small tracker.

2. Correct any highlighted or circled literacy errors in marked work (spelling/word choice).• Choose one main Literacy Target and write in Spring

Term 2 of small tracker.

General revise of attachment so far.