decline of ottoman and qing empires & 19 th century japan
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Decline of Ottoman and Qing Empires &
19th Century JapanChapters 26 and (partial) 27
Decline of Ottoman Empire (OE)In the late 19th c., the OE, now small, weak, and in
debt, became known as the “Sick Man of Europe”Threats from Russia and Austria resulted in
territorial lossesBecause of instability, independence
movements also because it is a multinational empire
A shift from land to sea routes hurt the OE economically, as Eur. traded directly with Asia and cut out the Muslim/OE middleman
Decline of Ottoman Empire (OE)British and French influence did slow the decline
Fearful that the collapse of the OE would strengthen the Russian Empire, Britain and France lent economic support to the sultans and tried to maintain the balance of power
By 1900, smaller, considerably weaker, and in debt, the OE launched a series of unsuccessful reforms to save the empire
Muhammad AliEmerged as the ruler of Egypt following an
unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798Although Egypt was theoretically part of the OE,
the sultans were not strong enough to prevent Ali from establishing an autonomous state
Provided evidence of a weakened state of the OEModernized the nation by focusing on the military
and industrialization
Armenian GenocideThe massive and deliberate killing of Armenian civilians
by the Ottoman TurksAs the Ottomans attempted to reform society in the hope
of preventing the empire’s collapse, nationalism increasedWith in nationalism, the govt. (which had been tolerant
of other religions/ethnic groups) began to distrust citizens In the 1890’s, Turks targeted Christian Armenians
believing they were supporting Russia and not loyal to the empire
Genocide ensued…millions of Armenians killed over a 25-year period
The Ottoman Empire in the late 18th Century
Opium War: CausesConflict b/t Britain and China (1839-1842) over British
sale of opium in ChinaChina maintained a favorable balance of trade
Europeans demanded Chinese goods inc. silk and tea and paid for these products in silver
In the late 1700’s, the British East India Company began importing opium into China, where they traded it for silver and thus threatened the trade balance
In 1839, Chinese govt. official Lin Zexu ordered the confiscation and destruction of opium British response=military action against the Chinese
Opium War: ResultsBritain’s superior military led to a decisive victory over
the Chinese and the signing of a series of unequal treaties
Treaty of Nanjing: Required China to pay for the cost of the war and the cost of
the destroyed opium China was forced to open additional ports to foreign trade China was forced to give up Hong Kong to Britain and grant
British citizens extraterritoriality
Treaty results: weakened China economically and other foreign countries took advantage of China’s weakened state and est. their own sphere of influence there
Opium War: ResultsThe sustained presence of foreigners in the nation
led to conflict within ChinaChinese nationalists blamed the government for
the presence of foreigners in the countryIn the second half of the 19th c., Chinese
nationalism increased as groups worked
Taiping Rebellion (1850s-1860s)Rebellion by Chinese peasants that threatened
Qing dynastyThe Taiping offered a new vision of China that inc.
redistribution of land, public education, and rights for women
Successful in gaining supporters but ended unsuccessfully and with a huge loss of lifebut did cause Qing to make reforms such as Self-
Strengthening Movement
Qing organized powerful army and had support of scholar-gentry
Self-Strengthening MovementQing reforms enacted as a direct result of the
Taiping RebellionFocused on the introduction of Western
technology in the hopes of modernizing the nationReform had limited success
China remained an agrarian-based society centered on traditional Confucian thought
Spheres of InfluenceAn area of economic influence/controlEst. in China in 19th c.
At first, foreigners took advantage of a weakened China and seized control of China’s tributary states (e.g., France took control of Vietnam in 1885)
Eventually, western nations gained exclusive trading rights within ChinaNations including Germany and France
Chinese response inc. rise in nationalism and internal rebellions, e.g. Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)Internal rebellion led by a group known as Boxers,
who unsuccessfully sought to rid China of foreign influence
Boxers had imperial supportActions inc. attacking and killing foreigners and
Chinese ChristiansQuickly put down by foreign forces
Allowed foreigners to gain even more concessions from Qing
China had to pay for damages to foreign-held property
Rebellion further weakened ruling family
Fall of the QingDespite attempts at reform, unequal treaties and
numerous internal rebellions left ruling family weak1911: revolution broke out in China
Nationalism had been increasingAfter the death of Empress Dowager Cixi, nation was
poised for revolution
In 1912, Qing ruler abdicated and Chinese nationalists called for new government
Sun Yat-sen, revolutionary leader, envisioned a China free of foreigners and was poised to take control
China During the Qing Era
Opening of JapanAfter 200 years of self-imposed isolation, Japan
forced to open doors to world after U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrived
Perry arrived in 1853, and under orders of U.S. president, requested Japan open to foreign trade
U.S. wanted new markets for industrialization and Japan offered new economic opportunities
Treaty of Kanagawa: signed by U.S. and Japan & opened Japan to foreign trade
Major result: Japan on fast track to modernization
Meiji RestorationAfter Japan ended isolation, rebellion led to the
overthrow of the shogun and was replaced by an emperor Initiated a series of social, economic, and political
reforms
Centralized govt. was established with a new constitution, two-house system, and emperor retained most control
Fearful that Japan would have same fate as China, Meiji reformers sought to modernize the nation by selectively borrowing western ideas
Meiji RestorationJapanese economy quickly industrialized with
support of govt.Built factories, railroads and banks
Modernized army and navyImproved health care and education systemModernization began quickly and by 1900 began
to follow a foreign policy of empire building that would lead to conflict with its neighbors in the regionWill attempt to establish global power
Russo-Japanese WarConflict b/t Russia and Japan for control over parts
of Korea and ManchuriaJapan’s victory over China surprised and worried
Russians who had imperial hopes of controlling Korea and Manchuria
In 1904, Japan attacked Port Arthur, a Russian port in southern Manchuria and then Korea
Russia and Japan battled on both land and sea Japan victorious
Russo-Japanese WarUnder the Treaty of Portsmouth, Russia gave their
largest island in the Pacific and their lease to Port Arthur to JapanAlso gave up claim to ManchuriaKorea was named part of Japan’s sphere of influence
Russia’s defeat in East Asia marked the first time an Eastern power had won a decisive victory over a Western onePaved the way for Japan to be the premier empire
builder in Asia
Russo-Japanese War
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