development of individual

DEVELOPMENT OFINDIVIDUAL

• An increase in physical size of whole or any of its part and can be measured in inches, centimeters and in pounds or kilograms. (Marlow)

• Growth of full size or maturity, as in the progress of an egg to the adult stage. (Taber)

GROWTH

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• Progressive increase in skill and capacity. (Marlow)

• Development, maturation or expansion of physical structures or cognitive & psychological abilities. The process may be normal, as in the development of a fetus or a child, or pathological, as in a cyst or a malignant tumor. (Taber)

DEVELOPMENT

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BIOLOGICALfactors

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HEREDITY• The passing of traits to offspring (from its

parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics.

HEREDITY• Modern genetics had its beginnings in an

abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance. He discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments.

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1. Reproduction2. Variation3. Chance4. Dominance and

Recessiveness5. Sex-linked characteristics

REPRODUCTION• Heredity produces similarities among those

who come from the same family, same race, and same species.

principle of

Filipinos

Thais

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1. Reproduction2. Variation3. Chance4. Dominance and

Recessiveness5. Sex-linked characteristics

• Heredity produces not only similarities; it also produces differences among those who come from different families, different races and different species.

VARIATIONprinciple of

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1. Reproduction2. Variation3. Chance4. Dominance and

Recessiveness5. Sex-linked characteristics

• The combination of genes that go into the single cell which results from fertilization is a matter of chance.

CHANCEprinciple of

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1. Reproduction2. Variation3. Chance4. Dominance and

Recessiveness5. Sex-linked characteristics

• Dominant traits are assured of appearing in the offspring whenever they are present.

• Recessive traits do not appear in the offspring whenever the opposite is present; they manifest themselves only in the absence of the opposite dominant trait that is when they are carried by both parents.

DOMINANCE &principle of

RECESSIVENESS

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1. Reproduction2. Variation3. Chance4. Dominance and

Recessiveness5. Sex-linked characteristics

• These are the traits that are carried by the chromosomes which determine sex of the individual. Therefore are found only in one sex.

SEX-LINKEDprinciple of

CHARACTERISTICS

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

1.The process of development is not haphazard but gradual and regular. We will find a particular pattern or sequence of development. In the cephalo-caudal sequence i.e. development proceeds from head to toe and proximo-distal sequence in this pattern direction of development proceeds from centre to periphen.

DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A PATTERN

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

2.Growth always brings about certain change in the organism. But these changes do not take place suddenly. It is a continuous process. All the parts of body continue to grow gradually until they reach their maximum through infancy early childhood, late childhood.

GROWTH IS CONTINUOUS AND GRADUAL

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

3.The rate of growth is not uniform. The child grows more rapidly during early years and slowly during the later years. Growth during early years is so rapid that it is easily noticeable and growth becomes slow at the later stages.

GROWTH PROCEEDS MORE RAPIDLY DURING EARLY YEARS

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

4.The child first shows general responses as a whole. Then gradually he gives specific response to specific stimuli. The child moves his whole hand to indicate certain thing instead of one finger. In the emotional aspect he responds through only general response like crying and smile to denote, hunger, pain and joy and the baby produces general babbling sounds, before he can speak words.

DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS FROM GENERAL TO SPECIFIC

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

5.Heredity and environment have considerable impact on the growth and development of the child. The child is born with some genetically endowments and develops by interacting with his environment. Nutrition, home climate and school environment regulate social, emotional and intellectual development while child inherits physical stature and different traits from his parents.

DEVELOPMENT IS A PRODUCT OF HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

6.The physical and the mental development of the child are mostly correlated to each other. A child who has a good physical health is also above average in intelligence. A child whose intelligence is above average is also so in health size, sociability, attitudes and aptitudes. But this may not be always true.

MOST OF THE TRAITS ARE CORRELATED

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

7.Different parts of body grow at different rates. All parts of body can never grow at the same rate. At birth, head is one fourth of the body in length. Later other parts of body grow very fast till it reaches maturation.

GROWTH IS NOT UNIFORM

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

8.In many cases it is possible to predict the type of probable development a child will follow, because the rate of development follows a Pattern. As it is possible to predict intelligence of a person with the help of an intelligence test given in earlier years. 'X'-rays of the bones of different parts of the body will tell approximately what will be the ultimate size.

DEVELOPMENT IS PREDICTABLE

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTHAND DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL

FACTO

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INDIV

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factors

ENVIRONMENTincludes all the conditions inside and outside

an organism that in any way affect or influence its behavior, growth, development,

or life processes except the genes.

ENVIRONMENTEXTERNA

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• The effects of a particular culture on a child begin before birth .

• The behavior expected of the child at each stage of growth & development is culturally defined.

• Methods of child bearing and infant feeding in the community are determined by cultural habits

• Some religious taboos also affect the growth and development.

CULTUREENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

• The environment of the lower socio economic groups may be less favorable than that of the middle and upper groups.

• Parents in unfortunate financial circumstances. • However public health & health education

programs are gradually assisting such parents to provide better care for their children

SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUSENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

• Nutrition is related to both the quantitative and qualitative supply of food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.

• During periods of rapid growth such as prenatal period, infancy, puberty & adolescence need high amount of proteins & calories are needed

• An inadequate nutrition intake both qualitatively & quantitatively. It can be physical hyper activity or lack of adequate rest.

NUTRITIONENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

• A physical illness that causes an increase in nutritional needs but at the same time results in poor appetite and poor absorption.

• An emotional illness that causes decreased food intake or inadequate absorption because of vomiting or diarrhea.

• Growth of children from Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM), anemia and vitamin deficiency status is retarded.

• Overeating and obesity accelerates somatic growth.

NUTRITIONENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

• Climatic variations influence the infant’s health. • It is important that parents are able to provide

adequate refrigeration and extermination of flies are other insects.

• The season of the year influences growth rates in height & weight, especially in older children.

• Weight gains are lowest in summer & autumn. The greatest gains in height among children occur in spring. The differences are mainly due to seasonal variations.

• Infections and infestations are common in hot humid climates.

CLIMATE AND SEASONENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

• Exercise, increases the circulation, promotes physiologic activity and stimulates muscular development.

• Fresh air and moderate sun shine favor health and growth.

• Prolonged exposure to sunlight may cause tissue damage of the skin and even more consequences if the child is unprotected from the rays of the sun

ACTIVITIESENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

• The first born child in the family is receives all the parental attention until the second child is born.

• The parents of the first born child are unusually inexperienced and may not know the successive stages of growth and development.

• Only child develop rapidly and intellectually than other children with siblings.

• The youngest child gets less achievement oriented, less intellectually inclined but develops good nature, friendly, warm personality and high self-esteem.

FAMILY ORDINAL POSITIONENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

• The first born child in the family is receives all the parental attention until the second child is born.

• The parents of the first born child are unusually inexperienced and may not know the successive stages of growth and development.

• Only child develop rapidly and intellectually than other children with siblings.

• The youngest child gets less achievement oriented, less intellectually inclined but develops good nature, friendly, warm personality and high self-esteem.

FAMILY ORDINAL POSITIONENVIRONMENT

EXTERNAL

ENVIRONMENTINTERNA

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ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL

INTELLIGENCE

The child of high intelligence is likely to be taller and better developed than is the less gifted child. Also, intelligence influences mental and social development.

HORMONAL INFLUENCE

There is evidence that all the hormones in the body effect growth in some manner. Although three hormones are very important others also influence growth to an extent.

ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL

HORMONAL INFLUENCE

Somatotropic hormone (STH) or growth hormone• Its major effect is on linear growth in height

because it is essential in the proliferation of cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plates. The growth hormone stimulates skeletal and protein anabolism through the production of somatomedins or intermediary hormones.

• An excess of growth hormone causes gigantism and lack results in dwarfism.

ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL

HORMONAL INFLUENCE

Thyroid hormone• Produced by adenohypophysis stimulates the thyroid

gland to release Thyroxin (T4), Tri Iodothyronine (T3) and Thyrotrophic hormone (TH). These thyroid hormones stimulate the general metabolism & therefore are necessary for advanced linear growth.• Whereas a deficiency produces cretinism with

stunted physical growth & mental retardation.

ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL

HORMONAL INFLUENCE

Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)• ACTH is produced by the adenohypophysis, stimulate the

hypothalamus, which in turn causes the adenohypophyses to secrete gonadotrophic hormones. The gonadotrophic hormone stimulate the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone & the interstitial cells of the ovaries produce estrogen.

ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL

HORMONAL INFLUENCE

Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)• Testosterone stimulates the development secondary sexual

characteristics and the production of spermatozoa in young man. Estrogen stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the results in precocious puberty, whereas the deficiency results in delay in development.

• Other hormones that less directly influence the process of growth and development include insulin, parathormone, cortisol, & calcitonin.

ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL

• Relationships with significant other persons, mother, father, sibling, peers and teachers play a vital role in the emotional, social, and intellectual development of the child.

EMOTIONS

• If the child is given the necessary care & love that promotes healthy development, otherwise growth & development retardation may occur.

ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL

• Emotionally deprived children may receive adequate nutrition but do not gain weight as expected and are pale and unresponsive. If emotional deprivation continues and loving care is not given over a period of time, the children may have repeated illness, become emotionally ill, or die at an early age.

EMOTIONSENVIRONMENT

INTERNAL

interaction ofBIOLOGICAL andENVIRONMENTALfactors

interaction ofBIOLOGICAL andENVIRONMENTALfactors

People are not and cannot be equal in development, because they are biologically unequal to begin with, and the resulting interplay with environmental forces makes for still greater differentiation (Hildreth, 1972).

interaction ofBIOLOGICAL andENVIRONMENTALfactors

• Each person is a result of the interaction of our biological and our social environment

• The significant difference between the low-class and middle-class mothers was in the diet considered ordinary and normal in their respective neighborhoods.

• Even after a person is born, different diets can result in great bodily differences

interaction ofBIOLOGICAL andENVIRONMENTALfactors

HEREDITY RELATIONSHIPCORRE-

LATION OF INTELLI-GENCE

CORRE-LATION OF

HEIGHTENVIRON-

MENT

Same

Similar

Somewhat similarSlightly similar

Identical twinsFraternal twins

(same sex)Siblings

(Parents and children)

Grandparents and grandchildUncles (aunts) and nephews

(nieces)Cousins

.88 .63 .51-.53

.49

.34

.35 .29

.93) ) .64) .54-.60) ) ) .51 )

.32) ) ) .29) .24)

Verysimilar

Similar

Slightlysimilar

Table Correlation of Intelligence Scores (IQs) and Heights for Pairs of Individuals with Different Degree of Relationship

DEVELOPMENT OFINDIVIDUAL

TIME FOR QUESTIONS!