ebd presentation

Afifa Sattar M Phil Zoology Roll No 07

Ebola Virus Disease

EBOLA Virus Disease Hemorrhagic Fever

Content1. Introduction 2. History 3. Distribution4. Symptoms5. Diagnosis6. Life cycle

7. Treatment

8. . Recommendation

Ebola virus disease is a severe, often-fatal disease caused by infection with species of Ebola virus.

Family Filoviridae nonsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded

RNA virus Hot Virus  kills as many as 90% of the people it infects

Diameter is about 80nm

Filamentous 970 nm long

What is Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)?

Ebola Subtypes Ebola-Zaire Ebola-Sudan Ebola Ivory-Coast Ebola-Reston Bundibugyo According to the 

Public Health Agency of Canada, the Zaire and Sudan viral strains have a 90 percent fatality rate

Endemic areas: Central and West Africa

Until the 2014 epidemic in West Africa, all outbreaks of Ebola virus disease occurred in Central Africa

• The first Ebola virus species was discovered in 1976 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo near the Ebola River.

• Since then, outbreaks have appeared sporadically.

1976- First Major Outbreak (ZEBOV) 1976- Sudan (SEBOV) Occur Sporadically

OUTBREAK

Updated: August 19, 2014 Suspected and Confirmed Case Count: 2240 Suspected Case Deaths: 1229

Current Situation

Fruit bats reservoir of virus - Drop partially eaten fruits

•Bats infect chimpanzees, gorillas, forest antelopes, porcupines

•Humans handle and eat bush meat (bats, chimpanzees, gorillas)

•Infected human passes from person to person

Reservoir and transmission to humans

Where does Ebola hide? 2002- Fruit Bats Ebola Gene sequences

in liver and spleen Fruit bats do not show

any symptoms Best candidate to be

the reservoir More research needs

to be done

The link between human infection by the Ebola virus and their proximity to primates is clear.

-Outbreaks occurred in countries that house 80 percent of the world’s remaining wild gorilla and chimpanzee populations.

- The outbreaks coincided with the outbreaks in wild animals.

- The same distinct viral strains were isolated in animal carcasses and in the bodies of those who handled those carcasses.

- These outbreaks were preceded by an abnormally large death in wild Gorilla populations.

Geography

Direct contact with bodily fluids from infected person or contaminated objects (e.g. needles)

breast milk feces saliva semen sweat urine Vomit There is no evidence that Ebola virus can spread from

person to person by the respiratory route

Incubation period: usually 8-10 days (range 2-21 days) an spread quickly in health care settings

Transmission

Early signs non-specific: Sudden onset of fever Intense weakness Muscle pain Headache Sore throat

Signs and Symptoms

Then followed by: Vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired

kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding

Laboratory findings show low counts of white blood cells and platelets as well as elevated liver enzymes.

EBOLA VICTIM

Complicated by non-specific early symptoms Diagnostic tests available

Antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Virus isolation

Diagnosis

Virus enters the body via infected blood/body fluid in contact with a mucosal surface or a break in intact skin.

•Virus replicates preferentially in monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells which facilitate dissemination of the virus throughout the body via lymphatic system.

Pathogenesis

Ebola virus docks with cell membrane Viral RNA is released into the cytoplasm

where it directs the production of new viral proteins and genetic material◦These viral cores stack up in the cell and

migrate to the cell surface ◦Transmembrane proteins are produced

which are transport to the cell surface.

Life Cycle

 Cores push their way through the cell membrane becoming enveloped in cell membrane and collecting their transmembrane proteins as they do so

Ebola virus infects many different cell types. replicate readily within these cells, causing their necrosis and releasing large numbers of new viral particles into extracellular fluid

•Trading, industry, agriculture, tourism •Worsening poverty •Hunger •Orphans •School closures

Impact on social determinants of health

For people with Ebola, treatment involves providing relief of Ebola symptoms while the body fights the infection.◦ Supportive Care◦ intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and oxygen.

Treatment may also include the use of medications to control fever, help the blood clot, and maintain blood pressure

Treatment

Vaccine

avoiding direct contact with the body fluid of infected people. Also, it's important to avoid direct contact with the body of an Ebola victim who has died

PREVENTION

Hospitals must follow precautionary methods, such as: 

1.      wearing gloves 2.      isolating infected individuals 3.      practicing nurse barrier techniques 4.      proper sterilization and disposal of all

equipment b.  Burials must be done correctly 1.      no washing or touching carcass 2.      put into body bags and bury outside

city c. Report any questionable illness to officials

Recommendations