ee w03.2 w_ 1. the system (transmission) part 2 & electricity generation part 1 (economics and...

• Monday, double lecture in computer lab– 13:30-15:00 & 15:15-16:45

• http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm

Frequency and Synchronicity

UCTE = Continental

Synchronous Area

LS

On the very day of the reconnection, October 10 2004, the key steps were the following:

– Preparation: all interconnecting overhead lines ready for operational use and idle.

– The command to Bucurest to take over the frequency regulation in 2nd synchronous zone (Romania regulates the frequency, Greece, Bulgaria and EKC only the exchange).

– The command to Budapest to discontinue the pluralistic CENTREL regulation and to assume the regulation by itself.

– 9:34 after fulfilling conditions ΔU< 20kV; α< 10°; 0,03 Hz < fII –fI < 0.05 Hz in Arad substation, Sandorfalva overhead line was connected (RESYNCHRONIZATION was carried out).

– 9:41 Subotica overhead line connected to Sandorfalva substation. – Command to all synchronous zone block 2 controllers to restore

the LFC regulation mode. – 9:58 Podgorica overhead line connected to Trebinje substation;

• Prior to the resynchronization, this overhead line had the biggest voltage difference (over 60 kV) which activated all compensation equipment in Croatia, the operating compensation generator in BIH was CHE Čapljina, and in Montenegro the aluminium factory was put out of operation for a few minutes in order to raise voltage.

– 10:07 Rosiori overhead line connected to Mukačevo substation. – 10:20 Mladost overhead line connected to Ernestinovo substation. – 10:58 220 kV Trebinje − Peručica, 220 kV Višegrad − Požega and

110 kV Trebinje − Herceg Novi overhead lines connected. – 11:00 – Main coordinators announced the successful completion

of the reconnection. • The sequence of connecting interconnection lines is shown in Fig. 4.• As no problems in system operation were observed by TSOs involved in the process during the test run commencing on October 31 2004, the test run, which was not approved for commercial contracts between former 1st and 2nd UCTE synchronous zone, was rated successful. • For the period between November 1 2004 and the end of 2004, UCTE issued the recommendation regarding the gradual increase of trade volume directed from the former 2nd UCTE zone towards the former 1st UCTE zone (monthly increase by 30% to complete NTC values).

http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2009/cambridge/EE/EE64.pdf

UCTE = Continental

Synchronous Area

•Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Mongolia, Ukraine

•Armenia•Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia

•Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan?•Uzbekistan, Tajikistan

http://so-ups.ru/index.php?id=ees

03:26

All interconnectors are automatically disconnected

Frequency and Synchronicity

Mini circuit breakersFrequency and Synchronicity

High voltage circuit breakersFrequency and Synchronicity

Why AC?

Easy & cheap transformation

1. Transmission lines limits

2. Dispatch

3. Frequency and synchronicity

4. Transmission shortage in the EU

03:26

Interconnectors very high loaded at night!

The future of the EU transmission network

Internal EU market induces increase in cross-border trading

The future of the EU transmission network

Massive deployment of wind and solar energy

The future of the EU transmission network

European Climate

Foundation

Increase of almost

400%

The future of the EU transmission network

2050 Increase from 34 GW to 127

GW

How much does a transmission line cost per km?• 2- 5 M$ / km (overhead)• 8-25 M$ /km (underground)

Mettlen-Lavorgo

Sils-Soazza

03:01

“Cross-border transmission lines”

“Interconnectors”

Tree flashover!

1. Transmission lines limits

2. Dispatch

3. Frequency and synchronicity

4. Transmission shortage in the EU

September 28th, 2003

Huge blackout cripples Italy!

Transmission

1. Transmission lines limits

2. Dispatch• Meshed networks

3. Frequency and synchronicity

4. Transmission shortage in the EU

• Final Report of the Investigation Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy Final Report

• (https://www.entsoe.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/_library/publications/ce/otherreports/20040427_UCTE_IC_Final_report.pdf)

Frequency and Synchronicity

AlternatingCurrent (AC)

50 Hertz

Frequency and Synchronicity

Direct Current (DC)

Alternating Current (AC)

Frequency and Synchronicity

AlternatingCurrent (AC)

50 Hertz

Out of phase possible?

Yes, loads can be inductive (mostly) or capacitive• Inductive: lags current relative to voltage (shifts current leftwards)• Capacitive: lags voltage relative to current (shifts voltage leftwards)

Need to restore this is called a need for reactive power.• Can be done by generators or devices (often capcitators)

• The optimal generation mix - economics

Markets refresher

101010999777

Consumer:Maximum buying price

Producer:Minimal selling price

972

9662200

0

9

333

Deriving a the equilibrium price

3 6 9 12

2

6

910

87

45

3

10

105421 7 8 11

11

Quantity ofdiamonds

P

Demand (function) 101010999777

Consumer:Maximum selling price

333

Deriving a the equilibrium price

3 6 9 12

2

6

910

87

45

3

10

105421 7 8 11

11

Quantity ofdiamonds

P Supply (function)

972

9662200

0

9

Deriving a the equilibrium price

3 6 9 12

2

6

910

87

45

3

10

105421 7 8 11

11

Quantity ofdiamonds

P

P*

Q*

Equilibrium price

Equilibrium quantity

Demand (function)

Supply (function)

101010999777

Consumer:Maximum buying price

Producer:Minimal selling price

972

9662200

0

9

333

Free market mechanism imposes a rich structure

Looking at total welfare

3 6 9 12

2

6

910

87

45

3

10

105421 7 8 11

11

Quantity ofdiamonds

P

P*

Q*

Equilibrium price

Equilibrium quantity

Demand (function)

Supply (function)

7 7 7

5 5 5

1 1

PS=38

3 3 32 2 2

CS=15W= 53

• You always pair the strongest buyer with the strongest seller.

• Until supply and demand intersect

• Isn’t that unfair?

2

Other possible arrangements: Communist “fair” dictator

Wine3 6 9 12

2

6

910

87

45

3

10

105421 7 8 11

1010

109 997

773

33

97

0

9966

2 2

00

1 1 1

2 3 3

5 5 5

W= 35W(Free market)=53(difference =18)

Free market maximizes W=CS+PS

3 3 3

Consumer ProducerCould this be more efficient?

Deriving a the equilibrium price

3 6 9 12

2

6

910

87

45

3

10

105421 7 8 11

11

Quantity ofdiamonds

P

P*

Q*

Equilibrium price

Equilibrium quantity

Demand (function)

Supply (function)

7 7 7

5 5

-61 1

PS=38

3 3 32 2 2

CS=15W= 53

Profit!

-6 -6

Trades with a negative value

Prices in purely competitive

markets (energy only markets)

D S

$/MWHUniform price auction

Baseload plants (MC=0)

Peaker plants

80PROFITS!

D S

$/MWHUniform price auction

Baseload plants (MC=0)

Peaker plants

80

D S

$/MWHUniform price auction

Baseload plants (MC=0)

Peaker plants

80

D S

$/MWHUniform price auction

Baseload plants (MC=0)

Peaker plants

8060

D S

$/MWHUniform price auction

Baseload plants (MC=0)

Peaker plants

8060

Quasi-PROFITS!

Optimal Dispatch

Fixed cost Power (MW)

years Days/ year

Hrs/ day

Hrs / year

total hours

FC/ MWh

1,300,000,000 500 30 365 24 8760 262800 9.9

5,000,000,000 500 30 365 24 8760 262800 38.1

≈40

≈10

Levelized costs of generation

Technology Costs Table

Multitude of generation types

• Trade-off:– Economics of scale

– Flexibility

Baseload power plants

Midload power plants

Fixed cost per MWh

Variable cost per

MWhBaseload 40 0Midload 20 30Peaker 10 50

Peaker power plants

Technology Costs Table

P

GWNuclear Coal Gas Oil Shortage

0

20

30

50

67

The supply stack

(also called “merit order”)

Shively, p32.

Very Low

Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Shortage

Exceptionally high

Very highModerateLow

0

20

30

50

Load curve

00 05 07 10 13 15 18 24

Very Low

Low

Moderate

Very high

Exceptionally high

Hours

69

P

Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Shortage

Exceptionally high

Very highModerateLow

Load curve

00 05 07 10 13 15 18 24

Very Low

Low

Moderate

Very high

Exceptionally high

Very Low

P

0

20

30

50

P=0

P=20

P=30

P=50 P=CAP

Hours

70

• Monday, double lecture in computer lab– 13:30-15:00 & 15:15-16:45