ee w04.2 w_ 2. electricity generation _ part 3 (generation technologies)
TRANSCRIPT
The electrical system 2
Generation(power stations)
p.93-112 +117 (California)
Literature for today
Shively Ch. 4.
I-D E/S
HS
I-D E/S
HS
Terminology
What is the difference between power and energy?
Speed & Distance
Speed(KM/Hr)
Hours(Hr)
Distance(KM)
12 KM/Hr 1 12 KM12 KM/Hr 2 24 KM
Power & Energy
Power(MW)
Hours(Hr)
Energy(MWh)
200MW 1 200MWh200MW 2 400MWh
Speed & Distance
KM/hr Hr KM
Power & Energy
MWh/Hr Hr MWh
=MW
Terminology
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000G
erm
any
Fran
ce UK
NM
S10
Italy
Spa
inP
olan
dS
wed
enN
orw
ayN
ethe
rland
sB
elgi
umC
zech
Finl
and
Aus
tria
Rom
ania
Gre
ece
Por
tuga
lB
ulga
riaH
unga
ryD
enm
ark
Slo
vaki
aIre
land
Slo
veni
aE
ston
iaC
roat
iaLa
tvia
Cyp
rus
Lith
uani
aLu
xem
bour
gM
alta
Annual consumption in 2011 in GWh
5 €cent/KWh= 0.05€/ KWh= 50€/ MWh
• I have a nuclear with a capacity of 500MW (power).• How much energy can this power plant produce in a
year?
• How many hours are in a year?• 24*365= 8760
– (Q&D, +/- 10.000 minus 12%)
≈500MW * 10.000 hours≈ 5.000.000MWh≈ 5.000GWh≈ 5 TWh=4.4 TWh
• In the EU in 2012 there was a capacity of 120GW (power) in solar. This produced 100TWh in 2012.
• What is approximately the capacity factor of EU solar?
• How many hours are in a year?– 10.000 minus 12%
• If it ran at full capacity (100% c.p.) it would have produced about 120 * 10.000GW≈1.200.000 GW≈1.200 TW≈1.000 TW (minus the 12%)
• But it produced 10 times less…• Thus c.p. is ≈ 10%
Where the world gets its energy
?
Renewables EfficiencyCarbon emissions
EU’s 20-20-20 strategy for 2020
Acceleration of Germany Nuclear Phase-out
Acceleration of Germany Nuclear Phase-out
Germany to start up more coal-fired power stations than at any
time in the past 20 years
Irsching-5 in Bavaria, Germany (EON )
A gas-fired power station,Commissioned in 2010
“Germany needs flexible gas plants to underpin a greater share of renewable sources”
German environment Minister Peter Altmaier
?
“energy providers have little interest in building new power plants”
Der Spiegel, October 10, 2012
German electricity wholesale market
December, 25th,2013, 2:00, a negative hourly price record: -222 €/MWh
2. Why coal rather than (new) gas
generatiors?
1.Why a diversity of generation
types?
3. Negative prices?
Effect of climate policy
INTROOverview of generation
types
Hydro-plant
VIDWednesday 2_ Hydroelectic Power - How it Works (hq).mp4
Nuclear plants
Baseload
Nuclear Fission
Cost escalation curse
1979: Three Mile Island
1986Chernoby
Nuclear FusionExperimental but breakthrough is
imminent (since 1954)
"Our children will enjoy in their homes electrical energy too cheap to
meter...
“famines will be known as matters of history”
Lewis Strauss, 1954Chairman of the US Atomic Energy Commission
referring to the prospects of nuclear fusion (not fission).
Nuclear Fusion
Best nuclear fusion reactor has a net energy output of -30%
1952
Large coal plants
Baseload
Combined heat & power (must-run)
Gas burning plants
Peaker
http://iea-etsap.org/web/Highlights%20PDF/E02-gas_fired_power-GS-AD-gct%201.pdf
OCGT
CCGT
OCGT
VIDWednesday 2_ Gas Turbine Basics (hq).mp4
CCGT
Oil burning plants
Peaker
Wind turbines Solar panels
Renewables(not dispatchable)
Renewables(dispatchable)
Biomass
Renewable energies
Concentrated solar power
VID• Wednesday 2_ Wind Turbines - How does it actually work- Investment-
(hq).mp4• What is Biomass- (hq)
Location of main electric plants
Jiří Krejsahttp://www.cez.cz/en/power-plants-and-environment/maps-of-power-plants.html#!&category%5B%5D=obnovitelnevodnielektrarny&zoom=7
HydroThermal (mostly black and brown coal)Nuclear
TOP 10 producers in ČR 2010
Source: energostat.cz, ERU
1. ČEZ, a.s. 56004,4 65,20%2. Sokolovská uhelná, právní
nástupce, a.s. 3366,6 3,92%
3. Dalkia Česká republika, a.s. 1 961,83 2,28%4. Elektrárny Opatovice, a.s. 1853,66 2,16%
5. Alpiq Generation (CZ), s.r.o. 1399,25 1,63%6. UNIPETROL RPA, s.r.o. 1167,62 1,36%7. Energotrans a.s. 1132,82 1,32%
8. ArcelorMittal Ostrava a.s. 1010,14 1,18%9. United Energy, a.s. 616,49 0,72%10. ENERGETIKA TŘINEC, a.s. 607,87 0,71%
Total ČR 85900,1 80,47%
Jiří Krejsa
I-D E/S
HS
NEED:Backup capacity
NEED:More transmission lines
Multiplication by 4!
The future of the EU transmission network
2050 Increase from
34 GW to 127 GW
Feed-in tariffs
500 €/MWh 200€/MWh
Coal or gas plant costs
40€/MWh
2004 2012
Case of Germany
Coal or gas plant costs
0.04€/ KWh=40€/ MWh
CZ
Jiří Krejsa
Jiří Krejsa
ConsumersP (€/kWh)
62
63
Consumers
P (€/kWh)
64
Industry
P (€/kWh)
65
The electrical system 2
Generation(power stations)
2. Why coal rather than (new) gas
generatiors?
1.Why a diversity of generation
types?
3. Negative prices?
Climate policy
Today’s lecture based on:
p.32, p.34-39, p.44-48.
Optimal Dispatch
Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Shortage
Exceptionally high
Very highModerateLow
Load curve
00 05 07 10 13 15 18 24
Very Low
Low
Moderate
Very high
Exceptionally high
Very Low
P
0
20
30
50
P=0
P=20
P=30
P=50 P=CAP
Hours
71
Demand & Supply curve
Power Energy(Capacity)
For finding the cheapest technique it is useful to know the average cost…
Fixed cost Power (MW)
years Days/ year
Hrs/ day
Hrs / year
total hours
FC/ MWh
1,300,000,000 500 30 365 24 8760 262800 9.9
5,000,000,000 500 30 365 24 8760 262800 38.1
≈40
≈10
Levelized costs of generation
Technology Costs Table
Multitude of generation types
Trade-off:Economics of scale
Flexibility
Baseload power plants
Midload power plants
Fixed cost per MWh
Variable cost per MWh
Baseload 40 0
Midload 20 30
Peaker 10 50
Peaker power plants
Technology Costs Table
9 12 15 170 24
Daily Demand in MW
1
2
3
TIME
DURATION (%)
Yearly Demand in MW
365
720
1085
100
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
16 250
Load Curve
9 12 15 170 24
1
2
3
TIME
DURATION (%)10033
365
720
1085
160
Yearly Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
9 12 15 170 24
1
2
3
TIME
DURATION (%)10025160
365
720
1085
Yearly Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
9 12 15 170 24
1
2
3
TIME
DURATION (%)10025160
365
720
1085
Yearly Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
9 12 15 170 24
1
2
3
TIME
DURATION (%)10025160
365
720
1085
Some random variation in the levels
Yearly Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
9 12 15 170 24
1
TIME
DURATION (%)10025160
Demand in MW
365
720
1085
Some random variation in the levelsDaily
Demand in MW
2
3
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Source: ERU
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = # Hours where [Demand > y]
Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
9 12 15 170 24
1
2
3
TIME
Daily Demand in MW Load Curve
Daily variations (UK)
DURATION (%)100500
1
2
3
9 12 15 170 24
1
2
3
TIME
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
DURATION (%)100500
9 12 15 170 24 TIME
1
2
3
1
2
3
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
FIND THE MISTAKE!!!
DURATION (%)100500
9 12 15 170 24 TIME
1
2
3
1
2
3
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
33.3
DURATION (%)100500
9 12 15 170 24 TIME
1
2
3
1
2
3
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
33.3
A bit a difficult load-duration curve (and also
quite a-typical)
DURATION (%)100500
9 12 15 170 24 TIME
1
2
3
1
2
3
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
How to get this more typical,
nicer LD curve?
DURATION (%)100500
1
2
3
9 12 15 170 24
1
2
3
TIME
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
DURATION (%)100500
9 12 15 170 24 TIME
1
2
3
1
2
3
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Demand in MW
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Load Curve
DURATION (%)100500
1
2
3
Fixed cost per MWh
Variable cost per MWh
Baseload 40 0
Peaker 10 50
Daily Demand in MW D=3-2* Duration
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Technology Costs Table
0
60
40
Capacity factor
Baseload
Peaker
100%60%
10
(=8760 hours/year)
Fixed cost per MWh
Variable cost per MWh
Baseload 40 0
Peaker 10 50
0%
Cost/MWhScreening curve
(Capacity-cost based)
Technology Costs Table
Screening curve(Capacity-cost based)
Screening curve(Energy-cost based)
0
60
40
Capacity factor
Baseload
Peaker
100%60%
10
(=8760 hours/year)
Fixed cost per MWh
Variable cost per MWh
Baseload 40 0
Peaker 10 50
0%
Cost/MWh
Use baseload when capacity factor > 60%
Use peakers when capacity factor < 60%
Screening curve(Capacity-cost based)
Technology Costs Table
Use baseload when capacity factor > 60%
Use peakers when capacity factor < 60%
0
60
40
Capacity factor
Baseload
Peaker
100%60%
10
DURATION (%)100500
1
2
3
BASELOAD
D=3-2* Duration
1.8
PEAKER
Daily Demand in MW
60
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]
Screening curve(Capacity-cost based)
Nuclear
Oil
Old, inefficient plants (old Coal & OCGT)
Gas (CCGT)
Coal
Daily Load-Duration Curve:Duration[y] = Pr[Demand > y]