grammar book!2

GRAMMAR BOOK!

Enrique

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1)Conditional & Irregulars2) Perfect Tense

1. Present2. Past3. Present Prefect

Irregulars 4. Subjunctive Perfect

3) Tanto... Tan 4) Impersonal Se5) Saber VS Conocer6) Los Mandatos

1. Informal y Formal2. Affirmative3. Negative4. Irregular

7) DOP & IOP Placement

8) Nosotros Commands1. Mono Verbs

9) Subjunctive & Irregulars1. Expressions of

Emotions10) Triggers

1. Impersonal2. Expressions of

Emotions3. Conjunctions of

Time11) Demonstrative ADJs and Pronouns

Conditional & Irregulars Expressions of probability, possibility, and

Conjecture! “Would, Could, Should”

ía

ías

ía

íamos

ían

Decir- Dir

Hacer- Har

Poner- Pondr

Salir- Saldr

Tener- Tendr

Valer- Valdr

Venir- Vendr

Poder- Podr

Querer- Querr

Saber- Sabr

Caber-Cabr

Haber- Habr

Prefect Tense Prefect tense portrays an action

or state that is completed and not in progress, from a different point of view

Two parts... Helping Verbs + Past Participle

3 tense- Present prefect, Past Prefect, Future Prefect.

Present!! The Present

Prefect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb “has” or “have” with the past participle

EX:Ha comido- He

has eaten.

He Has Ha

Hemos Han

PAST “Had” Same

endings as Conditional

EX:Habían vivido-

they had lived.

Yo- Había

Tu- Habías

El/ Ella/ Usted- Había

Nosotros-

Habíamos

Ellos- Habían

Present Perfect Irregulars

Han escrito- they have written Ha muerto- he has died Ha dicho- you (formal) have said Hemos hecho- we have done Has vuelto- you have returned Han visto- you all have seen He abierto- I have opened Hemos puesto- we have put

Subjunctive PerfectPerfect Subjunctive

YoTuEl/ella/ustedNosotrosellos

HayaHayasHayaHayamoshayan

+Hablado

+Comido

+Vivido

Subjunctive perfect is the compound tense of the present subjunctive of HABER and the past participle of the main verb

Tanto & Tan Forming

Comparisons of equalities with nouns

Tanto (-a, -os, -as) + noun + como

EX:Mateo tiene tanto

queso como Pancho.

Forming comparisons of equalities with Adjectives or adverbs

Tan + Adjective/Adverb + como

EX:El Pelicula es tan bueno como el libro.

Impersonal “Se”

Verb is always in 3rd person Followed by a direct object

Se + 3rd person singular

EX: Se habla Español

Saber VS. Conocer

Saber

To know a fact

To know how do accomplish

a taskEX: Dino sabe

nadar.

ConocerTo be

acquainted with a person/ place/ thing

EX: Conozco tu tio.

Los Mandatos

Used to directly address someone and give them an order

Formal or informal Nosotros Affirmative or

negative

Informal & Formal

• In the tu form• Affirmative or Negative • EX: Compra los dulces.Informal

• In the Ud form• Affirmative or Negative• Ex: Compre el oro.Formal

Affirmative

Formal

Add opposite ending

Drop the -o

Yo Form

Informal

-er/ -ir becomes

“e”

-ar becomes

“a”

Present indicative

form

NegativeSame as the affirmative

Just put a “no” in front

FORMALNo coma

Same as present subjunctive

Add “no” before

Informal No comas

Irregulars!

Decir- Di

Hacer- Haz

Poner- Pon

Salir- Sal

Ir- Ve

Ser- Se

Tener- Ten

Venir- Ven

DOP & IOP The DOP is

placed before the verb

Answers Who? And What?

The IOP is placed before the verb

Answers To whom? And For whom?

• Me • Te• Lo/ La• Nos• Los/ Las

• Me• Te• Le• Nos• Les

DOP

IOP

Used when speaker is included Lets + Verb Opposite nosotros ending is used

EX:Comamos en casa.

-emos: nosotros command for –AR verbs-amos: nosotros command for –ER/IR verbs

*Negative- just add “no” before*

Nosotros Commands

Mono Verbs

Affirmative nosotros commands

Final “s” is dropped before adding “-nos” or “-se”

EX:Sentemos + nos =

Sentémonos

†With negative nosotros commands†The pronouns comes before the verb

†EX: No nos sentémonos.

Subjunctive† Everything but certainty and

objectivity

Yo form

Drop the -o

Add one of these endings

-AR

-e-es-e-emos-en

-ER/ -IR-a-as-a-amos-anCom + a = coma

Habl + e = hable

Subjunctive Irregulars

-Car -Gar -Zar TVDISHES

IrVaya

Vayas

Vaya

Vayamos

Vayan

DarDé

Des

Dé

Demos

Den

EstarEsté

Estés

Esté

Estemos

Estén

Alegrarse (de) – to be happy

Esperar- to hope, to

wish

Sentir – to be sorry

Soprender – to

surprise

Temer- to be afraid

Es triste – its sad

Ojala – I hope

Expression of Emotion

with Present

Subjunctive

Nos alegramos de que te gusten las flores. We are happy that you like the flowers. Lo siento que tu no puedas venir mañana. I’m sorry that you cannot come tomorrow.

Main Clause EX: Hope, Fear, Joy, Pity, Surprise

Infinitive is used after the subjunctive Temo sacar esoIm afriad to take this out.

Cuando... En cuanto... Es imposible que... Es malo que... Sin que... Hasta que... Es mejor que... Esperar que...

Triggers Antes que...

A menos que...

Dudar que...

Es bueno que...

Querer que...

Negar que

En raro que

Conviene que...

Es necesario que...

Es probable que...

Es Mejor que...

Es preciso que...

Es bueno que...Es malo

que...

Impersonal Expressions

Expressions of EmotionsAlegrarse

de que- to be happy

that

Es difícil que- it’s

hard

Es triste que – it’s sad that

Es raro que- it’s strange

that Es peor que- it’s

worse that

Es mejor que- it’s

better that

Es malo que- it’s too

bad that

Es justo que- it’s fair that

Es inútil que- there is no point

Es una lastima

que- it’s a pity that

Es extraño que- it’s

easy

Es increíble que- it’s

incredible thatEs

interesante que- it’s

interesting that

Es conveniente que- it’s convenient

that

Asi que- as soon as

Cuando- when

Despues de que- after

En Cuanto- as soon asConjunct

ions

Hasta que- until

Luego que- after

Tan pronto como- as soon as

of Time

Demonstrative AdjectivesAdjective This That That Over There

Over There Esta Esa Aquella

Male Este Ese Aquel

These Those Those Over There

Female Estas Esas Aquellas

Male Estos Esos Aquellas

Placed before the nounAgrees with number and genderEX: the house= esta casa

Demonstrative

Pronouns Pronoun This One That One That One Over There

F Esta Esa Aquella

M Este Ese Aquel

These Those Those Over There

F Estas Esas Aquellas

M Estos Esos Aquellos

ADJ! can be used as a noun as well.Accent on the first “e”

Prefiero ésa- I prefer that one