BY: JAMILA MILLER3RD

Grammar Book 2nd Semester

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Conditional Perfect Tenses

Present Present Perfect Irregulars Past Subjunctive Perfect

Nosotros Command Mono Verbs

Impersonal ‘se’ Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandadtos

Informal/Formal

• Affirmative• Negative• Irregular• DOP + IOP

Subjunctive + Irregulars Trigger Phrases

Impersonal Expressions Expressions of Emotion Conjunctions of Time

Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns

Tan y Tanto

Conjugation English Translation

ía

íasía

Used in relation to would, should, could, must have, or probably

Used to express: Wonder Conjecture Possibility Probability

Conditional

íamosíaisían

Infinitivo Conjugation at end

Subjunctive

Conditional Irregulars

Caber- cabr

Haber- habr

Hacer- har

Poder- podr

Poner- pondr

Querer- querr

Decir- dir

Saber- sabr

Valer- valdr

Salir- saldr

Venir- vendr

Tener- tendr

Irregular form

+ the endin

gs

• ía íamos

• ías íais• ía ían

= Conditiona

l irregulare

s

Present Perfect

Used to express or describe actions that have happened recently and/or actions that still hold true in the present.

In Ingles

The combination of a helping verb as in English.

Ex: I have eaten.He comido.

Auxillary verb

(to have)

Main verb + ido o ado

Present perfect

verb

He pagado la cuenta. He pagado

Haber is used as auxillary verb before the main verb like a

helping verb in English.

He hemos

Has Habeis

ha han

Plus the main verb with new ending

Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido

Present Perfect Irregulars

Abrir- abiertoCubrir- cubiertoDecir- dichoEscribir- escritoHacer- hechoMorir- muerto

Poner- puestoResolver- resoltoVer- vistoVolver- vueltoIr- idoRomper- roto

Past Perfect

In spanish

• The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.

In English

• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.

Había habíamos

Habías Habías

había habían

Plus the main verb with new ending

Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido

Ex: (yo) Había vivido.I had lived.

Ex: Juan había abierto las puertas.

Subjunctive Perfect

We use the present perfect subjunctive when we want to express a reaction to something that has happened (already). We need a conjugation of the verb Haber and a past participle. The only difference is that we conjugate Haber in the present Subjunctive.Another Form of

HABERHaya hayamos

Hayas Hayáis

haya Hayan

Plus the main verb with new ending

Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido

Impersonal ‘se’

1. Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

Se vende fruta en la fruteria.

2. When using se, the verb is always in 3rd person.

Aqui se había español.

3. Se can be used in all tenses. Se hizo mucho Se haría mucho. Se había hecho.

Saber vs. Conocer

CononcerPerson, place,

literary work

Saber

facts, info, or

how to do somethin

g

To Know:

Mandatos InformalesTu Commands

Affirmitivo

Conjugate in the tu form and drop the “s”

Add pronoun if necessary

Put in the tu form, stem

change, and drop the “s”

Di, hav, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven

Regular Irregular

Negativo

Put in the yo form, changes to the opposite vowel and add

on the “S”

Place pronoun before the verb

Tv dishes and add the “s”

Or put the yo form, change to the appropriate

”s”

Regular Irregular

Informal Mandatos

INFORMAL (TU) AR ER/IR

Affirmitive:Conjugate the verb in the 3rd person present (ud./el/ella)

______- A

Hablar: habla

______- e

Comer: come

Negative:Yo form, drop the O and add the opposite tú ending

No- ______- EN

Hablar: No hablen

No- ______- AN

Comer: No coman

Informal Commands Irregulars

Decir: DiHacer: Haz

Ir: vePoner: pon

Salir: salTener: tenVenir: ven

Formal Mandatos

FORMAL AR ER/IR

Usted/ Ud. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite endings:

______- E

Hablar: hable

______- A

Comer: Coma

Ustedes/ Uds. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite ending of the third plural form:

______- EN

Hablar: hablen

______- AN

Comer: Coman

Formal Commands Irregulars

1. GO to GA (present tense irregular Yo form verbs)

Vengo- vengaDigo- diga

2. CAR, GAR, ZAR verbs require spelling changes to keep the

pronunciation consistent:Pagar- pague

DOP and IOP Placement

DOP IOP

Lo, la, los, las Me, te, se, nos, os

Ir + Infinitive• Attach to the

end of the infinitive

• Place in front of the conjugated verb

Estar + ing verb• Attach to the

end of –ing verb and add an accent to the 3rd to the last syllable vowel

Commands• Affirmative: it is attached to the end of command with an accent on first syllable vowel

• Negative: it comes after “no”, before the command

Nosotros Commands

Yo form of the verb in present tense,

drop the O and add the opposite

nosotros form ending:

Ar____-Emos

Hablar: Hablemos

Er/Ir____-Amos

Comer: comamos

Mono Verbs

1) if object pronouns are used, they must be attached to the end of affirmative commands, and this will always require a written accent in the nosotros forms

2) the first s of the affirmative reflexive ending is lost

Ex: ¡Comamos afuera esta noche!Irregulars

Are similar to that of other commands including –car, -

gar, -zar…Another irregular: Vámonos- vayamos

Start with the yo form of the

present indicative

Then drop the o- ending

Then add the opposite vowel

ending.

Present Subjunctive

Mood Uncertain

hypothetical

ReflectsWill and

influence, motion, doubt, disbelief, and

denial, indefiniteness,

and nonexistense

Impersonal Expressions

Es bueno que…Es mejor que…Es importante

que…Es malo que…Es necessario

que…

Main Clause

(impersonal

expression)

Que Main clause

Subjuntive sentence

TTener > tenga

VVenir> venga

DDecir> diga Dar>

dé

IIr > vaya

SSer > sea

HHacer >

haga

EEstar >

esté

SSaber >

sepa

IrregularesStem changing

-stays the same in –ar or –er- Does not change in

nosotros formIr stem changes in nosotros

car

quega

rgueza

rce

Trigger Phrases

Es bueno que…

Es necesario que…

Impersonal Expression

s

Es mejor que…

Es importa

nte que…

Es malo que…

…cuando

…asi que

Conjunctions of Time

…despues de que

…hasta que

…en cuanto

Impersonal Expressions vs. Conjunctions of TimeThe impersonal phrases come before the subjunctive and the time phrases come

after the independent clause to indicate when to use a subjunctive.

Expressions of Emotion

I. Verbs/expressions of will or want aconsejar que to advise decir que to tell dejar que to let, allow desear que to desire that es hora que it's time that es importante que it is

important that es necesario que it is

necessary that esperar que to hope that es preciso que it is necessary

that evitar que to avoid

Trigger Phrases II. Verbs/expressions of emotion

or feeling alegrarse de que to be happy

that es bueno que it's good that es conveniente que it's

convenient that es difícil que it's hard es extraño que it's strange that es fácil que it's easy es increíble que it's incredible

that es inútil que it's useless that

(there's no point) es justo que it's fair that Frequently, the sentences that contain a subjunctive verb are used to

express doubt, uncertainty, denial, desire, commands or reactions to the clause containing the subjunctive verb.

Expressions of Emotion Cont.

III. Verbs/expressions of doubt, possibility, opinion aparecer que to appear, seem

that buscar ... que* to look for detestar que to hate dudar que to doubt es dudoso que it is doubtful that es imposible que it is

impossible that es improbable que it is

improbable that es posible que it is possible that es probable que it is probable

that

Trigger Phrases Cont.

First Clause:

Expressions• hope

• Fear• Joy• Pity• Surprise

Second Clause

• Subordinate clause

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

Singular Masculine

Plural Masculine

Singular Feminine

Plural Feminime

Éste (this) Éstos (these) Ésta (this) Éstas (these)

Ése (that) Ésos (those) Ésa (that) Ésas (those)

Aquél (that “over there”)

Aquéllos (those “over there”)

Aquélla (that “over there”)

Aquéllas (those “over there”

Tan y Tanto

TanComo (as…as)

Used with adjectives and

adverbs

TantoComo (as

much as/ as many as…Used with nouns and

verbs