Grammar Book Cesar Root

Table of contents

1. Conditional tense and irregulars

2. Perfect tenses 3. Present perfect 4. Past perfect 5. Present perfect irregulars 6. Subjunctive perfect 7. Tan y tanto 8.Impersonal se 9. Saber y conocer 10. Los mandatos 11. Informal commands 12. Formal commands 13.Irregular commands 14. DOP and IOP placement

15. Nosotros commands 16. Nosotros commands

with mono verbs 17. Subjunctive and

irregulars 18. Subjunctive trigger

phrases› Impersonal expressions › Expressions of emotions › Conjunctions of time

19. Demonstrative adjectives

20. Demonstrative pronouns

Conditional

Regulars: expresses probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture

Would, should, could

Conjugate: -ía -ías -ía

-íamos

-ían

Caber – yo cabria Poder- yo podria

Haber- yo habria Querer- yo querria

Saber – yo sabria Decir –yo dirira

Poner – yo pondria Salir –yo saldria

Tener- yo tendria Valer –yo vendria

Valir – yo valdria Hacer –yo haria

Irregulars

Present perfect

Combining “has” or “have” along with the past participle.

Haber + verb Haber: he has ha hemos habéis han

Past perfect tense

Imperfect tense of haber + past participle

Haber: -había -habías -había -habíamos -habían

Future perfect tense

Future tense “haber” + past participle Describes what will happen in the

future before the action takes place. › Habré› Habrás› Habrá› Habremos› Habrán

Perfect subjunctive

Indicates the action as completed Used when the subjunctive is in the

present, future, or present perfect Haber:

› Haya › Hayas › Haya › Hayamos › Hayan

Tan vs. Tanto

Forms comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverb

Tan +adjective/adverb + como

• Form comparisons of equality using nouns

• Tanto + noun + como

Impersonal se

Used to describe a unidentified person Only intransitive objectless transitive

verbs Always singular

Saber vs. conocer

Expresses “to know” Saber: to know facts, information, or

how to do something Conocer: to know people, places, or

things.

Informal affirmitive commands

Formed identically to the present indicative usted form

Irregular TV dishes: › Decir: di › Hacer: ha › Ir: ve › Poner: pon › Salir: sal

› Ser: sé› Tener: ten › Venir: ven

Example: Hablar= Drop the –

ar, add –a = habla

Informal negative commands

Use the tu form of the present subjunctive

opposite ending Example: cantar-> no cantes

Informal irregular commands

TV dishes: › Decir: di

› Hacer: ha › Ir: ve

› Poner: pon › Salir: sal › Ser: sé

› Tener: ten › Venir: ven

Formal affirmative commands

Start with the yo form of present indicative

Drop the –o Add opposite ending Example: hablar-> hable

Formal negative commands

Start with yo form of present indicative Drop the –o Add oppisite ending Add no before the verb Example: hablar-> no hable

Formal irregular commands

Only occurs with affirmative tú commands

Dar › Ud: dé› Uds: den

Estar › Ud: esté› Uds: estén

Ir › Ud: vaya› Uds: vayan

Ser › Ud: sea › uds: sean

Saber › Ud: sepa› Uds: sepan

DOP and IOP placement

Place in front of conjugated verb when only 1 verb

Place in front of conjugated verb when 2 verbs

Can be attached to the end of an infinitive, present participle, or affirmative commands

Nosotros commands

Regular:

Use nosotros in present tense

Negative command is formed by putting “no” before the verb

Irregular/mono verbs:

With affirmitive commands, the “s” at the end of the verb form is dropped before adding “nos”

Example: sentemos + nos = sentémonos

Subjunctive

Expresses will and influence, emotion, doubt/disbelief/denial, indefinitness/nonexistance.

Form by taking the main clause + connector + subordinate clause

Subjunctive irregulars

-ar and –er don’t change in the nosotros while –ir does

Dormir

-duerma -duermas -Duerma -Durrmamos -Duerman

Salir -salga -salgas-salga-salgamos-salgan

Impersonal expressions for subjunctive

Es importante que Es adio que Es logico que Es mejor que Es malo que

Expressions of emotion for subjunctive

Alegrarse de que: to be happy that Es bueno que: its good that Es conveniente que: its convenient that Es difícil que: its hard that Es extraño que: its strange that Es trieste que: its sad that Estar trieste que: to be sad that Sentir que: to be sorry that Sorprenderse que: to be surprised that

Conjunctions of time for the subjunctive

Take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is habitual or in the past

The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future.

Examples: › cuando: when › En cuanto: as soon as › Hasta que: until › Tan pronto como: as soon as › Despues de que: after › Así que: as soon as

Demonstrative adjectives

Used when the object is more than just a short distance away

Usually precede the noun Examples:

este – this ese – that estos – theseesos – those

Demonstrative pronouns

Same as the demonstrative adjectives but always have a accent mark over the first letter

Examples: éste – this ése – that éstos – theseésos – those