grammar notes

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Grammar Notes

On Second Page

3. Parts of Speech - way of categorizing words in isolation (singly)

(8 Parts = noun / pronoun / verb / adverb / adjective / conjunction / preposition / interjection )

4. Sentence Parts - way of identifying words based on function

Prepositions

Step One:1. Cross off all prepositional phrases (slot

test) Put an X over the preposition and label the OP and circle it!

The bird flew ________ the cloud. = prepPrep +what = OP

Prepositional Phrases

1. Prepositional Phrase= preposition + object of preposition (OP).

EX: to the mall ; from the store ; except all those ; Can you think of another?

Prepositions

Preposition- A position word which shows relationships between objects and/or time frame

Slot Test for Most Prepositions = The bird flew _____________ the clouds.

A. subject/verb pairs are never found in a prepositional phrase

B. of and with are always prepositions if used correctly.

C. If there are two prepositions in a row, cross out the second .

List of Prepositions

above beneath down like regarding until

at before during     unto

across between   near since up

along beside except     upon

amid behind for of throughout

among below from on to with

after beyond   over through within

around but in outside towards without

atop by inside off    

about   into   under  

against concerning

  past underneath

Prepositions LIST:

Object of the Preposition

2.Object of a Preposition (OP)-- the who or what in a prepositional phrase

EX: I went by the store. Store = object of preposition

Verbs

Step 2. Double underline verb (label LV—linking; HV—helping; AV—action)

Answers: “What changes tense?”

Types of Verbs

5. Verb – indicate tense (past, present, future); actions or state of being

The 3 Types of Verbs: action helping linking

Second Page Notes – Linking Verbs

6. Linking verbs (LV) – do not show action! Link subject with nouns/pronouns or adjectives.

EX. His mother is an accountant. The winners of the game were they.

Mary became sick after the high jump.

State of Being Verbs

State of being verbs - to be = is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been

The REPLACEMENT TEST for linking verbs is to replace a linking verb with a form of “to be.” If it still makes sense without the meaning changed it is a LV.

The FLIP-FLOP TEST for Linking Verbs is if you flip-flop the sentence around the verb and it still means the same, it is a LV.

Linking Verbs

Linking Verbs List:

*to be = (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)

Complete Top Chart

*to be to become to remain

to taste to seem to appear 

to look to sound 

to stay

to smell to grow  

Helping Verbs

7. Helping Verbs (HV) – begin a verb phrase EX. I may go to the store today. She did not

tell him about the test. I shall wait until dark.

Helping Verbs List

do is may shalldoes am must will

Did are might can

has was should  

have were would  had be could    being      been    

Action Verbs

8. Action Verbs (AV)- show/represent action EX. I jumped over a toad and landed on a

frog. Our teacher gave us a huge test today.

Subjects

3. Underline the subject once (Ask who/what plus verb)

Subjects

9. Subject (S)- who or what (and completes the verb after prepositions are eliminated)

and they must always indicate number (singular/ plural.)

EX. He went to the movies without you. Maria is a wonderful host.

Implied You

10. Implied (You) Subject- an understood “you” through a command

EX. (You) Take me with you to the park. (You) Go to the library and read a magazine.

11. Subject/Verb Pairs- who or what + verb (together)

 EX. You are my sunshine. Garrett let the dog

out earlier. (You) Take me out to the ball game.

Sentence Patterns

12. Sentence Patterns- Six (6) basic patterns used for building blocks

The six Basic Sentence Patterns: 1. S - V2. S - AV - DO3. S - AV - IO - DO 4. S - LV - PN5. S - LV - PA6. V – S (inverted sentence)

(DO= Direct Object, IO=Indirect Object, PN=Predicate Noun, PA= Predicate Adjective)

What kinds of sentence parts follow action verbs? What kind of sentence parts follow linking verbs? Can a DO ever come before an IO? Does every DO have to have an IO? Does every IO have to have a DO? Can a DO and a PN or PA appear in the same

sentence?

Direct Objects

Steps to Labeling4. If AV (action), DO (direct object)/label IO

(indirect object)

13. Direct Objects (DO – Always follow an AV and receives the action of the verb (answers “what” of the verb)

EX. I throw the eraser. (Verb + who or what? Throws what? eraser)

Indirect Objects

14. Indirect Objects (IO) - always fall between AV and DO and receives the DO.

EX. I throw Ben the eraser. (Who receives the DO/ Ben ?______) The DO receives the IO.

I throw the eraser to Ben. (Why is Ben no longer an IO?) addition of the word “to”

Predicate Nouns and Predicate Adjectives

Steps to Labeling5. If LV (linking), label PN/PA (PN—equals/renames S; PA—describes S)

Predicate Noun

15. Predicate Noun (PN) - always follows LV; noun/pronoun which renames the subject

EX. I am a teacher in the classroom. (Is the verb action/linking?) LV (Replacement/flip-flop)

“I” replaces/renames “teacher” - “teacher” is the PN

Predicate Adjectives

 16. Predicate Adjective (PA)- always follows a

LV and describes subject EX. I am unhappy about the loss of my

favorite team. (Is the verb action /linking?) LV

Unhappy doesn’t equal I, but does it describe I? Yes Then unhappy is the what? PA

Noun Functions

Steps to Labeling6. Circle all noun functions (S, DO, IO, PN, OP)

Noun Functions

17. Noun Functions-The five functions are:

OP S DO IO PN

Adjectives

Steps to Labeling7. Label all adjectives (ADJ) which modify all nouns

Adjectives

18. Adjectives (ADJ)- modifies nouns and pronouns

a an the and possessives (ex. Hers) are always Adjectives.

 EX. The green bananas were hanging from

the damaged apple tree.

Adverbs

Steps to Labeling8. Label all adverbs (ADV) which modify V, ADJ, ADV

Adverbs

19. Adverbs (ADV)- modifies everything that is not a noun/pronoun (adj., adv., verb)

The ending ly is a good clue but not a sure thing! Not and very are always adverbs

What is the only way to know for sure? Identify the word being modified.

EX. I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.

Adverbs answer the questions: how, when, where, and to what extent.

Everything found after the adjectives (excluding conjunctions) are what? adverbs

Conjunctions

Steps to Labeling9. Find conjunctions

Conjunctions

20. Conjunctions- connect elements; combine and connect

EX. The football and baseball players are rowdy. What are they connecting? nouns

Conjunctions

The three types are: coordinate subordinate correlative

Coordinate conjunctions-

21. Coordinate conjunctions- connect items of the same kind

The Eight include: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, ; (punctuation mark)

A good way to remember these eight is the mnemonic device? FAN BOYS

EX. He ran and tripped. Mike and Billy-Bob had a party. He threw the hammer and the sickle.

He went to the movie, and he fell asleep. What are these conjunctions connecting? Verbs, subjects

Subordinate Conjunctions

22. Subordinate Conjunctions- make independent clauses into dependent clauses

EX. I saw my friend. Before I saw my friend, I was very sad.

List of Subordinate Conjunctions

after as long as

if unless where than

although

as soon as

in order that

until wherever

though

as because since when while  

as if before so that whenever

Correlative Conjunctions

23. Correlative Conjunction- connect items of same kind in pairs

List of Correlative Conjunctions

both – and not only – but also

either – or

neither –nor whether - or  

Interjections

Steps to LabelingAdd: Label Interjections – Int24. Interjections ( INJ ) – show expression and are followed by (!)

EX. WOW! Hurray! Ooops! Can you think of two others? Ouch! Snap!