grammar notes & practices

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SJKC KULAI ( 1 ) GRAMMAR – NOTES & PRACTICES (1) Articles Indefinite Articles – ‘a’ & ‘an’ (a ) To show a Singular Noun eg: a book, a boy, a bat, an egg, - an apple, an elephant, etc (i) Vowel Sounds ( a, e, I, o, u ) – use “an” Silent “h” - -use “an” (ii) Consonant Sounds ( b, c, d, …z) – use “a” Sounds like – university , uniform – “a” (b) To show a General Statement – eg: A cow gives us milk. Definite Article – the ( to show ) (a) A specific noun (usually when talking about the picture given) eg: We change the idea of :- ( “A boy” … ) to the idea of ( “The boy” ……) (b) When repeating a same object Prepared by:slyong/sjckulai1/2014 Page 1

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Page 1: Grammar notes & practices

SJKC KULAI ( 1 )

GRAMMAR – NOTES & PRACTICES

(1) Articles

Indefinite Articles – ‘a’ & ‘an’

(a ) To show a Singular Noun eg: a book, a boy, a bat, an egg,

- an apple, an elephant, etc

(i) Vowel Sounds ( a, e, I, o, u ) – use “an”

Silent “h” - -use “an”

(ii) Consonant Sounds ( b, c, d, …z) – use “a”

Sounds like – university , uniform – “a”

(b) To show a General Statement – eg: A cow gives us milk.

Definite Article – the ( to show )

(a) A specific noun (usually when talking about the picture given)

eg: We change the idea of :- ( “A boy” … ) to the idea of ( “The boy” ……)

(b) When repeating a same object

eg:- I have a car. The car is blue.

(c) When the object is of its one kind

eg : sun, earth, king, headmaster, ….etc

(d) In superlative form

eg : tallest, most beautiful, best….etc

(e) For locations

eg: in the field, on the table, at the stall,…..etc

We DO NOT use Articles:-

1. In front of an uncountable noun – eg: flour, rice, water…..

2. Before proper nouns for a person, place, countries – eg: John, Johor….

But use “the” :- USA, Republic of China, Kuala Lumpur Tower, …etc

3. Before any sports & games – eg: badminton….

4. Before any meals – eg: breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper….

5. Before a Plural Noun for General Statement – eg: giraffes, postmen…..

Fill in the blanks with Articles ( a, an, the ) or ( - )

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1. ________________ postman delivers letters and parcels.

2. ________________ pilot flies aeroplanes.

3. ________________ engineers sometimes work at the construction sites.

4. ________________ artist painted ________________ most beautiful art work to sell.

5. ________________ waitress serves ______________ food to _____________

customers in ____________________ restaurant.

6. _________________ electrician repairs ____________________ electrical appliances.

7. _________________ alligator lays_____________ eggs. After laying

________________ eggs, it covers them with ________________mud and plants.

8. _______________toads and ___________frogs look alike. ____________ toad’s skin is

rough and damp but _______________ frog’s skin in smooth and wet.

9. ______________ herd of cattle are grazing in _________________ field.

10.______________ python killed __________goat by winding itself around ________ goat

and crushed it hard.

For each omission given ( / ), rewrite the sentences with Articles

1. He left / house / hour ago.

_____________________________________________________________

2. / Fishmonger sells / fish in / market.

____________________________________________________________

3. / Reporters write / news and / articles.

____________________________________________________________

4. Tina saw / burglar broke into / neighbour’s house last night.

______________________________________________________________

5. We watched / movie after having / delicious meal.

(2) Singular & Plural Nouns

Complete the table below with Plural Forms

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SINGULAR - PLURAL SINGULAR - PLURAL

1. boy -

2. tiger -

3. brush -

4. bus -

5. army -

6. cherry -

7. knife -

8. wolf -

9. glass -

10. watch -

11. goose -

12. tooth -

13. ox -

14. child -

15. buffalo -

16. mouse -

17. furniture -

18. deer -

19. sheep -

20. rice -

Rewrite the sentences in Plural Forms

1. The girls put on a cap and carry an umbrella on a sunny day.

______________________________________________________________

2. The bird flew above the house just now.

______________________________________________________________

3. The ox and the sheep are grazing on the field.

_______________________________________________________________

4. The mouse came out to steal food at night.

_______________________________________________________________

5. My family enjoys picnicking during the weekend.

_______________________________________________________________

(3) Verbs (Parts of Body)

NOUNS VERBS

1. elbow bend

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2. finger snap, count, cross

3. hand carry, take, hold, write, draw, shake, play, hit, clap, slap, break

4. arm lift

5. knee kneel, bend

6. leg walk, run, jump, skip, stand

7. feet dance, step, kick

8. toes balance

9. ear listen, hear

10.eye see, look, read, tear, close, open

11. nose smell

12. tongue taste

13. teeth bite, chew, (brush, pull out )

14.mouth eat, drink, speak, talk, tell, sing, cry, laugh, shout, blow, read

15.head nod, shake

16.neck turn

Complete the chant with correct ‘Verbs’

I ________________________ with my eyes.

I ________________________ with my ears.

I ________________________ with my nose.

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I ________________________ with my tongue.

I ________________________ with my teeth.

I ________________________ with my mouth.

I ________________________ with my head.

I ________________________ with my neck.

I ________________________ with my arm.

I ________________________ with my hands.

I ________________________ with my fingers.

I ________________________ with my legs.

I ________________________ with my feet.

I ________________________ myself on my toes.

Now, you have learnt that;

Different parts of your body,

Can do different things.

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Underline the correct answer for each question below

1. The pupils ( read, talk ) quietly in the library.

2. The children ( jump, play ) happily in the playground.

3. I ( eat, drink ) my soup with a spoon.

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4. Peter and Jane ( catch, hold ) the butterflies with a net.

5. Mei Lin and her friends always ( dance, skip ) at the school concert.

6. The boys ( kick, hit ) the balls with their feet.

7. Please ( carry, throw ) the books to the staffroom.

8. We ( stand, sit ) straight when we ( sing, shout ) the national anthem.

9. Do not ( take, touch ) the switch with your wet hand.

10. The fierce dogs ( chew, bite ) at the strangers.

11. The players ( hit, touch ) the ball over the net.

12. I ( blow, taste ) out the candles on the cake.

13. The spectators ( slap, clap ) loudly when the player has shot a goal.

14. The prayers ( bend, kneel ) and ( cross, snap ) their fingers in front of the

god when they pray.

15. We ( open, close ) our eyes when we sleep.

16. My twin sisters ( cry, laugh ) loudly upon hearing the jokes.

17. I ( cover, hold ) my ears when I ( hear, listen ) the thunder.

18. My English teacher likes to ( talk, tell ) stories to us.

19. The roses ( look, see ) beautiful and ( smell, taste ) fragrant.

20. Please ( take, open ) your book and ( turn, bend ) to page 50.

(4) Tenses

Study the table about different TENSES based on time phrase given

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future

Verbs :

Singular : -s, -es, -ies

( He, She, It )

Verbs :

Regular : -d, -ed. - ied

Irregular : vowels

Verbs : root words

* will / shall ( verb )

shall – I , We

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Plural : root words

( I, You, We, They)

changed, word

changed, remain root

words

will – He, She, It, You,

They

Time Phrase :

every day, always,

often, sometimes,

usually, never

Time Phrase :

just now, this morning,

yesterday, last night, last

week, a few days ago

Time Phrase :

later, soon, tonight,

tomorrow, next week,

in future

Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous

Singular: is + Verb “ing”

( He, She, It )

Plural: are + Verb “ing”

( I, You, We, They)

Singular: was+Verb “ing”

( He, She, It )

Plural: were + Verb “ing”

( I, You, We, They)

will be + Verb “ing”

( He, She, It, You, They

)

shall be + Verb “ing”

( I, We )

Time Phrase :

now, at the moment

Time Phrase :

~ when, ~ while, ~ as

Time Phrase :

later, tonight, etc

Simple Present Tense + Subject Verb Agreement

Subject Nouns / Pronouns Subject Nouns / Pronouns

The boys, I, You, We, They John, My mother, He, She, It

Plural Verbs Singular Verbs

1. play, speak, listen + s plays, speaks, listens

2. go, brush, catch + es goes, brushes, catches

3. carry, fly, cry y ies carries, flies, cries

Note :

(I) Verbs end with – “o”, “sh”, “ch” – add “es” to the root form

eg: do + “es” – does, wash + “es” – washes, watch + “es” - watches

(II) Verbs end with “y” :

(a) with a Vowel in front of “y” like in – play, enjoy, buy

Just add “s” to the word – plays, enjoys, buys

(b) with a Consonant in front of “y” like in – fly, try, carry

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Change the “y” to “ies” – flies, tries, cries

( a) Simple Present Tense

We use Simple Present Tense when :

Habitual Actions – things we do every day or often

Universal Truths – facts that cannot be changed

Giving Instructions / Polite Orders

Habitual Actions Universal Truths Instructions / Directions

1. The boys ( play ) football

every day.

2. My mother always

( cooks ) curry for us.

1. An elephant (has) a long

trunk.

2. The earth (moves) around

the sun.

1.(Hand) in your books

during recess.

2. (Turn) left and (go) along

Jalan Bunga.

Note :

1. Verbs for ‘Habitual Actions’ and ‘Universal Truths’; we take a consideration on the Subject

Verb Agreement.

2. Verbs for ‘Imperative / Instructional Language’ are remain in their base forms.

Choose the correct answer for each question below

1. Mrs. Lee ( goes, go ) to market every day.

2. My father ( washes, wash ) his car every Sunday.

3. A postman ( deliver, delivers ) letters daily.

4. The pupils ( sweep, sweeps ) their classroom every day.

5. My baby brother always ( drink, drinks ) milk at night.

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6. My dog often ( barks, bark ) at strangers.

7. My uncle sometimes ( takes, take ) us out for a picnic.

8. The children ( makes, make ) the kites themselves.

9. Kim Hock usually ( cycles, cycle ) to the grocery shop.

10.We ( jog, jogs ) at the park every evening.

11. It ( snow, snows ) during winter.

12.The stars ( twinkle, twinkles ) at night.

13.Owls ( hoot, hoots ) and an eagle ( screams, scream ).

14.The roots of a tree ( absorbs, absorb ) water from the ground.

15.Water ( flows, flow ) from high to low.

16. ( Circle, Circles ) the correct answer for the question given.

17. ( Walk, Walks ) down the road and ( stops, stop ) at the traffic lights.

18. ( Beats, Beat ) three eggs in a big bowl and ( adds, add ) a little baking soda into it.

19. ( Reads, Read ) and ( spells, spell ) the words correctly.

20. ( Use, Uses ) the overhead bridge to ( cross, crosses ) the busy road.

(b) Simple Past Tense

We use Simple Past Tense when we talk about a past event / incident. For examples :

My father washed his car a few days ago.

My mother cooked chicken curry yesterday.

The boys won the football match last Friday.

We went to the library just now.

You cycled to school last week.

She swept the floor during recess time.

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There are two types of Past Tense Verbs :-

1. Regular Verbs

+ d + ed y -----> ied

Baked

Cycled

Cooked

Packed

Played

Carry – carried

Marry – married

Fry - fried

2. Irregular Verbs

Change partial of

vowels

Whole words changing No Past Tense Form

( ** spelling same sound

different )

Sit – sat

Sing – sang

Write - wrote

Swim - swam

Go – went

Fly – flew

Put – put

Cut – cut

Hit – hit

** Read - read

Circle the correct Past Tense

1. Her mother ___________ to the market by car this morning.

A. go B. goes C. went D. going

2. The fishermen _________ a lot of fish last Sunday.

A. catch B. catches C. caught D. catching

3. The cat _________ under the table just now.

A. slept B. sleeping C. sleeps D. sleep

4. Pak Long __________ the newspaper this morning.

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A. reads B. reading C. read

5. My sister__________ to the radio a moment ago.

A. listens B. listened C. listening D. listen

6. Khatijah did not ____________ to school yesterday.

A. cycling B. cycles C. cycled D. cycle

7. The children ________the tables and chairs yesterday morning.

A. arrange B. arranges C. arranged D. arranging

8. The stray dogs _________ loudly last night.

A. bark B. barks C. barked D. barking

9. I _______ the television programme until very late last night.

A. watch B. watching C. watched D. watches

10. Lily and her brother ________their grandparents two years ago.

A. visited B. visit C. visits D. visiting

Find and circle the Verbs from the passage. Rewrite the paragraphs with Simple Past Tense

Every Sunday, I play skateboard with my friends in the playground. It is a fine day, there

are many children at there.

My friends and I bring along our skateboards. We usually play for two hours. As we

play, we joke and laugh happily.

It is fun to have an outdoor activity with friends during weekends.

Last Sunday, __________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

(c) Simple Future Tense

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(d) Present Continuous Tense

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1. Tells about an action is going on at the time of speaking

Eg : I am cycling to school now.

My mother is cooking at the moment.

2. The Verb changes to ‘Verb + ing’ – For eg : play + ing = playing

3. Subject Verb Agreement is on the Verb-to-Be ( is, am, are ); to indicate Singular or Plural

nouns.

Subject Verb-to-Be Actual Verb Object/adverb/prepositional phrase Time

I am doing my homework now.

We are singing loudly at the concert now.

He is reading in the library now.

Miss Lim is trimming her plants carefully in the garden now.

The boys are playing football happily in the field now.

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The infinitive ‘to’ functions as ‘linking word’ to join 2 verbs in a sentence :

Subject Verb 1 Infinitive

‘to’

Verb 2 Object/adjective/adverb/Prepositional phrase

I want to see the pupils .

My aunt loves to cook chicken curry.

Mr Wong likes to read novels during her free time.

She forgets to do her homework.

It started to rain heavily when we walked home.

They help to wash their father’s car.

The cats likes to eat fish and meat.

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6. Gerund

It is a ‘verb’ which function as a ‘noun’ in a sentence. So it is called a ‘Noun-

Verb’ too. For examples :

Interest / Hobby

Verb = action words Nouns ( Hobby )

Bake Baking ( cakes / cookies )

Cook Cooking ( curry, Indian food, etc )

Read Reading ( books, magazines, etc )

Paint Painting ( scenery, portrait, etc )

Draw Drawing

Swim Swimming

Sing / dance Singing / dancing

Sew / knit Sewing / knitting

Collect Collecting ( stamps, coins, etc )

Cycle Cycling

Play Playing ( football, badminton, ec )

( congkak, scrabble, etc )

( piano, violin, guitar, etc )

( computer games, games)

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( A ) Read and match

Playing computer game

Reading and drawing

Stamps collecting

Fishing and swimming

Knitting and sewing

Watching television &

Listening to Radio

Baking and cooking

Gardening & Catching butterflies

( B ) Spelling Quiz ( Hobbies )

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1. My mother enjoys preparing food for us.________________

2. My grandfather has many beautiful bonsai.______________

3. My aunt sews a pretty dress for my sister._______________

4. I enjoy watching the cartoon every Sunday._____________

5. Mei Lin goes to the library every weekend.______________

6. My father sometimes spends his free time at the nearby pond.

________________

6. Adjectives

Words which are used to describe objects, people, animals, plants

and others

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Underline the ADJECTIVES in these sentences

1. A berry is a small fruit with seeds.

2. A plum is a fleshy fruit.

3. A watermelon has red or yellow flesh.

4. A coconut tree produces hard shelled fruit.

5. The durian has a strong smell.

6. Cactus has thick stem.

7. A bamboo has smooth woody stems.

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8. An ixora is a bushy plant.

9. A dragon fruit is juicy and fleshy..

10. The big broad leaves of a banana plant can be used to wrap ‘nasi lemak’.

Comparison of Adjectives

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

1. No difference

between two.

2.No changing in

Adjectives.

3.Using : ( as ~ as )

Eg:

1.There is a

difference between

two.

2. Add “er” / “ more”

to Adjectives.

Eg: taller /

1. Compare three or

more than that

2. Always “talk”

about the ONLY one.

3. Add “est” /

“most” to

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Ali is as tall as I. more hardworking

3.Some irregular

Adjectives : better,

worse, less, etc

4. Using : ( ~ than )

Eg :

Ali is taller than Siti.

Adjectives. Eg:

tallest / most

hardworking

4. Some irregular

Adjectives : best,

worst, least, etc.

5. Using : (…the ~)

Eg:

Muthu is the tallest

in our class.

Circle the correct answers

1. The watermelon is ( heavier , heavy , heaviest ) than an orange.

2. The banana leaves are ( broad , broader , broadest ) than the canna leaves.

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3. Long beans are ( long , longer , longest ) than the French beans.

4. The jackfruits is the ( large , larger , largest ) among the three fruits.

5. The oil palm is ( short , shorter , shortest ) than the coconut palm.

6. Which is the ( small , smaller , smallest ) fruit among the three; pineapple,

orange and longan ?

7. Which is ( juicy , juicier , juiciest ), a watermelon or a honey dew melon?

8. May is the ( beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful ) girl in her family.

9. He promised to be ( careful , more careful , most careful ) in his work.

10. Jane got the ( few , less , least ) marks in her class.

11. If you need ( much , more , most ) money, ask me.

12. Jolene is ( good , better , best ) than her brother.

13. My house is the ( far , further , furthest ) from my school.

14. The fish curry tastes as ( bad , worse , worst ) as the mutton curry.

15. Who is ( important , more important , most important ), a farmer or a

teacher ?

16. This is the ( difficult , more difficult , most difficult ) test that I have ever

answered.

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Rewrite the sentences with correct ADJECTIVES

1. Chong Beng is the tall boy in his class.

__________________________________________________

2. These apples are sweet than those.

___________________________________________________

3. Mei Feng can run as faster as her brother.

_____________________________________________________

4. Which story is interesting, this one or that one?

_____________________________________________________

5. Melissa is the pretty of the three girls.

_____________________________________________________

6. My father is two year young than my mother.

___________________________________________________

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7. Veloo is not as cleverest as his brother, Muthu.

___________________________________________________

8. This is the easy way to get to the top of the hill.

___________________________________________________

9. I can sing and dance good than my best friend.

___________________________________________________

10. The path in the park is broad than the lane behind my house.

___________________________________________________

7. SIMILES

( i ) Read some examples in the table below

1. as agile as a cat / monkey

2. as big as an elephant

3. as bitter as medicine

4. as blind as a bat

5. as black as coal

如描或猴般灵活

如大象般庞大

如药般苦

如蝙蝠般盲目

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6. as brave as a lion

7. as clumsy as a bear

8. as busy as a bee

9. as cool as a cucumber

10. as faithful as a dog

11. as graceful as a swan

12. as green as grass

13. as happy as a lark / a king

14. as hard as iron

15. as heavy as lead

16. as hot as an oven

17. as light as a feather

18. as hungry as a wolf

19. as proud as a peacock

20. as slippery as an eel

21. as slow as a snail / tortoise

22. as soft as silk / butter

如碳般黑

如狮子般勇敢

如熊般笨拙

如蜜蜂般忙碌

如黄瓜般清凉

如狗般忠诚

如天鹅般优雅

如青草般翠绿

如百灵鸟或国王般快乐

如铁般坚硬

如铅般重

如烤箱般酷热

如羽毛般轻盈

如 狼般饥饿

如孔雀般骄傲

如鳝鱼般滑溜

如蜗牛或乌龟般缓慢

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23. as sour as vinegar

24. as stubborn as a mule

25. as smell as an ant

26. as sweet as honey / sugar

27. as timid as a mouse

如丝绸或牛油般柔滑

如醋般酸

如骡子般固执

如蚂蚁般细小

如蜜糖或糖般甜

胆小如鼠

(ii) Choose the SIMILES to complete the sentences below

1. The water in the pool is __________, so I don’t want to swim in it.

A. as cool as a cucumber C. as cold as ice

B. as wet as a fish D. as clear as crystal

2. My mother is ___________a bee before the Chinese New Year .

A. as busy as C. as happy as

B. as graceful as D. as heavy as

3. The flag pole in front of my school is ____________________ .

A. as green as grass C. as tall as a giant

B. as warm as wool D. as proud as a peacock

4. He looked __________________ after sunbathing at the beach.

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A. as sweet as honey C. as soft as butter

B. as brown as a berry D. as thin as a rake

5. All the clothes outside became _________ after the rain poured.

A. as wet as a fish C. as hot as fire

B. as black coal D. as white as snow

6. The stick was ________________ an iron. He could not break it.

A. as easy as C. as big as

B. as loud as D. as hard as

7. The children were afraid of Mr. Muthu. He was ______________.

A. as fierce as a tiger C. as strong as a bull

B. as quick as lightning D. as wise as an owl

8. The woodcutter’s axe is ____________________ a razor.

A. as agile as C. as new as

B. as blunt as D. as sharp

9. Mr. John’s house was built many years ago. It is ____________ .

A. as quiet as a mouse C. as slow as a snail

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B. as old as the hill D. as big as a giant

10. Leela is the best dancer in the troupe. She dances _________.

A. as graceful as a swan C. as happy as a lark

B. as quick as a deer D. as clumsy as a bear

8. Adverbs

Words which are used to describe actions

Types of Adverbs :

Sample Sentences :

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Frequency Manner Place Time

always

often

usually

sometime

seldom

quickly

slowly

hungrily

beautifully

fast

field

canteen

market

home

school

every day

yesterday

just now

now

last week

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1. I always play congkak with my best friend.

2. Mary sang beautifully / sweetly at the concert.

3. We play football in the field.

4. I cycle to school every morning. / every day

( A ) Match the Verbs to Adverbs to form Adverbial Phrases

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VERBS

1. write

2. sit

3. rain

4. shout

5. smile

6. read

7. shine

8. wait

ADVERBIAL PHRASESADVERBS

comfortably

neatly

angrily

quietly

brightly

patiently

heavily

broadly

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( B ) Rewrite the sentences with correct ADVERBS

1. The pupils read quiet in the library.

____________________________________________________________

2. The beggar ate the food hungry at the table.

____________________________________________________________

3. My pet cat lies lazy on the floor.

___________________________________________________________

4. The children jumped happy with joy when they heard the good news.

___________________________________________________________

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5. Kok Liang was sad because he did bad in the examination.

____________________________________________________________

9. Prepositions

Prep. Usage Example

on days of the week date

on Mondayon 12 July 2012

in

months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?)

in August / in winterin the morningin 2006in an hour

at for night / noonfor weekenda certain point of time(when?)

at night / at noonat the weekend at half past nine

for over a certain period of time (past till now) -for 2 years

in

room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world

-in the kitchen, in London -in the book -in the car, in a taxi -in the picture, in the world

at

meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something

typical

-at the door, at the station -at the table -at a concert, at the party -at the cinema, at school, at work

on

attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio

-the picture on the wall -London lies on the Thames. -on the table -on the left -on the first floor -on the bus, on a plane -on TV, on the radio

on walking or riding entering a public transport vehicle

-on foot, on horseback

-get on the bus

in entering a car / Taxi -get in the car

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by

rise or fall of something

travelling (other than walking or horse riding)

-prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus

Choose the BEST preposition to match each picture shown

1. buys a racquet ( at, in, from ) the shop

bought the racquet ( in , at, from ) the shopkeeper

2. buy ducks ( in, at, from ) the stall

sells ducks ( at, to, for ) the customers

3. sing ( in, on, at ) the stage

perform ( on, at, in ) the hall

4. reads ( down, below, under ) the tree

5. fell ( down, from, onto ) the chair

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6. get ( in, on, up ) the bus

board ( -, up, on ) the bus

7. barked ( to, at, on ) the stranger

afraid ( with, of, to ) the dog

8. fly ( on, at, in ) the sky

9. put ( off, out, away ) the fire

sprayed the water ( on, onto, at ) the building

10. David’s father works as a doctor _____________ .

A. in a bank

B. in an office

C. in a drug store

D. in the hospital

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11. My mother prefers to exercise on __________ .

A. the jogging tracks

B. the lane

C. the road

D. her treadmill

12. Put the meat _______ and serve it hot.

A. in a glass

B. in the jar

C. on a plate

D. in a mug

10) Conjunctions

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