ii. seed plants (spermatophytes) topic 03 overview of...

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Topic 03Overview of Plant Taxa

Lecture Reading:1. Plate 1. Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block

(2007).2. Plate 2. Leaf Terminology (pp 980-981) in Rhoads & Block (2007).3. Rhoads & Block (2007) descriptions of all PA-native plant families

mentioned. 4 A i Ph l G 2009 A d t f th A i4. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm

Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

•Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth).•Vessels.•Sieve tubes.•Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”)

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

•Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth).•Vessels.•Sieve tubes.•Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”)

magnoliids

nymphaeids(water-lilies & friends)

asteridscaryophyllids

rosids

monocotsRanunculids& other primitive eudicots

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms

• Retain dicotyledonous condition common to some gymnosperms

Ginkgo embryo Avocado embryo (Websters Dictionary)

• Retain eustele of gymnosperms

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

1.Primitive Dicots or Basal Angiosperms

• Retain monoaperturate pollen of gymnosperms

• Flower parts generally spiral & numerous or trimerous, or whorled & trimerous.

• Various floral whorls poorly differentiated from one another.

a. nymphaeids (water-lily & friends)

Family to know: Nymphaeaceae

aquatic herbs; floating leaves w/ palmate venationflowers solitary, scaposefloral parts spiral; petals, stamens and carpels numerousstamens laminarCa4-6(-14) Co8-many Amany, laminar G[3-many]

Nymphaea at Longwood. Nuphar, Nymphaea & Nate in MD.

Victoria at Longwood (Nymphaea in the background)

Victoria

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Nuphar

Nymphaea

Nymphaea

b. magnoliids

Families to know: Magnoliaceae & Lauraceae

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Magnoliaceae

< Liriodendron

M li

1. Trees & shrubs w/ ethereal 

oils

1. Trees & shrubs w/ ethereal 

oils

13

Magnolia >

2. Showy, solitary flowers

Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera14

3. Ca & Co in 3’s

Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

15

Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera

4. Many spiraled, laminar stamens

16

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Many free carpels

5. Many spirally arranged,   

Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera

g ,pistils

17

Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

Many flat stamens

6. Elongate receptacle

18

Tropical members of Magnoliaceae

Michelia (50 spp.; Tropical, subtropical; S & SE Asia) 19

Lauraceae

20

LinderaSassafras

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Lauraceae

1. Trees & shrubs with ethereal oils

CinnamomumSassafras Laurus21

Lauraceae

2. Small, yellowish to 

whitish flowers

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1

avocadobay laurelsassafras

5 mm5 mm5 mm

22

3. Parts in 3’s

Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1

avocadobay laurelsassafras

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4. Parts whorled

Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1

avocadobay laurelsassafras

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5. 1 pistil, 1 carpel

Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1

avocadobay laurelsassafras

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Lauraceae

6. Anthers valvate

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1

avocadobay laurelsassafras

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6. Anthers valvate

Lauraceae

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1

bay laurel

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)• Most with parallel leaf venation.

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)• Most with parallel leaf venation.• Flowers merosity becomes fixed in 3’s.

Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

*aquatic or marsh herbs with basal leaves

*pinnate or palmate venation

*Ca 3 Co 3 A 3,6‐many G 3,6‐many

Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

Alisma

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Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

Sagittaria

Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

Sagittaria

Liliaceae (lily family)

bulbous herbs

parallel venation

P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]

Lilium >

Liliaceae (lily family)

bulbous herbs

parallel venation

P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]

Tulipa >

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Orchidaceae (orchid family)

2nd largest family

Terrestrial or epiphytic, +/‐ succulent herbs

P[3+3] [A1 G[3], inferior]

Bilateral flowers, labellum, column

Pollinia

Orchidaceae (orchid family)

< Vanilla

Orchidaceae (orchid family) Orchidaceae (orchid family)

Cymbidium

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Orchidaceae (orchid family)

Cypripedium

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

Unbranched trees or shrubs

Terminal rosette of large, sheathing, plicate lvs

Large, spathed panicles

P3+3A3+3 G3 or [3]

Perianth tiny

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

plicate lvs

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

Sheathing lvsPaniclesTiny fls

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Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

< Cocos

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

< Phoenix

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

< Washingtonia

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

Rhizomatous or stoloniferous herbs or bamboos

Internodes hollow

Lvs distichous, sheathing, linear

Fls minute, wind pollinated

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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

distichous

leaf

arrangement

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

open sheath

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

Bamboos

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

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Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

Panicles of “spikelets”

Ca2, palea & lemmaCo2‐3, lodicules A2-3,pendulous G[2‐3]

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

3. Primitive Eudicots

• Many stamens and carpels• Perianth reduced in number, though still poorly differentiated• Parts generally free (some with fusion in G)• Triaperturate pollen.

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Herbs to vines or woody vines

Lvs simple, compound, to dissected, all with

sheathing bases; basal rosette of lvs common.

Ca4-many Co4-5-many Amany Gseveral-many

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Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Ranunculus

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Clematis

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

4. Core Eudicots

• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s• Stamens & carpels reduced in number• Parts whorled• Perianth well differentiated• Triaperturate pollen.

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

4. Core Eudicots

• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s• Stamens & carpels reduced in number• Parts whorled• Perianth well differentiated• Triaperturate pollen.

a. Rosids

• Habit variable• #Stamens > #petals (often 2x or more)• Petals free.

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Rosaceae (rose family)

Herbs w/ trifoliate lvs, or shrubs & trees w/

simple (compound) leaves.

Lvs toothed.

Ca5 Co5, clawed A10-many G[1-5] – many, sup or inf

Hypanthium often well developed

5 petals with many stamens

5 petals with many stamens

5 clawed petals with 

many stamens

AppleCherry Rose62

hypanthiumw/ 1 carpel

AppleCherry Rose

63

hypanthiumw/ many 

free carpels

64

AppleCherry Rose

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hypanthium fused around 5 fused 

carpels

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AppleCherry Rose

66

Apple(pome)

Cherry(drupe)

Rose(hip)

Malus & Pyrus Rubus

http://mcgregor.sbs.auckland.ac.nz

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Fabaceae or Leguminosae (legume family)

Plants with compound (simple) lvs with

pulvinus at petiole (petiolule) base and apex.

Lvs usu entire.

Ca[5] Co5 or 1+2+[2] A10 or [9]+1 G1, sup

Hypanthium more or less developed

Legume

Subfamily Faboideae (pea-type flowers)Ca[5] Co1+2+[2], banner + wings + [keel] A [9]+1 G1, superiorIrregular (monosymmetric, zygomorphic)

Fabaceae

Lupinus Coronilla

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Trifolium

Subfamily CaesalpinioideaeCa[5] Co5 A10 G1, superiorIrregular or regular (radial) symmetry

Fabaceae

Cercis

Senna

Chamaecrista

FabaceaeCercis (redbud) Subfamily Mimosoideae (mimosa-type flowers)

Ca[5] Co5, inconspicuous A10, conspicuous G1, supRegular (radial) symmetryLvs often bipinnate

Fabaceae

Albizia (mimosa tree)

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Fabaceae

Acacia tortuosa (acacia)

Fagaceae (beech & oak family)

Monoecious trees

Fls tiny

Male: P4-6 A4-20 G1 pistillode, catkin

Female: P4-6 Astaminodes G[3-6] cupule

Nut(s) w/ subtending cupule

oaks(Quercus)

© K. Nixon79

oaks(e.g., willow-oak, Quercus phellos)

© K. Nixon

Not all oak leaves are lobed, but all have acorns

© K. Nixon

© USDA

80

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Genus: FagusShown here: American beech (Fagus americana)

81

Genus: Castanea; 9 species; north temperateShown here: American chestnut (Castanea dentata)

82©Timothy Van Vliet

Genus: Lithocarpus; 334 species; eastern Asia & CaliforniaShown here: tan-oak, stone-oak (Lithocarpus densiflora)

83©Timothy Van Vliet

The Cupule is Diagnostic for the Fagaceae

© K. Nixon

Oak (Quercus)Beech (Fagus)

Stone-oak (Lithocarpus)Chestnut (Castanea)84

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II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

4. Core Eudicots

• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s• Stamens & carpels reduced in number• Parts whorled• Perianth well differentiated• Triaperturate pollen.

b. Asterids

• Habit variable• #Stamens < #petals• Petals fused• Stamens fused to petals

Ericaceae (heath family)

Evergreen or semievergreen shrubs or trees

(herbs)

Ca[5] Co[5], funnelform or urceolate A10, epipetalous,

poricidal G[5], sup or inf

Capsule from sup ovary or berry form infovary

Pieris Rhododendron

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Vaccinium

Lamiaceae or Labiatae (mint family)

Aromatic herbs or shrubs with opposite lvs

and square stems

Ca[5] Co[5], bilabiate A2+2, epipetalous G[2], gynobasic

style

Fruit a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutletsFruit a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets

Lamium Mentha

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Solanaceae (nightshade family)

Habit variable

Ca[5] Co[5] A5, epipetalous G[2]

Psychoactive chemistry

Many seeded berry or capsule withpersistent and more or less enlargedcalyx

Solanum

Petunia

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Nicotiana tabacum Physalis

Capsicum

Datura

Asteraceae or Compositae (composite family)

Largest plant family

Habit variable

Capappus Co[5], regular or irregular A5, connivent anthers,

epipetalousG[2], inf

Head with involucre

Fruit an achene

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Types of Heads in the family

Radiate Head Ligulate Head Discoid/Disciform Head

Taraxacum Cichorium

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Symphyotrichum ErigeronSolidago

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)C. Seed Plant Phylogeny

•Angiospermous Phylogeny Website•Tree based on numerous cladistic studies of nuclear, mitochondrial and plastid DNA sequence data

Gymnosperms through Primitive eudicots

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)C. Seed Plant Phylogeny

•Angiospermous Phylogeny Website•Tree based on numerous cladistic studies of nuclear, mitochondrial and plastid DNA sequence data

Core eudicots