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Lecture 1: Introduction to
Aquatic Environments
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Aquatic Environments
Aquatic environments
Oceans
Coastlines/Estuaries
Streams Lakes
Wetlands: bogs and fens
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Freshwater Ecosystems
Only 3% of the worlds water is fresh, and
99% of this is either frozen in glaciers and
pack ice or is buried in aquifers. The
remainder is found in lakes, ponds, rivers
and streams.
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Limnology: The study of freshwater
ecosystems, with anemphasis on
understanding thephysical, chemical andbiological processes thatare important instructuring andmaintaining freshwatersystems.
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Science of Limnology
embraces: Lakes (Lentic waters)
Rivers (Lotic waters)
EstuariesOther microhabitats such as springs and
streams
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Geology
By what processes arelakes and rivers formed?
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Geology
Physics
What are theimportantphysical properties of
water and watermovement?
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Geology
Physics Chemistry
How do thechemical propertiesof water and the
nutrients it containsaffect whichorganisms can livethere?
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Chemistry
Physics Geology
Biology
How do organismsinteract with each otherand their aquatic
environment?
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Geology
Origin of Lake Basins
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Physics
Physics and ionic content of water
Light and Heat in Lakes
Distribution of heat in Lakes
Water movement in Lakes
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Chemistry
Oxygen, carbon, alkalinity and pH
Nutrient Dynamics (P, N, Si)
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Biology
OrganismsPhytoplanktonZooplanktonAquatic Insects
Fish
Case StudiesAcid DepositionPaleolimnologyExotic Species
Cultural EutrophicationKiller Lakes
ConceptsPopulation dynamicsCompetitionPredationDiseaseLife-histories
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Freshwater is a major limiting resource
Why study limnology?
Lakes and ponds are great laboratories to studyecological and evolutionary processes
Water in the Biosphere: Volume (thousands of km3) % of totalOceans 1,370,000 97.61Polar ice, glaciers 29,000 2.08Ground Water 4067 0.295Freshwater lakes 126 0.009Saline lakes 104 0.008
Soil and subsoil moisture 67 0.005Atmospheric water vapor 14 0.0009Rivers 1.2 0.00009
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UN Report(2002)
suggeststhat by2025, two-thirds of
the worldspopulationmay facewater
shortages
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Brief History of Limnology
1600sLakes in Germany and the Netherlands are categorized
based on the presence/absence of stream inflows
van Leeuwenhoek describes algae and rotifers from aDutch lake
1700sH.B. de Saussure determines that deep waters in some
Swiss lakes are much colder than surface waters
Early studies of lakes flourished in the glaciated regions of Europe and North America
1800
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1800s
L. Agassiz uses a tin cup to measure turbidity in Lake Superior
Acid Rain is linked to coal burning in England (1852)
Development of the Secchi disk
1900s
First textbook of Limnology published (1901)
Linking of sewage inputs to algal blooms (1910)
First whole-lake manipulationwithout control lake (1938)
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What Now??
Shift from observation to experimentation Species interactions and food web dynamics
Ecosystem ecology
Acid rainCultural eutrophication
Exotic Species
Paleolimnology
Genomics
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Francois Alphonse Forel
1841-1912, Swiss
Defined limnology as oceanographyof lakes
1st textbook of Limnology published in 1901 Handbuchder Seenkunde. Allegemeine Limnologie, based on 30years of research on Lac Lman (Lake Geneva).
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Stephen Alfred Forbes
1844 - 1930, American
Chief of the Illinois Natural History Survey
Published Lake as a Microcosm in 1887
concept of a lake as a superorganism
www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cae/ ltrm/station.html
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August Thienemann
1882-1960, German
With C.L. Naumann started the International
Association for Theoretical and appliedLimnology (SIL) in 1922
Influential ideas on nutrient cycling and foodweb structure
http://www.limnology.org/news/25/thienemann.jpg
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Edward A. Birge and Chancey Juday
1851-1950 (Birge), 1871-1944 (Juday)
Founded Wisconsin School ofLimnology
Comparative limnological surveys ofhundreds of lakes
Major weaknesses of Birge & Juday andcontemporarieslack of a clearlyarticulated hypothesis, few statistics,lack of replication and controls
State Historical Society of Wisconsin
http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/Images/WER0032.html
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G. EvelynHutchinson
1903-1991, professor at Yale.
Never earned a PhD.
Published four volume Treatise of
Limnology(1957-1993)
Responsible for the introduction
of numerous ecological andlimnological concepts
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S f
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American Society of
Limnology and
Oceanographyhttp://aslo.org/
International
Association ofTheoretical andApplied Limnology
http://www.limnology.org/
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Lakes vs. Reservoirs
Lakes Natural Reservoirs Man made
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Streams
Open systems, constant input of water andnutrients
Precipitation flows into streams via 2 routes: Overland flow through surface runoff
Infiltrating soil surface, then flowingunderground and into streams as
groundwater
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Stream Classification
Based on flow
Permanent: constant above-ground flow
year-round
Intermittent/Ephemeral: flow aboveground
for parts of the year, not all (temporal)
Interrupted: flow aboveground for parts of
the stream, not all (spatial)
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Stream Classification
Based on order
1st: no streams
flowing into it
2nd: two 1st-order
streams joining
3rd: two 2nd-order
streams joining
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Physical features
Channel shape and pattern Changes with age
Pools and riffles
Velocities, microclimate differ
Rivers age
Young: little meanders, small floodplain,
fast velocity, V cross-sectional profile
Mature: many meanders, slower velocity,
oxbows form, U profile
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Watershed - the area that a stream drains,
a.k.a, drainage basin, or catchment area
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River Continuum Hypothesis
Predictable structure of river (physical
features, dominant organisms) from
upstream headwaters to downstream
high-order stream
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Headwaters/upstream:
Riffles/rapids predominant
Heavily shaded by riparian vegetation
Energy importedallochthonous material
High diversity of benthic fauna
Downstream
Pools of slow water dominant
Only banks shaded by riparian vegetation
Autochthonous input
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Lakes
May be created by a variety of geologic and
climatic events:
Movement of tectonic plates
Volcanic eruptions
Landslides
Fluvial processes
Glaciation
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Lake Zonation
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Lake Zonation
Littoral zone: shallow (
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Vegetation Zonation
Shrub &Trees
Mixe
dherbaceous
Grassstage
Shallow
emerg.
Deepwater
emergents
Floa
tingplants
Submerged
plan
ts
Open waterphytoplankton
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Lake Stratification
Different zones or layers due to water
temperature and water density Epilimnion: layer closest to surface of water; warmed
by the sun, least dense
Metalimnion: middle layer with thermocline;
transitional layer
Hypolimnion: deepest layer, generally coldest;
sunlight does not penetrate
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Lake Stratification
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Seasonal Changes
Summer:
Warm temperatures,
long days
Obvious vertical
stratification
Epilimnion saturated
with oxygen Hypolimnion anoxic
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Fall:
Air temperatures cool, surface water cools
fastest and sinks to the bottom
Complete lake turnover
Lake no longer stratified
Lake eventually becomes a uniform 4C
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Winter:
Surface water cooler
than rest of lake
water
Ice prevents mixing
Winter stratification,0C at surface, 4C
at bottom
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Spring:
Ice melts, water surface hits 4C and
again begins to sink
Spring turnover, process repeats itself
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Roach Lake in March
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Roach Lake in August
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Nutrients
Temperature not the only stratified element
of a lake
Oxygen: highest concentration near surface
(photosynthesis)
Nitrogen: NO3- at surface, NH4
+ at benthos
Sulfur: SO4-2 at surface, H2S at benthos
Iron: Fe+3 at surface, Fe+2 at benthos
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Marsh (Eutrophic)
Bog (Dystrophic)
Oligotrophic
Lake
Mesotrophic to Eutrophic Lake
Terrestrial
Sphagnum
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Crampton Lake (oligotrophic)
Bro n Lake
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Brown Lake
(mesotrophic - eutrophic)
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Northgate Bog (dystrophic)
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Ziesnis Bog (dystrophic)
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Wetlands: technical definition
Vegetation presence of hydrophytic (water-loving, flood-
tolerant) plants
Soils presence of hydric (flooded, reduced) soils
Hydrology water table at or near the surface for part of the
growing season
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Wetland history
Historically, wetlands have been drained to: Provide land for agricultural purposes
Reduce the incidence of mosquito-bornediseases, like malaria, yellow fever
Wetlands now recognized as havingcommercial, aesthetic, and ecologicalvalue
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Why are wetlands important?
Storm and floodwater
storage
Improved water quality:
filtration Rare or endangered
plants and animals
Waterfowl nursery
grounds
Migration stop-overs
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Wetland examples
Marshes
Swamps
Glades
Bogs
Fens
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Bogs
Acidic (pH < 4.1)
Nutrient-poor soils
Ombrotrophic:
precipitation-fed system
Dominant vegetation:Sphagnummoss,Vaccinium(cranberriesand blueberries), and
other low-lying species
Slightly less acidic (pH4.1-6.0)
Soil more nutrient-rich
Minerotrophic:
groundwater-fed system
Dominant vegetation:
sedges, rushes, and
grasses
Fens
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Black spruceSwamp alder
Tamarack Leatherleaf
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Cotton grassPitcher plant
Sphagnummoss
Cattail
Sundew
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Long Lake
Peter Lake
Paul Lake
Nutrients added/No Piscivores
Nutrients added/Piscivores
No Piscivores
Piscivores
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Physical Aspects
Light, heat, waves, and currents can
produce physically distinct zones that can
vary by day and season.
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Chemical Structure
Greatest cause of altered water chemistryin natural waters is now pollution fromhuman waste, agriculture and industry.
Without proper control, the increasedchemical loading can lead toeutrophication of lakes and reservoirs.
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Chemical Structure
Chemical composition of natural aquatic
ecosystems are dependent on rainfall,
erosion, evaporation and sedimentation.
Water contains a vast array of inorganicand organic compounds which are present
as dissolved solids and gases.
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Biological Structure
Viruses role usually associated with
public health problems (i.e.: hepatitis can
be transmitted by ingestion of natural
waters contaminated with the feces ofinfected people
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Biological Structure
Bacteria unicellular organisms
responsible for recycling of organic and
inorganic materials.
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Biological Structure
Fungi participate in the decomposition
and recycling of vegetable and animal
matter.
Phytoplankton - algae may be unicellular,colonial or filamentous in form
(Pediastrum)
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Biological Structure
Macrophytes aquatic plants may
dominate shallow lakes and streams.
Zooplankton components are
protozoans, rotifers and crustaceans.
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Biological Structure
Zoobenthos bottom feeders; includes
insect larvae, crustaceans and mollusks.
Fish
9-1
O H bit t
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There are two major marine provinces: thebenthic (bottom) and the pelagic (water
column).
The benthic environment is divided by depth intothe: Intertidal zone, Sublittoral zone, Bathyal
zone, Abyssal zone, and the Hadal zone
The pelagic environment is divided into the
Neritic Zone and the Oceanic Zone
Ocean Habitats
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The five major kingdoms in the ocean are:9-2
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The five major kingdoms in the ocean are:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Metaphyta and
Metazoa. Monera are the bacteria and blue-green algae.
Protista are single-celled organisms with a
nucleus. Fungi are abundant in the intertidal zone and are
important in decomposition.
Metaphyta are the plants that grow attached tothe sea floor.
Metazoa include all multicellular animals in the
ocean.
Marine organisms can also
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be classified by lifestyle.
Plankton are the organisms which float in the water andhave no ability to propel themselves against a current.
They can be divided into phytoplankton (plants) and
zooplankton (animals).
Nekton are active swimmers and include marine fish,
reptiles, mammals, birds and others.
Benthos are the organisms which live on the bottom
(epifauna) or within the bottom sediments (infauna).
Some organisms cross from one lifestyle to another
during their life, being pelagic early in life and benthoniclater.
E i t l f t i9-4
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Environmental factors in
the marine environment include:
Temperature
Salinity
Pressure
Nutrients Dissolved gases
Currents
Light
Suspended sediments
Substrate (bottom material) River inflow
Tides and waves
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Ecosystem is the total environment including
the biota (all living organisms) and non-living
physical and chemical aspects. Temperature can control distribution, degree of
activity and reproduction of an organism.
Salinity can control the distribution of organisms
and force them to migrate in response tochanges in salinity.
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressures exerted
by a column of water surrounding an organism.
More than 90% of marine plants are algae
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More than 90% of marine plants are algae
and most are unicellular and microscopic.
To photosynthesize (produce organic material
from inorganic matter and sunlight) plants must
remain within the photic zone. Diatoms are single cells enclosed in a siliceous
frustrule (shell) that is shaped as a pillbox.
Dinoflagellates are single cells with two whip-like
tails (flagella).
Zooplankton include the
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Zooplankton include the
copepods and foraminifera.
Copepods are small herbivores (plant-
eating organisms) that filter diatoms fromthe water.
Foraminifera are single-celled,
microscopic organisms which build shells
of calcium carbonate.
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Marine Ecosystems
Ecosystems (or ecological systems) are systems ofcommunities in a large geographical area.
In order for an ecosystem to be successful, fourthings are required:
An energy source
Organisms capable of capturing this energy in the
form of organic molecules
.Organic material must be available to all other
organisms
Cycling of nutrients must occur between the abiotic
and biotic portions of the system
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Aquatic Ecology Application
Compliance with water quality standardsand permits
Fish population and bioaccumulation
studies
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Aquatic Ecology Application
Biomonitoring studies for toxicity ofeffluent
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Lecture 2: Major Ions and Nutrients
Water chemistry:
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y
Gases, major ions & nutrients
Gases
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Major ions (anions and cations)
Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen)
W t h i t
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Water chemistry: gases
What are the ecologically most importantgases ?
O2
CO2
N2
H2S
Gas sol bilit
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Gas solubility
The maximum amount of gas that can be dissolved inwater (100% saturation) is determined by temperature,
dissolved ion concentration, and elevation
solubility decreases with temperature
warm beer goes flat
solubility decreases with higher dissolved ion content
(TDS, salinity)
DO saturation is lower in saltwater than freshwater
(for the same temperature, solids drive out gases)
Water chemistry: O
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Water chemistry: O2
~ 21% of air
Very soluble (DO)
Highly reactive and concentration is dynamic
Involved in metabolic energy transfers
Major regulator of metabolism (oxic-anoxic)
Aerobes (fish) vs anaerobes (no-fish, no zoops)
Types of fish
Salmonids = high DO (also coldwater because ofDO)
Sunfish, carp, catfish = low DO (also warmwater)
Major sources of O2
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j 2 Sources
Photosynthesis (phytoplankton, periphyton,macrophytes)
Air from wind mixing
Inflows tributaries may have higher or lower DO
groundwater may have higher or lower DO
Diffusion (epilimnion to hypolimnion and viceversa)
Major sinks of O
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Major sinks of O2
Sinks Respiration
bacteria, plants, animals; water and sediments
Diffusion to sediment respiration Outflow (tributary or groundwater)
Gases: N
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Gases: N2
~ 78% of air Concentrations in water usually saturated because it is
nearly inert
Supersaturation (>100 %) can occur in reservoirtailwaters from high turbulence
May be toxic to fish (they get the bends) N2 -fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green
algae) convert it to bio-available NH4+
Denitrifying heterotrophic bacteria convert NO3- to N2
and/orN2O under anoxic conditions
Gases: CO2
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2
Only about 0.035% of air (~ 350 ppm)
Concentration in H2O higher than expected based onlow atmospheric partial pressure because of its high
solubilityGas
(at 10oC)
Concentration @
1 atm (mg/L)
Concentration @
normal pressure (mg/L)
N2 23.3 18.2
O2 55.0 11.3
CO2 2319 0.81
How long does your soda pop fizz after shaking it?
CO reactions in water
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CO2 reactions in water
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Inorganic - C equilibria
Note 100% CO2 for pH< ~ 4.5; 100% bicarbonate for pH ~ 8
and 100% carbonate for pH > ~12
H2CO3 HCO3- CO3-2
pH
Inorganic - C: Major sources andsinks
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sinksSources:
Atmospheric CO2
Respiration and other aerobic and anaerobic
decomposition pathways in the water and sediments
Groundwater from soil decomposition products
Groundwater from volcanic seeps
Sinks:
pH dependent conversions to bicarbonate and carbonate
Precipitation of CaCO3 and MgCO3 at high pH
Photosynthesis
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Soda pop chemistry
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www.saddleback.cc.ca.us/faculty/thuntley/ms20/seawaterprops2/sld013.htm
Soda pop chemistry
CO2 and the inorganic carbon
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2
system
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphereinto water bodies and can then be incorporated
into plant and animal tissue
It is also recycled within the water with some
being tied up in sediments and some ultimately
diffusing back into the atmosphere
Fixed carbon also enter the water as
allocthonous particulate and dissolved material
CO2 and the inorganic carbon
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2
system - 2
Alkalinity, acid neutralizing capacity(ANC), acidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), pH,
total inorganic carbon, and hardness are
all related and are part of the inorganiccarbon complex
CO2 chemistry: Alkalinity
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2
Alkalinity the ability of water to neutralize acid; a measure of buffering
capacity or acid neutralizing capacity (ANC)
Total Alkalinity (AlkT) = [HCO3-] + 2[CO3
2-] +[OH-] - [H+]
Typically measured by titration with a strong acid. The units are in mg
CaCO3/L for reasons relevant to drinking water treatment
Can be used to estimate the DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon)
concentration if the [OH-]
Conversely, direct measurements of DIC by infrared analysis or gas
chromatography, together with pH and the carbon fractionation
schematic can be used to estimate alkalinity
Alkalinity and water treatment
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Advanced wastewater treatment (domestic sewage) Phosphorus nutrient removal by adding lime (Ca(OH) 2) or
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
As pH increases >9, precipitates adsorbed PO4-3
Settle and filter the effluent to obtain 90-95% removal
Used for particle (TSS) removal also
Drinking water treatment
For TSS removal prior to disinfection
Acid-rain mitigation to whole lakes Lime or limestone added as powdered slurry to increase
impacted lake pH
Also broadcast aerially to alkalize entire watersheds
CO2 chemistry: Hardness
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Hardness - the total concentration of multi-valent (i.e. >2) cations
Ca+2 + Mg+2 + Fe +3 (when oxic) + Mn+4 (when oxic); all other multivalent
cations are typically considered to be negligible
Sources-
Minerals such as limestone (Ca and Mg) and gypsum (Ca)
Water softeners and other water treatment processes such asreverse osmosis and ion exchange
Evaporation can increase hardness concentration
Drinking water effects (no real health effects)
Soap scums and water spots on glasses and tableware
Deposits (scaling) can cause clogging problems in pipes, boilersand cooling towers
Water chemistry Major ions
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Water chemistry Major ionsIon balance for typical fresh water
Anions Percent Cations Percent
HCO32- 74 Ca2+ 63
SO42- 16 Mg2+ 17
C1- 10 Na+ 15
K+ 4SiO2 < 1
Note: plant nutrients such as nitrate, ammonium and phosphate that cancause algae and weed overgrowth usually occur at 10s or 100s of parts-
per-billion and along with other essential micronutrients usually represent
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Nutrients phosphorus
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Nutrients phosphorus
Essential for plant growth Usually the most limitingnutrient in lakes
Derives from phosphatic rock abiotic, unlike nitrogen
No gas phase, but can come from atmosphere as
fugitive dust
Adsorbs to soils
Naturally immobile unless soil is eroded or excess
fertilizer is applied
Phosphorus moves with sediments
Nutrients phosphorus
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Nutrients phosphorus
Not toxic
Algae have physical adaptations to acquire
phosphorus
High affinity (low k) Alkaline phosphatase activity
Storage
Luxury uptake Single redox state
Phosphorus cycle is closely linked to the iron
(Fe) cycle
Phosphorus basic properties
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Phosphorus basic properties
No redox or respiration reactions directlyinvolved (organisms are not generating energyfrom P chemistry)
PO43 highly adsorptive to cationic sites (Al+3,
Fe+3
, Ca+2
) Concentration strongly affected by iron redoxreactions
Ferric (+3) insoluble floc, adsorb PO43
Ferrous (+2) soluble so PO43
becomessoluble, too, unless Fe2+ reacts with sulfide,causing FeS to precipitate
Phosphorus levels in the
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environment
Major factors affecting phosphorus levels,cycling, and impacts on water quality
include:
Soil properties Land use and disturbance
Transport associated with runoff
Where does phosphorus come
f ?
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from?
Phosphorus external sources
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Phosphorus external sources
Nonpoint sources Watershed discharge from tributaries
Atmospheric deposition
Point sources Wastewater
Industrial discharges
Phosphorus nonpoint sources
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Phosphorus nonpoint sources
Watershed discharges from tributaries Strongly tied to erosion (land use
management)
Stormwater runoff (urban and rural)
Agricultural and feedlot runoff
Atmospheric deposition
Often an issue in more pristine areas
Arises from dust, soil particles, waterfowl On-site domestic sewage
Phosphorus point sources
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Phosphorus point sources
Wastewater Municipal treated wastewater
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs)
Sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs)
Industrial discharges
Phosphorus internal sources
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Phosphorus internal sources
Mixing from anoxic bottom waters with high phosphatelevels is closely tied to iron redox reactions
O2 > 1 mg/L Insoluble ferric (+3) salts form that
precipitate and settle out, adsorbing PO4-3
O2 < 1 mg/L (anoxic) ferric ion reduced to solubleferrous ion (Fe+2) allowing sediment phosphate to
diffuse up into the water
Wind mixing (storms and fall de-stratification) can re-
inject high P water to the surface, causing algal blooms
Phosphorus Lake budget
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Phosphorus Lake budget
Nutrients phosphorus cycle
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Nutrients phosphorus cycle
Major pools andsources of P inlakes Natural inputs are
mostly associated with
particles P as ortho-p, Pi, soluble
reactive P
Wastewater is mostlydissolved phosphate
P is rapidly removedfrom solution by algal-bacterial uptake or byadsorption to sediments
Phosphorus cycling major
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sources Sewage
Dissolved
Tributaries and
deposition
Particulate
Erosion
Particulate
Sediments
Particulate and
dissolved
Phosphorus cycling internal
li
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recycling
Rapid PO4-3recycling
Bacterial uptake
Algal uptake
Adsorption to
particles
Detritus
mineralization
Zooplankton
excretion
Fish excretion
Phosphorus cycle major
t f ti
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transformations
Modified from Horne and
Goldman, 1994.
Limnology. McGraw Hill.
The whole
phosphoruscycle
Nitrogen basic properties
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Nitrogen basic properties
Nitrogen is relatively scarce in somewatersheds and therefore can be a limiting
nutrient in aquatic systems
Essential nutrient (e.g., amino acids,nucleic acids, proteins, chlorophyll)
Differences from phosphorus
Not geological in origin Unlike phosphorus, there are many oxidation
states
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Nitrogen general properties
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t oge ge e a p ope t es
Essential for plant growthNot typically limiting but can be in:
Highly enriched lakes
Pristine, unproductive lakes located inwatersheds with nitrogen-poor soils
Estuaries, open ocean
Lots of input from the atmosphere Combustion of NO2, fertilizer dust
Nitrogen general properties
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g g p p
Mobile in the form of nitrate (soluble), itgoes wherever water flows
Ammonium (NH4+) adsorbs to soil particles
Blue green algae can fix nitrogen (N2) fromthe atmosphere
Nitrogen has many redox states and is
involved in many bacterial transformations
Nitrogen sources
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g
Atmospheric deposition Wet and dry deposition (NO3
- and NH4+)
Combustion gases (power plants, vehicle
exhaust, acid rain), dust, fertilizers Streams and groundwater (mostly NO3
-)
Sewage and feedlots (NO3- and NH4
+)
Agricultural runoff (NO3- and NH4+)Regeneration from aquatic sediments and
the hypoliminion (NH4+)
Nitrogen - toxicity
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g y
Methemoglobinemiablue baby syndrome > 10 mg/L NO3
--N or > 1 mg/L NO2--N in well water
Usually related to agricultural contamination of
groundwater
NO3- possible cause of stomach/colon cancer
Un-ionized NH4+ can be toxic to coldwater fish
NH4OH and NH3 at high pH
N2O and NOx contribute to smog, haze, ozone layer
depletion, acid rain
Nitrogen many oxidation
t t
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states
Unlike P there are many oxidation statesOrganisms have evolved to make use of
these oxidation-reduction states for energy
metabolism and biosynthesis
-3 0 + 1 + 3 + 4 + 5
NH4+ N2 N2O NO2- NO2 NO3-
Nitrogen bacterial transformations
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Organic N NH4+-N Heterotrophic ammonification or
mineralization. Associated with oxicor anoxic respiration.
NH4+-N NO3
- Involves oxygen (oxic). Autotrophicand chemosynthetic ("burn NH4
+-N
to fix CO2).
NO3- N2 (gas) Anoxic process. Heterotrophic.
("burn" organic matter and respireNO3
-, not O2).
N2 (gas) Organic N Some blue green algae are able to dothis.
Decomposition
Nitrification
Denitrification
Nitrogen fixation
Nutrients- The Nitrogen Cycle
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g y
modified from Horne and Goldman. 1994. Limnology. McGraw Hill.
Chemical forms
of nitrogen in aquaticsystems
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OrgN
N2 = largest reservoir
but cannot be used by
most organisms
Fixedoravailable-N
organism-N + detrital-N+ dissolved organic-N
NH4+
NO2-
NO3-
-3 +5+4+3+2+10-1-2Oxidation state
NO2N2ON2
gases
y
NH4+
NO2-
NO3-
Dissolvedinorganic-N (DIN)Ammonium:
basic unit forbiosynthesis Nitrite:
usuallytransient
Nitrate: majorrunoff fraction
Functionally in the lab using
filters
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filters
Total-N = particulate organic-N + dissolved organic-N
+ particulate inorganic-N + dissolved inorganic-N
TN = PN + DON + DIN
Dissolved inorganic-N = [Nitrate + Nitrite]-N + ammonium-N
DIN = NO3-N + NO2-N + NH4-N
Notes: Nitrate+nitrite are usually measured together.
Nitrite is usually negligible.
Assimilation Assimilation
Main N-cycle transformations
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Assimilation
(algae + bacteria)
Assimilation
-3 +5+4+3+2+10-1-2Oxidation state
Denitrification
NO2N2ON2
NH4+
NO2-
Mineralization
Org-N
N2 - Fixation- Soil bacteria- Cyanobacteria- Industrial activity
- Sulfur bacteria
Denitrification(anoxic bacteria)
Nitrification 1(oxic bacteria)
Nitrification 2
NO3-
Ammonification
gases
Anammox(anoxic bacteria)
N2 AmmoniaTribs, GW, Precip
Whole lake N-budget
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Surficial Sediments
N2
Algae
oxicanoxic
NO3- NH4
+
Nitrification
Assimilation
Mineralization
NH4+
NitrificationNO2
-, N2ONO
Sedimentation
DINPONDON
Sedimentation
DeepSediments BurialBurial
Ammoniavolatilization
Tribs, GW, PrecipDON, PON, NO3
-, NH4+
NO3-
Outflow
diffusion
N2-fixation
Mixing
Mineralization
Nutrients summer vertical profiles
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Oligotrophic Eutrophic
TT
O2 O2
NO3
NO3
PO4
PO4 NH4
NH4
0 0
anoxia
anoxia
Sulfide and iron summer vertical profiles
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TT
O2
O2
Soluble Fe
H2SH2S
Soluble Fe anoxia
anoxia
0 0EutrophicOligotrophic
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