integrated lighting & acoustic with design studio 5
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Bachelor of Science (Honours)
(Architecture) Building Science 2 [ARC
3413]
Project 2: Integrated Lighting &
Acoustic with Design Studio 5
by:
Kian Soon Jean
Tutor: Mr. Rizal
[0314978]
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS
1.1 Natural Daylighting
1.1.1 Zone: 1st Floor Caf 2
1.1.2 Zone: 2nd Floor Publishing Office 4
1.2 Artificial Lighting 6
1.2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library 7
1.2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office 10
2.0 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS
2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library 13
2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office 18
3.0 APPENDIX 23
4.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 26
PAGES
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1.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS 1.1 Natural Daylighting
According to Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007), the daylight factor
distribution is described in the table below.
=
100%
DF: Daylight factor
Ei: Indoor illuminance
Eo: Outdoor illuminance
1.1.1 Zone: 1st Floor Caf
The cafe faces a highway where in that direction, it is exposed to Western sunlight.
The open faade is employed in order to encourage cross ventilation where prevailing
winds are strongest. Roof overhang and timber roller shades are used to prevent glare
and vegetation is planted along the faade to work as an acoustic barrier and air
purifier.
HIGHWAY BACKALLEY CAFE
1ST FLOOR PLAN
N
2
-
Daylight Factor, DF
Ideal lux levels for reading-caf: 300-500 lux
Floor area (2) 60
Daylight opening
area (2)
74
Daylight opening
area to floor area
ratio
(DF)
=123% x 0.1
=12.3%
74
60 100%
Given, Eo (Reading
obtained from site A)
11000 lux
DF= (
100%)
Ei= (DF x Eo) / 100%
Ei= (12.3% x 11000) /100%
= 1353 lux
Conclusion:
The caf has a daylight factor of 12.3% which is very bright. The calculation for
daylighting is 1353lux, whereas the standard illuminance level is 300-500 lux for a caf
that encourages reading activities (Department of Standards Malaysia, 2007). These
calculations are higher due to the exclusion of the factor of timber roller shades and an
overhang roof that is used to shade the space to prevent glare and excess daylighting.
1.1.1 Zone: 1st Floor Cafe
3
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1.1.2 Zone: 2nd Floor Publishing Office The publishing office receives indirect daylighting as it is well shaded by roof overhangs. It is situated beside a courtyard which receives sunlight all day.
HIGHWAY BACKALLEY
PUBLISHING OFFICE
2ND FLOOR PLAN
N
4
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Daylight Factor, DF
Ideal lux levels for proof-reading activities in a publications office: 500 lux
Floor area (2) 38.4
Daylight opening
area area (2)
27.6
Daylight opening
area to floor area
ratio
(DF)
=72% x 0.1
=7.2%
27.6
38.4 100%
Given, Eo
(Reading obtained
from site A)
7800 lux
DF= (
100%)
Ei= (DF x Eo) / 100%
Ei= (7.2% x 7800) / 100%
= 518.4 lux
Conclusion:
The public reading area has a daylight factor of 9.3% which is very bright. The
calculation for daylighting is 518.4 lux which fulfills the illuminance level required for
proof-reading tasks (MS1525, 2007). These calculations exclude the fact that the
space is shaded by a roof overhang which means that lux levels may be lower than
calculated. Artificial lighting would be needed to overcome this deficiency.
1.1.2 Zone: 2nd Floor Publishing Office
5
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1.2 Artificial Lighting
By using the given formula below:
E x A
F x UF x MF
N =
where,
N = Number Of Lamps Required
E = Illuminance Level Required (lux)
A = Area at Working Plane Height (m)
F = Average Luminous Flux from Each Lamp (lm)
UF = Utilisation Factor, an Allowance for the Light Distribution of the
luminaire and the Room Surfaces
MF = Maintenance Factor, an Allowance for Reduced Light Output because of
deterioration and Dirt
(Lights by Linea, n.d.)
6
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1.2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library
Ideal illuminance levels for a library is between 300-500lux, according to MS1525
(2007). The desired level of lighting for the proposed ground floor library is 400 lux.
The type of luminaire used is as shown below:
Bulb Fiction pendant light
Lamp type Initial
lumen
Wattage Voltage Light color CRI
Incandescent 2800 42 120 Soft white 100
HIGHWAY BACKALLEY LIBRARY
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
N
7
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Lumen Method Calculation
Conclusion:
36 incandescent pendant light bulbs are needed to light up the library in order to
achieve the required illuminance level at 400 lux.
Activity Reading
Room Dimension (m) L = 10, W = 6
Total floor area (m) 60
Standard illuminance required (lm) 400
Mounting height (hm) 4.5 1
=3.5m
Room index (K),
L x W
(L + W) x hm
= 10 x 6 /[(10 + 6) x 3.5]
= 1.1
Assumed reflectance value 70, 30, 10
Utilization factor (UF)
(Based on utilization factor table)
0.3
Maintenance factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen calculation
= 400 x 602800 0.3 0.8
= 35.7
= 36 luminaires
Numbers of luminaires on across
(Length)
/
(1036/6) =7.7
Thus, spacing = 10/7.7
= 1.3m
Numbers of luminaires along
(width)
/
(636/10) = 4.6
Thus, spacing = 6/4.6
= 1.3m
1.2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library
8
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Conclusion:
40 incandescent pendant light bulbs are needed to light up the library in order to
achieve the required illuminance level at 400 lux.
1.2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library
9
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1.2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
Ideal illuminance levels for an office is between 300-400lux, according to Department
of Standards Malaysia. (2007). The desired level of lighting for the proposed 2nd floor
printing office is 400 lux. The type of luminaire used is as shown below:
SA-Type T12 Fluorescent Lamp Tube
Lamp type Initial
lumen
Wattage Voltage Light color CRI Colour
Temperature
Incandescent 1200 20 120 Cold white 60 4000K
HIGHWAY BACKALLEY
PRINTING OFFICE
2ND FLOOR PLAN
N
10
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Lumen Method Calculation
Conclusion:
52 fluorescent lamp tubes are needed to light up the printing office in order to achieve
the required illuminance level at 400 lux.
Activity Printing
Dimension (m) L = 9.9, W = 3.4
Total floor area (m) 33.7
Standard illuminance required (lm) 400
Mounting height (hm) 4 1
= 3m
Room index (K),
L x W
(L + W) x hm
= 9.9 x 3.4/ [(9.9 + 3.4) x 3]
= 0.8
Assumed reflectance value 70, 30, 10
Utilization factor (UF)
(Based on utilization factor table)
0.27
Maintenance factor (MF) 0.8
Lumen calculation
= 400 x 33.71200 0.27 0.8
= 52
= 52 luminaires
Numbers of luminaires on across
(Length)
/
(9.9 52 / 3.4) =12.3
Thus, spacing = 9.9/12.3
= 8m
Numbers of luminaires along
(width)
/
(3.4 52 / 9.9) = 4.2
Thus, spacing = 3.4/4.2
= 0.8m
1.2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
11
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Conclusion:
52 fluorescent lamp tubes are needed to light up the printing office in order to achieve
the required illuminance level at 400 lux.
1.2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
12
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2.0 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS
Reverberation Time [RT] formulae:
Human speaking voice ranges from 100-600Hz (Grondzik, 2010), thus material
absorption coefficient value is taken at 500Hz
Combined Sound Intensity Level (SIL) formulae:
Sound Reduction Index (SRI) formulae:
2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library
The Library faces a highway . It is also located next to a book market area.
t = 0.16V
A
SIL = 1010
1 1012
SRI=10 log (1/T)
HIGHWAY BACKALLEY LIBRARY
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
N
BOOK MARKET
13
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Building Element
Material Absorption Coefficient, a
Total Area, m2
m2 X a
Ceiling Unfinished Concrete
0.02 60 1.2
Wall Unglazed Brickwork
0.03 69.3 2.1
Door 1 Glass 0.04 29.7 1.2
Door 2 Timber Bookshelves with books
0.3 45 13.5
Floor Timber Flooring 0.1 60 6
Furniture Sofa 0.8 36 28.8
52 Total Absorption, A
Conclusion:
Reveberation time in the library at 0.8s is well below the optimum level set by
Ashrae.org. (2011).
Space volume: 270m3
t = [0.16 x V] / A
= [0.16 x 270] / 52 = 0.8s
Optimum t for library :
-
External noise source:
70dB from the highway
Internal noise source:
From ground floor book market: 55dB
70 = 1010IMain road 1 1012
107 x (1 1012) = IMain road
IMain road = 1x 10-5
IExternal = 1 x 10-5
55 = 1010Imarket 1 1012
105.5 x (1 1012) = Imarket
Imarket= 3.2 x 10-7
Optimum sound level for library : 40dB- 45dB
Combined external and internal SIL for library:
Conclusion:
The combined SIL in the library is 70dB which exceeds the optimum sound levels for
library at 40dB-45dB.
Total intensities = (1 x 10-5) + (3.2 x 10-7)
= 1 x 10-5
Total SIL for library =10101 x 1051 1012
= 70 dB
2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library
15
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2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
N
Unglazed brickwall
Glass wall
Timber bookshelves
wall
HIGHWAY LIBRARY
BOOK MARKET
Materials Sound
reduction
index (dB)
Surface
area /
Transmission
coefficient
material
Surface area x
transmission
coefficient
material
Plastered
brickwall
44 25 4 105
1 x 10-3
Glass wall 26 16 2.5 x 10-3 0.04
Timber
Bookshelves
40 45 1 x 10-4
4.5 x 10-3
Total 86 .
16
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Conclusion:
As shown in the SRI calculation above, 32.3dB can be reduced during transmission of
sound into the library. The total sound transmitted into the library is 70dB - 32.3dB =
37.7dB, which is slightly below the range of the recommended sound levels at 40dB-
45dB.
= ( )
= 0.0455
86
= 5.3 10 -4
= 10101
= 10101
5.3 104
= 32.3dB
2.1 Zone: Ground Floor Library
i. Plastered brickwall
SRIbrick = 44
44 = 10 log (1/Tbrick)
Tbrick = 4 x10-5
ii. Glass wall
SRIglass = 26
26 = 10 log (1/Tglass)
Tglass = 2.5 x 10-3
ii. Timber
bookshelves wall
SRItimber = 40
40 = 10 log (1/Ttimber)
Ttimber = 1 x 10-4
Transmission coefficient of materials:
17
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2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
The printing office faces a back-alley and is located next to a publishing office.
HIGHWAY BACKALLEY
PRINTING OFFICE
2ND FLOOR PLAN
N
18
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Building Element
Material Absorption Coefficient, a
Total Area, m2
m2 X a
Ceiling Bamboo Poles 0.1 33.7 3.4
Wall Unglazed Brickwork
0.03 64.4 1.9
Door Glass 0.04 5.76 0.2
Floor Timber Flooring
0.1 33.7 3.4
Furniture Sofa 0.8 18 14.4
Timber Table 0.06 2 0.1
Plastic/Metal Chair
0.14 0.8 0.1
Timber Bookshelf with books
0.3 2 0.6
24.1
2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
Space volume: 151.5m3
t = [0.16 x V] / A
= [0.16 x 151.5] / 24.1 = 1s
Total Absorption, A
Conclusion:
Reveberation time for the printing office at 1second is above the ideal level of 0.8
second and below. This may be solved by installing acoustic panels in the office in
order for better speech clarity between the client and salesperson.
Optimum t for print shop: < 0.8s
19
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External noise source:
55dB from the backalley
Internal noise source:
From publishing office: 40dB
40 = 1010Ioffice 1 1012
104 x (1 1012) = Ioffice
Ioffice = 1x 10-8
IExternal = 3.2 x 10-7
55 = 1010Ibackalley 1 1012
105.5 x (1 1012) = Ibackalley
Ibackalley= 3.2 x 10-7
Optimum sound level for print shop: 55dB- 70dB
Combined external and internal SIL for printing office:
Conclusion:
The combined SIL in the printing office is 55.2dB which fulfills the optimum sound
levels for a print shop at 55dB-70dB.
Total intensities = (3.2 x 10-7) + (1x 10-8)
= 3.3 x 10-7
Total SIL for printing office =10103.3 x 107 1 1012
= 55.2 dB
2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
20
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2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
PUBLISHING OFFICE
BACKALLEY PRINTING OFFICE
2ND FLOOR PLAN
N
Unglazed brickwall
Glass wall
Materials Sound
reduction
index (dB)
Surface
area /
Transmission
coefficient
material
Surface area x
transmission
coefficient
material
Unglazed
brickwall
44 27.2 4 105
1.1 x 10-3
Glass wall 26 39.6 2.5 x 10-3 0.1
Total 66.8 .
21
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Conclusion:
As shown in the SRI calculation above 28.2dB can be reduced during transmission of
sound to and from the printing office. Total sound transmitted into the printing office is
55.2dB - 28.2dB = 27dB, which is well below the range of the recommended sound
levels at 55dB- 70dB.
= ( )
= 0.1
66.8
= 1.5 10 -3
= 10101
= 10101
1.5 103
= 28.2dB
2.2 Zone: 2nd floor Printing Office
i. Unglazed brickwall
SRIbrick = 44
44 = 10 log (1/Tbrick)
Tbrick = 4 x10-5
ii. Glass wall
SRIglass = 26
26 = 10 log (1/Tglass)
Tglass = 2.5 x 10-3
Transmission coefficient of materials:
22
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3.0 Appendix
Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007). Recommended average
illuminance levels [Table]. 23
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Grondzik, W. T. (2010). Chapter 19 Building Noise Control. In Mechanical and electrical
equipment for buildings (11th ed., p. 831). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
3.0 Appendix
24
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3.0 Appendix
Ashrae.org. (2011, January). Recommended sound criteria for intermediate
measurements [Table]. Retrieved from www.ashrae.org 25
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4.0 Bibliography
Ashrae.org. (2011). Acoustic Performance Measurement Protocols. ASHRAE
Journal , 32. Retrieved from www.ashrae.org
Ashrae.org. (2011, January). Recommended sound criteria for intermediate
measurements [Table]. Retrieved from www.ashrae.org
Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007). MALAYSIAN STANDARD.
Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007). Recommended average illuminance
levels [Table].
Grondzik, W. (2010). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings. Hoboken,
N.J.: Wiley
Lights by Linea. (n.d.). Utilisation factor [Table]. Retrieved from
http://lightsbylinea.com/index.php?route=information/information&information_id=
10
Randall, R. (2005). An Introduction to Acoustics (p. 196). Mineola: Dover
Publications.
26
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