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Kingdom Plantae

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant groups 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Plant book: page 1: plant notes (front and back)

• pages 502-515 in textbook – Overview – Types of plants

Kingdom Plantae characteristics

• Eukaryotic: DNA contained in a nucleus • Autotrophic: (self-nourish) makes food

through photosynthesis • Multicellular • Specialized tissue • Cell wall made of cellulose

Plant adaptations

• Plants evolved from aquatic environments to terrestrial environments – Water absorption/retention

• root structure: mycorrhizae helps absorb nutrients • Leaf structure: cuticle prevents transpiration • Vascular tissue: specialized cells that transport water and

nutrients – Reproduction

• Pollen: plant sperm are enclosed in structures that allow them to disperse without drying out

• Seeds: protect, nourish, disperse, and store plant embryo

Types of plants

• Non-vascular • Vascular

• Seedless • Seeded

• Gymnosperm • Angiosperm

• Monocot • Dicot

Non-vascular plants

• The first plants to evolve were non-vascular • Small size: without vascular tissue, water and

nutrients are transported by osmosis and diffusion (absorbed)

• Require water for sexual reproduction: plants must be covered by a film of water in order for fertilization to occur. Gametophyte grows in mats covered by a film of water so the sperm can swim to neighboring plants to fertilize the egg

• Examples: mosses, liverworts and hornworts

Non-vascular plants

Seedless vascular plants

• These plants are larger than the mosses but must grow in moist environments

• Structures: – vascular tissue: xylem and phloem – true roots, stems, and leaves – Spores: have thickened walls that are

resistant to drying • Examples: ferns, club mosses, horsetails,

and whisk ferns

Seeded vascular plants

• Gymnosperms gymno = naked sperm = seed

exposed seeds • Angiosperms

angio = contained sperm = seed seeds enclosed in an ovary (fruit)

– Monocot – Dicot

Gymnosperm plants

• These are seed plants whose seeds do not develop within a sealed container

• Key features of Gymnosperms: –Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem –Seeds: not contained in fruit –Wind pollination: Sperm are enclosed in

pollen and carried to the eggs by wind (no water required)

• Examples: conifers, cycads, ginkoes, and gnetophytes.

Gymnosperm plants

Angiosperm plants

Key features of angiosperms: • Flowers: male and female gametophytes

develop within flowers. This promotes pollination and fertilization (no water required)

• Fruits: promote seed dispersal. How?? • Endosperm: stored food for the development

of the seed

Angiosperm plants

MONOCOT one seed leaf

DICOT two seed leaves

Angiosperm: Monocot

• Grasses, cereals, some flowers • One seed leaf (cotyledon) • Blade-like leaves with parallel venation • Vascular tissue scattered • Flowers in multiples of 3 • Fibrous roots

Angiosperm: Dicot

• Trees, some flowers • Two seed leaves (cotyledon) • Broad leaves with perpendicular venation • Vascular tissue in ring formation • Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5 • Tap roots

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book page 11: monocots and dicots

• Use pages 515 and 556 in textbook • Create a table comparing characteristics of

monocots and dicots Monocot Dicot

Seeds

Flowers

Leaves

Roots

Vascular tissue pattern

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book page 2: plant cell

• Use pages 58 - 66 in textbook • Draw, label, and color all organelles found in

plant cells • Use the entire page (make your drawing BIG!) • Be sure to note the following on page 2:

– Plant cells do have: cell walls of cellulose, Chloroplasts, Central vacuole

– Plant cells do NOT have: lysosomes, centrioles

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book BACK of page 2: leaf drawing

• Use pages 559 (figure 10) in textbook • Draw, label, and color a cross-section of a leaf • Use the entire page (make your drawing BIG!)

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Parts of a leaf

• Epidermis: outer layers (top and bottom) • Cuticle

– waxy, waterproof layer – conserves water by preventing evaporation

• Stomata – holes in the bottom epidermis layer that allow for

gas exchange – guard cell surrounding stomata allow them to

open and close

Parts of a leaf

• Blade: flat, broad section – How is this significant?

• Petiole: short stalk that connects the leaf to the stem

• Veins: tube-like structures that carry water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the blade – Branching: dicots – Parallel: monocots

leaf arrangements

venation

Types of leaves

• Simple: one blade • Compound: two or more blades called leaflets

– Pinnate: feather-like, branching off one central vein – Palmate: radiate from a central point

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book page 4: chloroplast

• Page 99 in textbook • Draw, label, and color a chloroplast • Use the entire page (make your drawing BIG!)

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book: BACK of page 4 photosynthesis notes

• Occurs in chloroplast – Most chloroplasts are located in leaf cells

• 2 stages: 1. Light-dependent reactions

– occurs in thylakoid

2. Light-independent/dark reactions (Calvin cycle) – occurs in stroma

Light-depedent reactions

• Occurs in thylakoid • Photosystem II:

– Radiant energy (light) splits water (H2O) and sends H- electrons to a higher energy level

– Oxygen (O2) is a waste product

• Photosystem I: – Radiant energy (light) sends the electrons to an even

higher energy level to make ATP for the second stage of photosynthesis (light-independent reactions)

Light-independent reactions

• Also called Calvin cycle • Occurs in stroma • ATP from stage I is used to make carbon

dioxide (CO2) into glucose (C6H12O6)

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Photosynthesis equation

reactants (ingredients) products (what is made)

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide water radiant glucose oxygen into stomata into roots chlorophyll food out stomata

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book: page 6 stem notes

• Function – Support leaves and flowers – Transport water, minerals and nutrients within the

plant

Stem notes

• Types of stems – Plant: non-woody, soft tissue (herbaceous) – Vine: slender and woody; needs support structure

on which to climb – Shrub: usually more than one trunk at base – Tree: woody, strong stems, trunks, and branches

vine

herbaceous

tree

shrub

Stem notes

• Vascular tissue – Xylem: transports water and minerals from roots

up to the leaves – Phloem: transports nutrients from leaves

(photosynthesis) to the rest of the plant

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

• Phloem transports nutrients made in leaves to the rest of the plant

• Xylem transports water from roots to leaves for photosynthesis

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. Root notes 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book: page 7 root notes

• Function – Absorbs water and minerals from soil – Store food – Anchors plant

Root notes

• Types of roots – Tap root

• Single, large central root with smaller roots branching off

• Grows deep into soil to find water • Very strong anchor • Examples: carrots, beets (dicot)

– Fibrous root • Clump of short, threadlike roots • Spread out under surface to gather rainwater • Examples: grasses (monocot)

Root notes

• Parts of the root – Root hairs: increase

surface area for more absorption

– Primary growth: stems get longer, roots get deeper

• Apical meristem: primary growth cells located at tip of roots

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. Root notes : Drawings of roots 8. 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

BACK of Page 7: plant roots drawings

Tap root Fibrous root

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. Root notes : Drawings of roots 8. Flower notes 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book: page 8 flower notes

• Reproductive organ of angiosperm plants – Contain male and female reproductive structures

• Require pollination – Abiotic: wind – Biotic: insects, birds, bats

• Produce nectar: source of nutrition for pollinators

Flower notes

• Flower parts – Sepals: protect the flower while still a bud (inside) – Petals: attract pollinators, brightly colored – Stamen: produce pollen

– Review: what is pollen? • Filament: stalk of stamen • Anther: pollen producing sac at end of stamen

– Pistil: produce ovules • Ovary: contains gametes • Style: stalk connects ovary to stigma • Stigma: where pollen enters

Flower notes

• Pollination: dispersal of plant sperm – Abiotic: Wind – Biotic: Insects, birds, bats

• Fertilization: fusion of sperm and egg – Produces seed (plant embryo) – Embryo remains inside seed until external

conditions are favorable for…

• Germination: a new plant growing from a seed

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. Root notes : Drawings of roots 8. Flower notes : Flower drawing 9. 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

BACK of page 8: flower drawing

• Draw, label, and color a picture of a flower • Use the entire page (make your drawing BIG!) • Use page 538 in textbook

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. Root notes : Drawings of roots 8. Flower notes : Flower drawing 9. Seeds notes 10. 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book: page 9 Seed notes

• Seed parts – Coat: protects embryo from damage

• Enables embryos to survive unfavorable conditions – Endosperm: nutrients stored in the seed

• Embryos cannot photosynthesize inside the seed – Cotyledons: (seed leaves) transfer nutrients to

embryo • Monocot = one cotyledon • Dicot = two cotyledon

Seed notes

• Adaptations for dispersal – Wind wanderers: structures that catch wind

• Ex: Dandelion – Sharp shooters: seed pods ripen and “explode” – Frequent floaters: hollow center floats on water

• Ex: coconuts – Biological bribers: encased in fruit for animals to eat.

The seed passes through the digestive system as the animal migrates. The seed and is deposited elsewhere along with ‘organic nutrients’

– Hooky hitchhikers: sharp or sticky coat attaches to motile organisms

• Ex: burr, sticker

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. Root notes : drawings of roots 8. Flower notes : Flower drawing 9. Seeds notes 10. Tropism notes 11. Monocots and dicots

Plant book: page 10 Tropism notes

• Plant responses • Tropism: a response in which a plant grows

toward or away from a stimulus • Auxin: a growth hormone that promotes cell

division on the dark side of the stem, causing it to bend toward the light

Tropism notes

• Phototropism: response of plant growth toward light • Photoperiodism: response of plant growth length of

days and nights • Dormancy: when a plant or seed remains inactive, even

when conditions are suitable for growth (winter season)

• Geotropism: response of plant growth to gravity • Hydrotropism: response of plant growth toward water • Thigmotropism : repsonse to touch

– Ex: vines on a trellis, venus fly trap

contents 1. Notes: overview, plant types 2. Plant cell : leaf drawing 3. Leaf notes 4. Chloroplast : photosynthesis notes 5. Photosynthesis equation 6. Stem notes : vascular tissue drawing 7. Root notes : Drawings of roots 8. Flower notes : Flower drawing 9. Seed notes 10. Tropism notes : Fruits and Vegetables notes 11. Monocots and dicots

What type of tropism is

this?

What type of tropism is this?

What type of tropism is this?

What type of tropism is this?

What type of tropism is this?

What type of tropism is this?

What type of tropism is this?

Plant book: BACK of page 10 Fruits and Vegetables notes

• Fruit: – contains seed of angiosperm plants – Flower turns into fruit after fertilization – Adaptation for seed dispersal

• Animals eat fruit, seed passes through digestive system, animal deposits seed after migrating

– Ex: apples, oranges, watermelon,

Fruit and vegetable notes

• Vegetable: term used for any edible part of a plant – Roots: – Stems: – Leaves: – Seeds: – Flowers: – Fruits: