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LearningLearning

Relative permanent changes in an organism’s behavior resulting from an interaction with the environment.

Who was Wundt?

How long would it take you to “learn” the material for the first exam?

� Classical Conditioning or Respondent Conditioning� Ivan P. Pavlov

� Russian Physiologist—not a psychologist—Nobel Prize Winner.

� Some behaviors happen naturally� You do not have to learn how to blink.� You do not have to learn how to blink.

� An Unconditioned Stimulus brings about an Unconditioned Response or Reflex

� Pair this UCS (US) with a neutral stimulus and what happens?

� Learning to give the response to a new Stimulus

�Conditioned Stimulus when paired with an Unconditioned Stimulus over a period of trials will bring about a Conditioned Response

� Joe (Neutral) ���� Blow (UCS) ���� BLINK

(UCR)(UCR)

� Joe (CS) ���� Blink (CR)

�The Paradigm

�CS ���� UCS ���� UCR. Proper way for

Classical Conditioning to occur.

�� Automatic response Automatic response elicitedelicited by the by the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS or US).Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS or US).

�� ReflexReflex-- an innate, involuntary behavior an innate, involuntary behavior elicited or caused by an antecedent elicited or caused by an antecedent environmental event.environmental event.

�� Examples:Examples:

1. Blushing1. Blushing1. Blushing1. Blushing

2. Shivering2. Shivering

3. Being startled3. Being startled

4. Salivating4. Salivating

5. Others?5. Others?

�� CR and UCR are rarely identical.CR and UCR are rarely identical.

�� They are Similar but rarely Identical.They are Similar but rarely Identical.

�� CR is the body’s preparation for the US.CR is the body’s preparation for the US.

�� Fear ConditioningFear Conditioning

��Electric shockElectric shock--animal squeals and its animal squeals and its heart beats faster this is the UR.heart beats faster this is the UR.heart beats faster this is the UR.heart beats faster this is the UR.

��When the animal sees the CS its When the animal sees the CS its response (CR) is different. It freezes, response (CR) is different. It freezes, tenses its muscles and its heartbeat tenses its muscles and its heartbeat slows. This reaction is a fearful slows. This reaction is a fearful anticipation.anticipation.

�� Dog salivatingDog salivating

��UCR is much richer in digestive UCR is much richer in digestive enzymes in comparison to salivation enzymes in comparison to salivation in response to the tone or bell (CS).in response to the tone or bell (CS).

��CS is a signal to “get ready.” The UCS CS is a signal to “get ready.” The UCS is about to arrive.is about to arrive.

� Most phobias have their source in Classical Conditioning.

�� What are some examples of classical What are some examples of classical conditioning in real life?conditioning in real life?

�� Taste Aversion?Taste Aversion?�� Taste Aversion?Taste Aversion?

�� Advertising?Advertising?

��Christmas commercials. Christmas commercials.

�� Conditioned Fear?Conditioned Fear?

��Watson’s Little Albert.Watson’s Little Albert.

�� Whenever Jim’s father drinks too much, he Whenever Jim’s father drinks too much, he gets very violent and beats Jim severely. gets very violent and beats Jim severely. This has happened on several occasions. This has happened on several occasions. Now, just the smell of beer makes Jim Now, just the smell of beer makes Jim fearful.fearful.

(UCS) Beating (UCS) Beating �� (UCS) Beating (UCS) Beating

�� (UCR) Pain(UCR) Pain

�� Smell of beer + beating (CS) + (UCS)Smell of beer + beating (CS) + (UCS)

�� (CS) Smell of beer and (CR) Fear(CS) Smell of beer and (CR) Fear

�� 2) The first time Janice ate German 2) The first time Janice ate German Chocolate cake was at her best friend’s Chocolate cake was at her best friend’s birthday party. The night after the party, birthday party. The night after the party, Janice got a head cold and got so sick she Janice got a head cold and got so sick she missed three days of school. Now, she missed three days of school. Now, she can’t even look at German Chocolate cake can’t even look at German Chocolate cake without feeling nauseous.without feeling nauseous.

(US) Head cold(US) Head cold�� (US) Head cold(US) Head cold�� (UR) Getting sick(UR) Getting sick�� German Chocolate Cake + Head Cold (CS) German Chocolate Cake + Head Cold (CS) + (UCS)+ (UCS)

�� (CS) German Chocolate Cake and (CR) (CS) German Chocolate Cake and (CR) NauseaNausea

�� Higher (Secondary) Order ConditioningHigher (Secondary) Order Conditioning

� Acquisition (Reinforcement)

� Extinction

� Rest—what does this mean?

� Spontaneous Recovery

� Why does this happen?

� Behavior did not completely extinguish.� Behavior did not completely extinguish.

� Did we learn a NEW behavior?

� What would this graph look like?

� Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Conditioning.

� John Watson, B. F. Skinner

� Learning (emitting NOT eliciting) a newbehavior.

� Shaping through Successive � Shaping through Successive Approximation.

�Teaching a child to talk or walk or write.

�R ���� SRf+

�How do we teach a dog to sit?

Skinner BoxSkinner Box

Principles that apply to both.

� Discrimination and Generalization

� Graphs

� Schedules of Reinforcement

� Continuous versus Partial or IntermittentIntermittent

� Fixed Ratio (FR)

� Fixed Interval (FI)

� Variable Ratio (VR)

� Variable Interval (VI)

� What happens with extinction when we use each of these schedules?

� What is a partial or intermittent schedule of reinforcement?

� Skinner developed these as a result of a need to save food pellets.need to save food pellets.

Reinforcement and Reinforcement and PunishmentPunishment

�� What is a reinforcement?What is a reinforcement?

�� What is a punishment?What is a punishment?

�� Positives and Negatives.Positives and Negatives.

�� Give (ADD) versus Take Away (REMOVE)Give (ADD) versus Take Away (REMOVE)

�� Think of it as a math function rather Think of it as a math function rather than good or bad.than good or bad.

ReinforcementReinforcement

Description Example

Positive Reinforcement

ADD a positive stimulus

Getting a hug, smile, or praise

Negative Reinforcement

REMOVE an aversive stimulus

Fastening seat belt to turn off

car buzzer

PunishmentPunishment

Description Example

Positive Punishment

ADD a negative stimulus

Getting hit or slapped

Negative Punishment

REMOVE a pleasant stimulus

Take away the car

SENSATION AND PERCEPTIONSENSATION AND PERCEPTION

�� SensationSensation

�� Process by which sensory receptors and Process by which sensory receptors and the nervous system receive and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus from the represent stimulus from the environment.environment.environment.environment.

�� PerceptionPerception

�� Awareness or interpretation of Awareness or interpretation of sensation.sensation.

�� Process of organizing and interpreting Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to sensory information enabling us to recognize and recognize and give meaninggive meaning to objects to objects and events. and events. and events. and events.

�� More complex compared to sensation. More complex compared to sensation.

�� TransductionTransduction

�� Transforming stimulus energies into Transforming stimulus energies into neural impulsesneural impulses

�� Retina in the eye and cochlea in the earRetina in the eye and cochlea in the ear

THE EYETHE EYE

�� CorneaCornea�� The transparent tissue covering the The transparent tissue covering the front of the eye. Look at your eye in the front of the eye. Look at your eye in the mirror. You will notice a clear surface mirror. You will notice a clear surface covering the iris (the colored part of the covering the iris (the colored part of the eye) and pupil. This is the cornea. eye) and pupil. This is the cornea.

�� The cornea is as smooth and clear as The cornea is as smooth and clear as glass but as strong and durable as glass but as strong and durable as glass but as strong and durable as glass but as strong and durable as plastic. It helps the eye in two ways: plastic. It helps the eye in two ways: ��The cornea provides a physical barrier The cornea provides a physical barrier that shields the inside of the eye from that shields the inside of the eye from germs, dust, and other harmful germs, dust, and other harmful matter. matter.

�� It acts as the eye's outermost lens.It acts as the eye's outermost lens.

�� Iris Iris

�� The colored part of the eye The colored part of the eye

�� Helps regulate the amount of light Helps regulate the amount of light entering the eye. entering the eye.

�� When there is bright light, the iris closes When there is bright light, the iris closes the pupil to let in less light. And when the pupil to let in less light. And when there is low light, the iris opens up the there is low light, the iris opens up the there is low light, the iris opens up the there is low light, the iris opens up the pupil to let in more light.pupil to let in more light.

�� Similar to the aperture of a camera.Similar to the aperture of a camera.

�� Pupil Pupil

�� The dark center opening in the The dark center opening in the middle of the iris. middle of the iris.

�� Changes size to adjust for the Changes size to adjust for the amount of light available (smaller amount of light available (smaller for bright light and larger for low for bright light and larger for low light). light). light). light).

�� Similar to the irisSimilar to the iris----Like the Like the aperture in most 35 mm cameras aperture in most 35 mm cameras which lets in more or less light which lets in more or less light depending upon the conditions.depending upon the conditions.

�� Sclera Sclera -- The white outer coat of the eye, The white outer coat of the eye, surrounding the iris. Protects the eye.surrounding the iris. Protects the eye.

�� Vitreous Humor Vitreous Humor -- The clear, gel type of The clear, gel type of substance which fills the central cavity of substance which fills the central cavity of the eye. the eye.

�� Optic Nerve Optic Nerve -- A bundle of more than a A bundle of more than a million nerve fibers carrying visual million nerve fibers carrying visual messages from the retina to the brain.messages from the retina to the brain.

�� Lens Lens -- Focuses light rays onto the retina. Focuses light rays onto the retina. The lens is transparent, and can be The lens is transparent, and can be replaced if necessary. Our lens replaced if necessary. Our lens deteriorates as we age, resulting in the deteriorates as we age, resulting in the need for reading glasses. need for reading glasses.

�� Retina Retina –– contains the sense cell for vision.contains the sense cell for vision.

�� RODS AND CONESRODS AND CONES

�� MORE RODS COMPARED TO CONESMORE RODS COMPARED TO CONES

��120 MILLION RODS120 MILLION RODS

��6.5 MILLION CONES6.5 MILLION CONES

�� HOW DISTRIBUTED ON THE RETINAHOW DISTRIBUTED ON THE RETINA

CONES AT THE FOVEACONES AT THE FOVEA��CONES AT THE FOVEACONES AT THE FOVEA

��Color visionColor vision

��RODS AT THE PERIPHERYRODS AT THE PERIPHERY

��Cannot detect colorCannot detect color

��More for night visionMore for night vision

Depth CuesDepth Cues

�� Monocular CuesMonocular Cues

�� PrimaryPrimary——nonnon--learnedlearned

�� AccommodationAccommodation

�� Binocular CuesBinocular Cues--both both are primaryare primary

�� ConvergenceConvergence

�� Retinal DisparityRetinal Disparity�� AccommodationAccommodation

�� SecondarySecondary----LearnedLearned

�� Texture gradientTexture gradient

�� Linear Linear perspectiveperspective

�� Aerial Aerial perspectiveperspective

�� InterpositionInterposition

�� Retinal DisparityRetinal Disparity

Texture GradientTexture Gradient

Relative HeightRelative Height

Linear PerspectiveLinear Perspective

B

A

A

B

Aerial PerspectiveAerial Perspective--minimized minimized on a clear dayon a clear day

InterpositionInterposition

ConvergenceConvergence

M.C. EscherM.C. Escher

�� Julian BeeverJulian Beever33--D Optical IllusionsD Optical Illusions

Human Visible SpectrumHuman Visible Spectrum

THE EARTHE EAR

�� The semicircular canals and vestibule The semicircular canals and vestibule function to sense movement function to sense movement (acceleration and deceleration) and (acceleration and deceleration) and static position. The three semicircular static position. The three semicircular canals lie perpendicular to each canals lie perpendicular to each other.other.other.other.

�� Why perpendicular?Why perpendicular?

Altered StatesAltered States�� Sleep and DreamingSleep and Dreaming

�� Depends on age and habitDepends on age and habit

�� 44--5 dreams a night5 dreams a night

�� About 90 minutes totalAbout 90 minutes total

�� First dreams are shortFirst dreams are short--get longer as get longer as sleep progressessleep progresses

�� REMREM

�� Extension of every day lifeExtension of every day life

�� External stimulation can effectExternal stimulation can effect----TVTV

�� What happens after one day without What happens after one day without dreaming?dreaming?

�� Two to three nightsTwo to three nights

�� Seven nightsSeven nights

�� Sleep Deprivation PsychosisSleep Deprivation Psychosis�� Sleep Deprivation PsychosisSleep Deprivation Psychosis

�� Need to catch upNeed to catch up

�� Starts dreaming almost immediatelyStarts dreaming almost immediately

•• 75 year75 year--olds have spent 18olds have spent 18--24 years 24 years sleeping and 5sleeping and 5--7 years dreaming7 years dreaming

•• Human record: 11 days without sleep. Human record: 11 days without sleep. Rats kept from sleeping for 2Rats kept from sleeping for 2--5 weeks die 5 weeks die (depressed immune system)(depressed immune system)

�� ESPESP

�� TelepathyTelepathy

�� “Reading” someone’s mind/thoughts.“Reading” someone’s mind/thoughts.

�� PsychokinesisPsychokinesis

��Moving objects without touching Moving objects without touching them.them.them.them.

�� PrecognitionPrecognition

�� “Reading” the future.“Reading” the future.

�� ClairvoyanceClairvoyance

��Via “unusual” sensation.Via “unusual” sensation.

Fallacy of Positive InstancesFallacy of Positive Instances

Drugs and BehaviorDrugs and Behavior

�� Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive Drugs

�� Alter human functioningAlter human functioning

�� Give me examplesGive me examples�� Give me examplesGive me examples

�� Alcohol Alcohol

�� Most abused Most abused recreationalrecreational DrugDrug

�� Central Nervous System DepressantCentral Nervous System Depressant

�� BACBAC

�� Implicated in about 50% of all auto Implicated in about 50% of all auto fatalitiesfatalitiesfatalitiesfatalities

�� DisordersDisorders

�� Physiological dependencePhysiological dependence

�� First thing that is lost when we drink is First thing that is lost when we drink is our judgmentour judgment

�� Standard DrinkStandard Drink

�� Depends really on the proof of the Depends really on the proof of the alcoholalcohol

�� 1 ½ oz. of hard liquor, 6 oz. of wine, 12 1 ½ oz. of hard liquor, 6 oz. of wine, 12 oz. of beeroz. of beer

�� .08 level.08 level--presumptive level of presumptive level of intoxicationintoxication

�� .25.25

�� .35.35

�� .50.50

�� BarbituratesBarbiturates�� Physiological dependencePhysiological dependence

�� “Downers” or depressants“Downers” or depressants

�� How to get off of them How to get off of them –– slowly!slowly!

� Phenobarbital, Seconal

�� AmphetaminesAmphetamines�� “Uppers” or stimulants“Uppers” or stimulants

�� Psychological DependencePsychological Dependence

�� Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methodize, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Methodize, CocaineCocaine

�� NarcoticsNarcotics

�� Analgesics or pain killersAnalgesics or pain killers

�� Greek word for stupor Greek word for stupor

�� Bind at opiate receptorsBind at opiate receptors

�� Pain meds, heroinPain meds, heroin

�� Cocaine and MarijuanaCocaine and Marijuana often classified often classified �� Cocaine and MarijuanaCocaine and Marijuana often classified often classified as "narcotics" in the Controlled as "narcotics" in the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) neither bind Substances Act (CSA) neither bind opiate receptors nor produce morphineopiate receptors nor produce morphine--like effectslike effects

�� Physiological dependencePhysiological dependence

�� Hallucinogens Hallucinogens

�� LSD, mescaline (peyote cactus), LSD, mescaline (peyote cactus), psilocybin (certain mushrooms)psilocybin (certain mushrooms)

�� Effects are unpredictableEffects are unpredictable----depends on depends on amount taken, the user's personality, amount taken, the user's personality, mood, and expectations, and the mood, and expectations, and the mood, and expectations, and the mood, and expectations, and the surroundings in which the drug is used. surroundings in which the drug is used.

�� Usually, the user feels the first effects of Usually, the user feels the first effects of the drug 30the drug 30--90 minutes after taking it.90 minutes after taking it.

�� FlashbacksFlashbacks

�� Marijuana Marijuana

�� Cannabis sativa Cannabis sativa

�� THC (deltaTHC (delta--99--tetrahydrocannabinol) tetrahydrocannabinol)

�� Most commonly abused illicit drugMost commonly abused illicit drug

�� More effects on body than smoking More effects on body than smoking

�� 20052005----16.5% of eighth graders, 34.1% of 16.5% of eighth graders, 34.1% of tenth graders, and 44.8% of twelfth graders tenth graders, and 44.8% of twelfth graders tenth graders, and 44.8% of twelfth graders tenth graders, and 44.8% of twelfth graders reported lifetime use of marijuanareported lifetime use of marijuana--decrease decrease

�� Schedule I substance under the Controlled Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Substances Act (CSA).

�� Schedule I drugs are classified as having a high Schedule I drugs are classified as having a high potential for abuse potential for abuse

HypnosisHypnosis�� Researchers agree on the following:Researchers agree on the following:

�� Hypnotic responsiveness depends more Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of the on the efforts and qualities of the person being hypnotized than on skill of person being hypnotized than on skill of the hypnotist.the hypnotist.the hypnotist.the hypnotist.

�� Hypnotized people cannot be forced to Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will.do things against their will.

�� Feats performed under hypnosis can be Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without performed by motivated people without hypnosis.hypnosis.

�� Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy Hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memoryof memory