lecture 2: phonetics! - university of maryland speech sounds • is the air-flow blocked? vowel vs....

Lecture 2: Phonetics!

Quick review

• Mental grammar

• Arguments for innate knowledge (paradox Arguments for innate knowledge (paradox of language acquisition)

• Descriptive vs. prescriptive grammar

Today’s agenda

• Articulartory phonetics– IPAIPA– Consonants– Features Features – Vowels

Exercises!– Exercises!

How you look to a phonetician

How you look to a phonetician

Tongue

How you look to a phonetician

Palate

Tongue

How you look to a phonetician

Palate

Velum

Tongue

How you look to a phonetician

Palate

Velum

Tongue Glottis(vocal folds)(vocal folds)

How you look to a phonetician

Palate

Velum

Tongue Glottis(vocal folds)(vocal folds)

Lips, teeth etc.

How you look to a phonetician

Al l PalateAlveolarridge

Velum

Tongue Glottis(vocal folds)(vocal folds)

Lips, teeth etc.

How you look to a phonetician

NasalCavity

OralCavity

Do you remember now?

Tongue

Lips, teeth etc.

But firstBut first...

Forget Spelling!Forget Spelling!

Sounds ≠ Spelling

i

One Sound - Many Characters

he e seas ea

believe ie amoeba oe

Caesar ae key ey

see ee machine i

people eo seize ei

IPA: [i]

u

One Sound - Many Characters

too oo threw ew

to o lieu ieuto o lieu ieu

clue ue shoe oe

h h hthrough ough

IPA: [u]

‘a’

One Character - Many Sounds

dame e

dad ædad æ

father a

llcall ɔ

village ə, ʌmany ɛ

One Sound - Multiple Letters

shoot ʃ

either ∂character k

deal i

Thomas t

physics fphysics f

rough f

One Letter – 0 Sounds

mnemonic

psychologyp y gy

resign

ghostg

island

wholewhole

debt

Differences across Languages

• English: judge, juvenile, Jesus

• Spanish: jugar JesusSpanish: jugar, Jesus

• German: Johan, jung

F h J j’ j b• French: Jean, j’accuse, jambon

Describing Speech Sounds

• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant

• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless

• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,

• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q

Consonants

• produced by closure/constriction of the vocal tract

IPAs for English consonants

IPAs for English consonants

[p]it ti it pit, tip, spit, appear…

IPAs for English consonants

[b]b ll l b b i k b bblball, globe, brick, bubble…

IPAs for English consonants

[t]t t ti k t ff dtag, pat, stick, stuffed…

IPAs for English consonants

[d]di d d l d b tt ddip, card, drop, loved, batted…

IPAs for English consonants

[k]kit h l h t iti dkit, school, character, critique, exceed…

IPAs for English consonants

[g]d b fi d i t Pitt b hguard, bag, finger, designate, Pittsburgh…

IPAs for English consonants

[ʔ]h h h t k B t ( f b t)uh-oh, hatrack, Batman (cf. bat)…

IPAs for English consonants

[f]f t l h hil h fffoot, laugh, philosophy, coffee…

IPAs for English consonants

[v]t d vest, dove, average…

IPAs for English consonants

[θ]th h t th thithrough, teeth, thing…

IPAs for English consonants

[∂]th th i th iththe, their, mother, either…

IPAs for English consonants

[s] h l d t soap, psychology, descent, peace…

IPAs for English consonants

[z]i d ki X d izip, roads, kisses, Xerox, design…

IPAs for English consonants

[ß]h i i ti shy, mission, nation, sure…

IPAs for English consonants

[Ω] i i l d i imeasure, vision, casual, decision…

IPAs for English consonants

[h]h h t h h h l h lwho, hat, rehash, hole, whole…

IPAs for English consonants

[tß] (cf. ç)h k t h f t tit tchoke, match, feature, constituent…

IPAs for English consonants

[dΩ] (cf. ‚)j d G J ll O i id ljudge, George, Jell-O, region, residual…

IPAs for English consonants

[m] l b k lmoose, lamb, smack, ample…

IPAs for English consonants

[n] d i knap, design, snow, know…

IPAs for English consonants

[˜]l thi k fi i ( f fi )lung, think, finger, singer (cf. finger)…

IPAs for English consonants

[l]l f f l ild l dleaf, feel, mild, applaud…

IPAs for English consonants

[®]f f H i reef, fear, Harris, prune…

IPAs for English consonants

[‰]it b tt dd l tt twriter, butter, udder, clutter, cuter…

IPAs for English consonants

[w]ith i i t ili htwith, swim, mowing, queen, twilight…

(cf. which, where, what, whale, why)

IPAs for English consonants

[j] b tif l ll tyou, beautiful, use, yell, yeast…

Another note: syllabic consontants

• Some consonants take up one syllable by itself

Describing Speech Sounds

• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant

• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless

• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,

• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q

Voiced & voiceless consonants

• Consonants either voiced or voiceless.

• English pairs: English pairs: – b/p

v/f– v/f

– d/t

/– z/s–∂/θ

Describing Speech Sounds

• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant

• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless

• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,

• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca bilabial

[b] [p] [m]

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca labiodental

[v] [f]

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca interdental

[∂] [θ]

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca alveolar

[d] [t] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca palatal

[ʒ] [ʃ] [dΩ] [tʃ] [j]

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca velar

[g] [k] [ŋ]

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca uvular

Whe

Whe

am?

am?

airs

trea

airs

trea

p th

e a

p th

e a

u st

opu

stop

an y

ouan

you

ere

caer

e ca

glottis [ʔ][h]

Whe

Whe

Describing Speech Sounds

• Is the air-flow blocked?vowel vs. consonant

• What are the vocal folds doing? (=voicing)voiced vs. voiceless

• Where is the air-flow blocked? (=place)labial, alveolar, palatal, velar etc., , p ,

• Where/how is the air flowing? (=manner)nasal/oral, stop, fricative, liquid etc., p, f , q

Manner

• Stops: complete stoppage of air

[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g][p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]...

• Fricatives : airflow is severely obstructed causing friction causing friction [f] [v] [θ] [∂] [s] [z] [Ω] [ß] [h] []

Fricatives & Affricates

• Palatal sounds [ʒ] [ʃ] [tß] [dΩ]• Palatal Fricatives [ʒ] [ʃ]• Palatal Fricatives - [ʒ] [ʃ]

[note: according to IPA chart these are strictly ‘post-alveolar’]]

• Affricates - combination of stop + fricative - [tß] [dΩ] as in judge churchfricative - [tß] [dΩ] as in judge, church

Liquids, glides

• Liquids[l][r][ ][ ]– Lateral [l] : air escapes along sides of tongue

– Retroflex [r]: tongue is bunched upward and Retroflex [r]: tongue is bunched upward and back in mouth

• Glides: semi-vowels semi-consonants Glides: semi vowels, semi consonants [w] [j]

nasal

• Nasal: velum is lowered, and air flows through nasal cavityg y[m] [n] [˜]

Putting them all together Putting them all together… “Voicing, Place, Manner”

• how do we describe [p]?

Voiceless bilabial stopVoiceless, bilabial stop

Wh b [b]?What about [b]?

Features

• Ways of describing soundse.g., [p] = voiceless bilabial stopg , [p] p

• Stronger claim: features are the smallest building blocks of language used to store building blocks of language, used to store sounds in the mind

• Atoms of Speech• Atoms of Speech

Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982

ChartChart

Features

• Prediction: by combining a small number of atomic features, it should be possible to create a larger number of speech soundslarger number of speech sounds

• Goal: a set of universal features should make it • Goal: a set of universal features should make it possible to describe the speech sounds of all of the languages of the world

• Different languages choose different feature combinations

Sounds from other languages

• From Spanish: [ɲ] as in año ‘year’

–voiced, palatal, nasalvoiced, palatal, nasal

• From German: [X] as in Bach• From German: [X] as in Bach–voiceless, velar, fricative

• Other languages?

Spanish: año

German: Bach

Consonant exercises

For the following group of sounds, state the phonetic feature(s) they all share.

1. [g], [p], [t], [d], [k], [b][g], [p], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]2. [m], [n], [˜]

3 [t] [s]3. [t], [s]4. [Ω] [ß] [j]

5 [ʔ] [h]5. [ʔ], [h]

More consonant exercises

Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the phonetic descriptions, then give an English word that contains this sound.

1. voiceless bilabial stop2. voiced labiodental fricative3. voiced alveolar lateral liquidq4. voiceless palatal affricate5 voiced alveolar nasal5. voiced alveolar nasal6. voiced bilabial glide

• What are the features of the following sounds:

1. [t][ ]2. [∂]

3. [ß]ß4. [dΩ]

5. [˜][˜]

6. [h]

7 [w]7. [w]8. [®]

Even more consonant exercises

• See handouts

Phonetics page

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.htmlg

use the chart to learn!

• handout

What can you do to What can you do to alter the shape of pyour vocal tract?y

[i][i]

[ ][u]

[ ][æ]

You can....

• Raise or lower your tongue

• Advance or retract your tonguey g

• Round or not round your

• Tense or lax • Tense or lax

Test

• slowly pronounce the vowels, feel where the tongue isg

• look in the mirror as you pronounce them

• close your mouth and try to pronounce the • close your mouth and try to pronounce the vowels

l lli• use a lollipop

Front Central Back

i uɪ ʊ High

eɛ

oɔʌə

Midɛ ʌ Mid

Lowå æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i “sheep, sleep”p, p

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i “sheep, sleep”p, pɪ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i “sheep, sleep”p, pɪ “ship, slip”

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

iɪ

e

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

iɪ

eɛɛ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

iɪ

eɛ “led sped tread”ɛ led, sped, tread

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

iɪ

eɛɛ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

iɪ

eɛɛ

“bat, lad” æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ

eɛɛ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i u“Luke, who’d, suit”ɪ

eɛɛ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i u“Luke, who’d, suit”ɪ ʊ

eɛɛ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i u“Luke, who’d, suit”ɪ ʊ“look, hood, soot”

eɛɛ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɛ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɛ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔɛ ɔ

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔɛ“caught, tall, dawn”

æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔɛ

å æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔɛ

“f th t D ”“father, cot, Don”å æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔʌɛ ʌ

å æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔʌɛ ʌ“but, putt, rut”

å æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔʌə

ɛ ʌ“but, putt, rut”

å æ

So what vowels do you have?So what vowels do you have?

i uɪ ʊ

“metallic, Texas”eɛ

oɔʌəmetallic, Texas

ɛ ʌ“but, putt, rut”

å æ

Here they all areHere they all are…

i uɪ ʊ

eɛ

oɔʌə

ɛ ʌ

å æ

Vowel features

• High/mid/low: raise or lower the tongue

• Front/central/back: advance or retract Front/central/back: advance or retract tongue

• Round/unrounded: round or spread lips• Round/unrounded: round or spread lips

• Tense/lax: tense tongue muscles or not

Front Central Back

i uɪ ʊ High

eɛ

oɔʌə

Midɛ ʌ Mid

Lowå æ

Front Central Back

i uɪ ʊ High

eɛ

oɔʌə

Midɛ ʌ Mid

a Low æround

Front Central Back

i uɪ ʊ High

eɛ

oɔʌə

Midɛ ʌ Mid

a Lowtense

æround

tense

Vowel features

• High/mid/low: raise or lower the tongue• Front/central/back: advance or retract tongueg• Round/unrounded: round or spread lips• Tense/lax: tense tongue muscles or notTense/lax: tense tongue muscles or not

E gE.g.[i] is a high, front, (unrounded) tense vowel.[ ] i hi h b k d l[u] is a high, back, round tense vowel.

Some dialectal differences

• caught/cot, dawn/Don[Mid back lax vowel d id b k t l] A i and mid back tense vowel]: many American

speakers do not have both of these.

• aunt/ant, plaza, etc

Diphthongs: two-part vowels (cf. monophthongs)

1. [åI] bite, aisle, choir, island

2 [ ] b d bt l d h2. [å¨] brown, doubt, loud, hour

3. [øI] boy, rejoice, annoy, poison[ ] y, j , y, p

4. [o¨] boat, grow, though, over

å5. [eI] bait, reign, great, they, gauge

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

å

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

II

åå

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

II

“side, my, kind”

åå

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

å

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

ʊ

å

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

ʊ“loud, brow, hour”

å

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

ɔ

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

ɔI

Diphthongs:Diphthongs:

“boy, annoy, toil”

ɔI

Now you have vowels & consonants

• …so you can transcribe sounds of words!

write

hthrow

textbook

Vowel exercises

• handouts

Speech Production - Summary

• Airflow set in vibration by vocal foldsAirflow modified by vocal tracty

• Vowels: shaping of oral cavity

• Consonants: narrowing or blocking of • Consonants: narrowing or blocking of oral/nasal cavity

Diff l h diff • Different languages choose different selections of articulatory gestures

Speech Perception

• Speech production processes must be undone by the eary

• Motions of articulators must be reconstructed from patterns of air vibrationreconstructed from patterns of air vibration

• Requires extremely precise hearing, possibly a system specialized for hearing possibly a system specialized for hearing speech

S b i ll d l d bi h• Substantially developed at birth

For tomorrow

• Phonetics Quiz (closed book)! Go over the exercises, and remember the consonant and vowel features

- no need to remember…

syllabic consonantsflap “r” [‰]

• Read LF phonology (up to 3.3) & Jackendoff Ch 5