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Local Acceptance of Wind Energy in Switzerland, Estonia and Ukraine. A Cross-Country Analysis based on Choice Experiments.
Ebers, Tabi, Wüstenhagen, Kostyuchenko, Smolennikov, Joller.
Vienna, 04.09.2017
Research question 1:
Installed wind energy capacity by 2016
68
18 7
238
9 100
50
100
150
200
250
Estonia Switzerland Ukraine
10 MW per 1,000 km2 MW per Mio. inhabitants
How does social acceptance of wind power projects differ across countries?
Geographic focus: Eastern Switzerland
Geographic focus: Western Estonia
Geographic focus: Southern Ukraine
Win
d pr
ojec
tcha
ract
erist
ics Ecological
impact
Location
Profit-sharing
Public participation
Project developer
Source: Tabi and Wüstenhagen, 2015
Socialacceptance
Research question 2:What characteristics of a wind project are connected to highest social acceptance?
Developer:1) individuals from the region,2) local electric utility,3) cooperation between local utility and a specialized investor, 4) foreign energy company.
Location:1) near a residential area, 2) on agricultural land,3) In industrial and commercial zones,4) in ecologically significant landscapes &
protected areas
Profit sharing: 1) no revenue sharing,2) revenue sharing with local landowner 3) revenue sharing with municipality 4) direct payments to all residents
Public participation: 1) minimal participation as required by law,2) informational brochure and a website,3) public hearing,4) co-determining the number and location
of wind turbinesEcological impact: 1) large2) medium3) low4) almost non-existent
Imagine that you can choose which wind energy project will be built in your region. The wind park consists of 23 wind turbines that are 120 m high.
Method II: CBC
Method I: CBC
30%
25%
36%
34%
26%
25%
12%
19%
11%
16%
14%
12%
9%
15%
16%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
It would not disturb me to live in sight of a wind turbine
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
45%
75%
41%
37%
21%
46%
9%
3%
9%
5%
1%
4%
3%
0%
1%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
What is your opinion about the development of wind energy in Switzerland/Estonia/Ukraine?
In favor
Somewhat in favor
Neither in favor noragainstSomewhat against
Against
Results I: Social acceptance
3023
21
16
11
30 29
17
15
8
37
24
1316
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ecologicalimpacts
Location Projectdeveloper
Revenuesharing
Participation
Perc
ent
Switzerland
Estonia
Ukraine
Results II: Importance of wind project features
Results III: cross-country comparison
• High share of population in CH, EE, UA would like to see wind energy developed on national and local levels
• Despite different history, natural resource endowment, &electricity market structure, respondents in CH, EE, and UA had similar preferences wrt to features of wind projects
• Eco-impact, location, developer identity of higher importance, followed by procedural and distributional justice
• Most important to keep wind projects ‘nature-friendly’ and ‘local’
Conclusions I:
Highest social acceptance of the wind project that: -has smallest ecological impact-is in industrial or commercial zone -is developed by a utility company, alone or with a specialized investor-offers revenue sharing with municipality or all residents-allows local population co-determine the number and location of wind turbines
Conclusions II:
Thank you
anna.ebers@unisg.chaebers@umd.edu
Funding: Swiss National Science FoundationCTI and SCCER CRESTPrivate donations
Local energy source
54%
66%
53%
38%
21%
36%
6%
9%
8%
1%
3%
2%
1%
1%
0%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Local energy resources should be used as much as possible
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
35%
64%
37%
39%
24%
44%
13%
6%
10%
10%
2%
6%
3%
4%
4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Local wind energy we will make us less dependent from the electricity from abroad
Economic opportunity
11%
55%
31%
38%
30%
44%
33%
10%
17%
13%
3%
5%
4%
2%
3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines contribute to the local economy
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
9%
22%
18%
28%
30%
37%
28%
25%
20%
22%
14%
9%
13%
10%
16%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines can be used as a tourist attraction
Problematic aspects
8%
11%
11%
26%
26%
31%
26%
17%
15%
29%
28%
26%
11%
19%
17%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind energy is unreliable, because the wind does not always blow
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
4%
4%
15%
6%
8%
27%
29%
46%
36%
33%
13%
10%
29%
29%
11%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines can cause health problems
Landscape impacts
10%
2%
12%
18%
15%
26%
25%
30%
21%
32%
26%
23%
15%
26%
19%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines destroy the landscape
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
63%
67%
52%
28%
20%
28%
5%
6%
11%
2%
3%
5%
2%
4%
4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind turbines do not bother me if located nearby highways, railroad tracks or power lines
Wind energy beliefs
4%
20%
15%
11%
23%
32%
21%
30%
32%
41%
14%
15%
22%
13%
7%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Electricity from wind energy contributes little to climate protection
Agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree or disagree
Somewhat disagree
Disagree
33%
66%
46%
36%
24%
40%
17%
7%
9%
10%
2%
3%
4%
2%
2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Switzerland
Ukraine
Estonia
Percent of Respondents
Wind energy is an important source of renewable energy in Switzerland/Estonia/Ukraine
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