mike ashby, john fernandez, aileen gray cambridge 2007 © mfa and dc 2007 massachusetts institute of...
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Mike Ashby, John Fernandez, Aileen GrayCambridge 2007
© MFA and DC 2007
MassachusettsMassachusettsInstitute of TechnologyInstitute of Technology
Unit 9. Architecture & Built Environment:
materials for construction
© MFA and DC 2007
Outline
• Content and use of the database
Resources:
• “Material Architecture – emergent materials for innovative buildings and ecological construction” by John Fernandez, Architecture Press, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2006 ISBN 0-7506-6497-5.
• The CES Database for Architecture and the Built Environment, 2nd edition, by M.F. Ashby, J. Fernandez and A. Gray, Granta Design, Cambridge UK, 2007
• Why should architects be interested in materials?
• The CES database for Architecture and the Built Environment
Exercises
© MFA and DC 2007
Why do architects need to know about materials?
Post-industrial revolution -ETFE (and thousands more)
Space Center, Leicester, UK.N. Grimshaw Architect
Pre-industrial revolution -Stone, wood, glass
York Minster, York, UK.
© MFA and DC 2007
Today architects and structural engineers specify products, not materials
Gypsum and glass fiber composite board used as exterior sheathing.
Low-e laminated glass
Products, not materials?
© MFA and DC 2007
Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA. Diller + Scofidio, Architect.
Unfamiliar materials used in new products
Angle selective glass
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Many materials used in these products are unfamiliar to designers.
Simmons Hall Student Dormitory, MIT, USA. Steven Holl, Architect.
Unfamiliar materials used in new products
Aluminum skin, covering….. Waterproof, adhesive-backed EPDM
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Apartment Building, Munich, Germany. Thomas Herzog, Architect.
Unfamiliar materials used in new products
Silica aerogels allowing….. Translucent walls with high thermal resistance
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Cathedral of Los Angeles, USA. Rafael Moneo Architect Stata Center, MIT, USA. F.O. Gehry Architect
Unfamiliar materials used in new products
High density concrete with stainless steel reinforcement
Stainless steel, zinc coated titanium, polymer sealants
© MFA and DC 2007
The 4 semi-autonomous systems
Functions
Transmit vertical loads to foundation horizontal loads Resist dynamic loading from wind, other high energy loads from earthquakes Provide long term service
Superstructure
Building services
Provide heat and cooling to interior spaces adequate ventilation artificial and natural light humidity control water and waste removal
Control transfer of air heat water; liquid, vapor radiation transfer Provide acoustic separation
Exterior envelope
Delineate interior space Provide distinct climate zones acoustically separate zones finished surfaces for health and safety of occupants
Interior systems
© MFA and DC 2007
Materials
The 4 systems require diverse materials
Functions Steel reinforced concrete Cast iron and steel alloys Timber Brick, clay-based ceramics Stone
Transmit vertical loads to foundation horizontal loads Resist dynamic loading from wind, other high energy loads from earthquakes Provide long term service
Glass Aluminum Silicone, neoprene, epoxies Insulating fibers and foams Bitumen, fiberglass
Control transfer of air heat water; liquid, vapor radiation transfer Provide acoustic separation
Wood particle boards Polymer reinforced plaster Resins and other polymers Fabrics, natural fibers Tiles, terracotta, brick
Delineate interior space Provide distinct climate zones acoustically separate zones finished surfaces for health and safety of occupants
Galvanized sheet metals Adhesives and tapes Polymer electrical insulators Heat exchange materials Copper and PVC piping
Provide heat and cooling to interior spaces adequate ventilation artificial and natural light humidity control water and waste removal
© MFA and DC 2007
The CES database for Architecture
File Edit View Select Tools
Browse Select Search
MaterialUniverse
Concrete, Stone, Ceramic, Brick…..+
Wood, Plywood, Glulam, Bamboo, Straw…+
Metals, Ferrous and Non-ferrous+
Polymers: Elastomers, Thermoplastics…+
Composites+
Foams, Fabrics and Fibers+
Table: MaterialsUniverseTable: MaterialsUniverse
Subset: All ArchitectureSubset: All Architecture
Search
Find what:
Look in table: MaterialUniverse
Glulam
© MFA and DC 2007
Architecture and the Built Environment
H y g r o - T h e r m a l p r o p e r t i e s W a t e r a b s o r p t i o n 2 - 8 . 5 % F r o s t R e s i s t a n c e P o o r E l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t o r o r i n s u l a t o r ? G o o d i n s u l a t o r A c o u s t i c p r o p e r t i e s S o u n d a b s o r p t i o n P o o r S o u n d i s o l a t i o n G o o d E n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o p e r t i e s E m b o d i e d E n e r g y 4 . 9 - 5 . 4 M J / k g C a r b o n d i o x i d e f o o t p r i n t * 0 . 1 4 - 0 . 1 6 k g / k g R e c y c l e F a l s e D o w n c y c l e T r u e B i o d e g r a d e F a l s e I n c i n e r a t e F a l s e L a n d f i l l T r u e D u r a b i l i t y F r e s h W a t e r V e r y G o o d S a l t W a t e r V e r y G o o d W e a k A c i d G o o d S t r o n g A c i d P o o r W e a k A l k a l i s V e r y G o o d S t r o n g A l k a l i s G o o d O r g a n i c S o l v e n t s V e r y G o o d S u n l i g h t ( U V r a d i a t i o n ) V e r y G o o d D u r a b i l i t y i n i n d u s t r i a l a t m o s p h e r e G o o d D u r a b i l i t y i n r u r a l a t m o s p h e r e V e r y G o o d D u r a b i l i t y i n m a r i n e a t m o s p h e r e G o o d D e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s S a n d s t o n e i s e a s i l y c u t a n d c a r v e d . M a r b l e h a s a w o n d e r f u l t r a n s l u c e n c y , m a k i n g i t t h e c h o i c e o f m a n y s c u l p t o r s . I t w e a t h e r s i n a b e n i g n a t t r a c t i v e w a y , b u t t h e s u r f a c e t r a p s d i r t i n a n u r b a n o r i n d u s t r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , r e q u i r i n g p e r i o d i c c l e a n i n g . T e c h n i c a l n o t e s S a n d s t o n e s c o n s i s t o f p a r t i c l e s o f q u a r t z , f e l d s p a r a n d m i c a b o n d e d b y a n a t u r a l c e m e n t . T h e c e m e n t d e t e r m i n e s t h e s t r e n g t h , d u r a b i l i t y a n d c o l o r . C a l c a r e o u s s a n d s t o n e s a r e b o n d e d w i t h c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e ; t h e y a r e c a l l e d " f r e e s t o n e " b e c a u s e t h e y a r e e a s i l y w o r k e d b u t t h e y w e a t h e r b a d l y . S i l i c e o u s s a n d s t o n e s a r e b o n d e d w i t h a l u m i n o - s i l i c a t e s ; t h e y a r e a c i d r e s i s t a n t a n d d u r a b l e b u t h a r d e r t o w o r k . B l u e s t o n e , m u c h u s e d i n N e w Y o r k s t a t e , i s n o t e d f o r i t s e v e n g r a i n a n d h i g h s t r e n g t h . I t i s a b o u t 7 0 % s i l i c a b o n d e d w i t h c l a y . F e r r u g i n o u s s a n d s t o n e s c o n t a i n o x i d e s o f i r o n , g i v i n g l o v e l y b r o w n s , r e d s a n d y e l l o w s .
S a n d s t o n e S a n d s t o n e i s c o n s o l i d a t e d s a n d p a r t i c l e s ( q u a r t z ) , b o n d e d b y a c e m e n t i n g a g e n t : f e l d s p a r s , l i m e s , s i l i c a o r c l a y s . T h e s i z e o f t h e s a n d p a r t i c l e s , t h e p o r o s i t y a n d t h e s t r e n g t h v a r y g r e a t l y i n d i f f e r e n t s a n d s t o n e s . T h e c o l o u r s d e r i v e f o r m i r o n o r m a n g a n e s e i m p u r i t i e s a n d g i v e s a n d s t o n e s t h e i r c h a r a c t e r . P a r t i c u l a r g r a d e s a r e k n o w n a s B l u e s t o n e o r Y o r k s t o n e . S a n d s t o n e i s u s e d f o r b u i l d i n g s a n d f a c i n g , t a b l e t o p s , b e n c h t o p s a n d c h e m i c a l e q u i p m e n t t o r e s i s t a c i d s a n d a l k a l i s . G e n e r a l p r o p e r t i e s D e n s i t y 2 . 2 4 e 3 - 2 . 6 5 e 3 k g / m ^ 3 P r i c e * 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 $ U S / k g B u i l d i n g s y s t e m S u p e r s t r u c t u r e , E n c l o s u r e , I n t e r i o r , S e r v i c e s M e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s C o m p r e s s i v e S t r e n g t h 7 0 - 9 0 M P a T e n s i l e S t r e n g t h * 4 - 1 5 M P a B e n d i n g s t r e n g t h 5 - 1 6 M P a E l a s t i c L i m i t * 4 - 1 5 M P a F r a c t u r e T o u g h n e s s * 0 . 7 - 1 . 5 M P a . m ^ 1 / 2 Y o u n g ' s M o d u l u s 1 4 - 4 0 G P a S h e a r M o d u l u s * 1 4 . 9 - 1 5 . 7 G P a B u l k m o d u l u s * 2 4 . 9 - 2 6 . 2 G P a B e n d i n g m o d u l u s * 1 4 - 4 0 G P a P o i s s o n ' s R a t i o * 0 . 2 4 - 0 . 2 6 H a r d n e s s - V i c k e r s * 7 - 3 8 H V E l o n g a t i o n 0 % E n d u r a n c e L i m i t * 3 . 1 5 - 3 . 6 8 M P a M e c h a n i c a l l o s s c o e f f i c i e n t * 1 . 9 e - 3 - 5 . 7 e - 3 T h e r m a l a n d C o m b u s t i o n p r o p e r t i e s T h e r m a l c o n d u c t o r o r i n s u l a t o r ? P o o r i n s u l a t o r T h e r m a l R e s i s t i v i t y * 0 . 3 4 5 - 0 . 3 9 8 m . K / W T h e r m a l E x p a n s i o n * 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 µ s t r a i n / K S p e c i f i c H e a t * 8 4 0 - 9 2 0 J / k g . K M e l t i n g P o i n t * 1 . 4 7 e 3 - 1 . 6 7 e 3 K M a x i m u m S e r v i c e T e m p e r a t u r e * 6 7 3 - 9 7 3 K F l a m m a b i l i t y N o n - f l a m m a b l e
R e d S a n d s t o n e , U n i v e r s i t y o f S y d n e y , N e w S o u t h W a l e s , A u s t r a l i a
T h e r m a l a n d C o m b u s t i o n p r o p e r t i e s T h e r m a l c o n d u c t o r o r i n s u l a t o r ? P o o r i n s u l a t o r T h e r m a l R e s i s t i v i t y 0 . 3 4 5 - 0 . 3 9 8 m . C / W T h e r m a l E x p a n s i o n 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 µ s t r a i n / C S p e c i f i c H e a t * 8 4 0 - 9 2 0 J / k g . C M e l t i n g P o i n t * 1 2 0 0 - 1 4 0 0 C M a x i m u m S e r v i c e T e m p e r a t u r e * 4 0 0 - 7 0 0 C F l a m m a b i l i t y N o n - f l a m m a b l e
Part of a typical record (reformatted): Sandstone
© MFA and DC 2007
What is different?
Additional fields (62 selectable fields)
Mechanical properties in bending
Hygro-thermal props
Acoustic properties
Durability in various atmospheres
More classes of concrete
More classes of brick and tile
More fibers, particle and plywoods
More materials for insulation
Images relating to built environment where possible
Content: Level 2, expanded
126 records emphasising materials for the built environment
© MFA and DC 2007
Enables students to explore relationships
Carry out elementary selections (“Find materials with large thermal resistivity”)
Ability to create property charts
Materials with high thermal resistivity
Results 5 out of 95 pass
Material 1 313
Material 2 300
Material 3 278
Material 4 247
etc...
Ranking T-resistivity
© MFA and DC 2007
Selection: cladding for buildings
Select materials for cladding for buildings.
Durable, strong, ductile cladding in the form of sheet.
Environmentally friendly
As cheap as possible
Design requirements Translation
Function Protective cladding
Constraints
• Form: sheet
• Tensile strength > 50 MPa
• Elongation > 2%
• Durability in industrial environment: Very good
• Durability in rural environment: Very good
• Durability in marine environment: Very good
Free variable Choice of material
• Minimize cost (and / or)
• Minimize embodied energy
Objectives
© MFA and DC 2007
Applying the constraints
Mechanical properties
Material form
Bulk
Sheet
Durability
MPa
%
-
Industrial environment
Tensile strength
Elongation
-
-etc
Rural environment
Marine environment
Apply constraints using a Limit stage
Very good
Very good
Very good
2
50
© MFA and DC 2007
Cladding: the selection
Then a graph stage to minimize cost and embodied energy
© MFA and DC 2007
Terne coated steel
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Demo
© MFA and DC 2007
Exercises: Searching the Architecture DB
9.1 Find, by Searching, the record for Glulam. What is it?
Answer: Glued-laminated timber.
9.2 Find, by Searching, the record for SMC. What is it?
Answer: SMC is Sheet molding compound, a polyester matrix glass-fiber composite
9.3 Find, by Searching, the record for RPC. What is it? Answer: RPC is Reactive powder concrete
Find what:
Look in table: MaterialUniverse
Browse Select Search
GlulamFind what:
Look in table: MaterialUniverse
Browse Select Search
Glulam
© MFA and DC 2007
Exercises: Selecting from the Architecture DB
9.4 Find, using a Limit stage, materials that are
Good thermal insulators
Non-flammable
Have very good frost resistance
Results:
Glass fiber
Vermiculite
Browse Select Search
1. Selection data
MaterialsUniverse: All ArchitectureMaterialsUniverse: All Architecture
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
Hygro-thermal properties
Thermal and combustions properties
Flammability
Good conductor
Poor conductor
Poor insulator
Good insulator
Frost resistance Very good
Conductor or insulator?
Non flammable
Browse Select SearchBrowse Select Search
1. Selection data
MaterialsUniverse: All ArchitectureMaterialsUniverse: All Architecture
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
Hygro-thermal properties
Thermal and combustions properties
Flammability
Good conductor
Poor conductor
Poor insulator
Good insulator
Frost resistance Very good
Conductor or insulator?
Non flammable
Hygro-thermal properties
Thermal and combustions properties
Flammability
Good conductor
Poor conductor
Poor insulator
Good insulator
Good conductor
Poor conductor
Poor insulator
Good insulator
Frost resistance Very good
Conductor or insulator?
Non flammable
© MFA and DC 2007
Exercises: Selecting from the Architecture DB
9.5 Make a chart of Thermal resistivity plotted
against Embodied energy per unit volume*.
Hence find materials that are excellent insulators
and have very low embodied energy.
* Embodied energy / m3 = Embodied energy/kg x Density
Th
erm
al r
es
isti
vit
y (m
.K/W
)
Embodied energy x Density
Best choice
Browse Select Search
1. Selection data
MaterialsUniverse : All ArchitectureMaterialsUniverse : All Architecture
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
Th
erm
al r
es
isti
vit
y (m
.K/W
)
Embodied energy x Density
choiceTh
erm
al r
es
isti
vit
y (m
.K/W
)
Embodied energy x DensityEmbodied energy x Density
Best choice
Browse Select SearchBrowse Select Search
1. Selection data
MaterialsUniverse : All ArchitectureMaterialsUniverse : All Architecture
2. Selection Stages
Graph Limit Tree
© MFA and DC 2007
End of Unit 9
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