modern world history quick review. greece organized into city-states – sparta: military society...
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Modern World History Quick Review
Greece
Organized into city-states– Sparta: military society w/monarch– Athens: Democracy
Most powerful city-state after war with PersiaFamous Leader: Pericles (led direct
democracy)People who don’t participate in government are useless!
Gov’t in Ancient Athens
Monarchy
One ruler
King was born into power
Aristocracy
Few rulers
Rule as a group
Aristocrats had power
Tyranny
One ruler
Rises to power by force
Democracy
Ruling power is in the hands of the people
Direct vs. Representative
Athens is the birthplace
Greek Philosophers
Socrates– Liked democracy
Plato– No democracy– Wrote the Republic– Society should be led by philosopher-
kingsAristotle
– Wrote Politics– “rule of law”
Israelites The first monotheistic
religion (believed in one god) was Judaism
Enslaved in Egypt, until the “Exodus”
Led by Moses to the Promised Land (Canaan)– 10 Commandments
Taught moral and ethical behavior
– Hebrew BibleSociety based on law
Judeo-Christian Tradition
The morals of Judaism and Christianity are at the core of Western society.– fair treatment– Justice
Democracy in EnglandFeudalismStrong monarchsDesire to limit the power of the
monarchs– Magna Carta (1215)– Parliament
Made stronger during the Hundred Years’ War
Parliament
House of Lords
House of Commons
Parliament gains power
King James I behaves like
absolute monarchEnglish Civil War
Commonwealth (Oliver Cromwell
in charge)
Restoration
Glorious Revolution & English Bill of
Rights
Philosophers
Scientific Revolution EnlightenmentPhilosopher Ideas
Locke Natural rights (life, liberty, property)
Montesquieu 1. Separation of powers: divide powers of gov’t into branches
2. Checks and balances
Rousseau Gov’t should be elected by the people (Social Contract)
Voltaire People have the right to overthrow unjust rulers
Wollstonecraft Equality for women in education
American Revolution
“no taxation without representation”Declaration of Independence
– Written by Thomas JeffersonAmericans have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness. We are forming a free and
independent country!
Natural rights? I think John Locke
is onto something…
United States ConstitutionBased on English Bill of RightsBased on ideas MontesquieuBill of Rights added to protect natural
rights
Before the French RevolutionAncien régime: French society divided into
three social classes– First Estate – Clergy– Second Estate – Nobles– Third Estate – everyone else
Bourgeoisie: educated, successful professionals that made up the middle class, but had no power
Rural peasants
Causes of French Revolution
Social: inequality of three estatesEconomic:
– Large national debt: King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette create large deficit
– High taxes – King refused to follow advice of Jacques-
Necker
French Revolution
Estates-General Meets
Third Estate leaves
Tennis Court Oath: 3rd Estate forms National
Assembly
Parisians storm the Bastille
National Assembly ends
special privileges
Declaration of Rights of
Man
Radicals take control and
execute the king
Reign of Terror (Robespierre)
Napoleon
Industrial Revolution
Factories and machines replace hand tools
Began in Great Britain– Geography: lots of resources– Social: Agricultural Revolution
population growth, urbanization, and willing workforce
– Political: stable gov’t– Economic: entrepreneurs willing to invest
capital
Effects of Industrial Revolution
UrbanizationBad working conditions in factories and
mines protests for better conditionsMiddle class emergesRole of women changes
– Cult of domesticity – fight for women’s rights
Socialist thought emerges– Karl Marx develops communism
Industrial Revolution Imperialism
Colonies were 1. source of raw
materials (like cotton)2. source of new
customers & markets for products
3. outlet for excess population
Four Reasons for Imperialism after 1870
1. Economic
2. Political: nationalism & balance of power
3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals
4. Social Darwinism
social reasons
ImperialismAfrica
– Boer War– Ethiopia and Liberia not colonized
Asia– Great Britain in India– Spheres of influence & Open Door Policy
in China– Japan modernized (Meiji Restoration)
Latin America– Spanish-American War– United States created Monroe Doctrine
Reactions to Imperialism
Sepoy Rebellion & Gandhi in IndiaBoxer rebellion in China
The M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI
1.Militarism
2.Alliances
3. Industrialization & Imperialism
4.Nationalism These are the underlying causes of the “Great War”
Triple Entente = Allied Powers (“Allies”)Triple Alliance = Central Powers
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand caused the alliances to collapse into war
New technology changed warfare– New weapons– Trench warfare
MAIN + A = MANIA(If A stands for assassination)
Treaty of Versailles Revenge on Germany
– Reparations– Broke up empire– “war guilt clause”
Germany took blame for the war
– demilitarizationSelf-determination led to
creation of new countriesSet up League of
NationsWoodrow Wilson played
a big role in the treaty
Meanwhile…Russia had become the USSR during WWICzar (king) of Russia overthrownCommunist government took over and
renamed the Russian Empire the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Lenin modified communism to fit Russia and led the Bolsheviks to power
Fascism Centralized, authoritarian gov’t that is not communist (in
other words, a dictatorship) Only one political party allowed Intense nationalism Glorify state over the individual Destructive to human rights State control of the economy Usually use police spies and terror to keep control State controls the media & arts to use as propaganda Use of schools and youth organizations to
spread ideas to children
Hitler is an example of a fascist leader.
Rise of Totalitarianism: Italy
Mussolini rose to power in Italy after WWI– Fascist– Kept capitalism– Promised stability for Italy and revived
national pride– Supported by “Black Shirts” – militants– LEGALLY gained power after the
“March on Rome”
Rise of Totalitarianism: Soviet UnionStalin
– Brought economy under gov’t control using “Five-Year Plans”
– Controlled agriculture: used force to eliminate “kulaks” (wealthy farmers)
– Great PurgeStalin’s reign of terrorForced opponents into labor camps (gulags)
in SiberiaKilled lots of military leaders...bad idea!
Rise of Totalitarianism: GermanyHitler (leader of Third Reich)
– Wrote Mein Kampf to express ideas– Rose to power LEGALLY – Promised stability for Germany and revived
national pride by:Blaming Jews for Germany’s problems (anti-
semitism)– Nuremberg Laws– Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht)
Promising revenge for Treaty of Versailles– Secret police – gestapo– Set up Hitler Youth
Europe Approaches WarAggression in
Japan, Italy, and Germany goes
unchecked
Hitler goes against Treaty of
Versailles
Appeasement – rest of Europe gave in to keep
peace
Germany, Italy, and Japan form
Axis Powers
Germany takes over Austria and Czech Republic
Germany makes deal with Soviets
to divide up Poland
If we give into Hitler’s demands we can avoid another Great War!
World War IIWorld War II Begins:
– 1939: Germany and Soviet attack Poland– France and Great Britain prepare for war– 1940: Germany attacks France via Belgium
(again!)German Strategy: blitzkrieg (“lightening war”)
used aircraft and tanks to make devastating first strike against enemy
1941: Germany attacks Soviet Union1941: Japan attacks the US at Pearl
Harbor (it had been taking over Asia until this point)
Yalta Conference
Great Britain, Soviets, and US meet to discuss strategy for peace in Europe– Germany divided up– Soviets maintain
control of Eastern Europe
Allies for now, but things are already tense
Churchill (Great Brit.)Stalin (USSR)
Roosevelt (US)
The “Big Three”
Nuclear Attacks
United States uses nuclear bombs against Japan to end war in the Pacific.Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroyed.
Post-WWII Germany divided up among
victors United Nations formed to
govern international relations– All countries part of
General Assembly– Security Council: US,
Soviet Union (Russia), China, France, and Great Britain
Marshall Plan: United States offered aid to Europe to help rebuilding– Soviet Union & Eastern
Europe did not take aid
Cold War: US (and West) vs. USSR
Germany (and Berlin) dividedEastern Europe controlled by
communist Soviets (Soviet Block)US and USSR never fought a war
directly against each other…it was a war of ideas
“Hot” Wars:– Korea– Vietnam– Afghanistan
Events of the Cold War
“Space race” and “arms race” both sides tried to show they were best and strongest
Berlin Airlift: US supplied W. BerlinCuban Missile Crisis:
– Russia put nukes on Cuba. US got mad. Kennedy president
“Hot” Wars
Communism in China
Mao Zedong– Communist dictator– Gov’t control of Chinese economy– “Great Leap Forward” tried to
industrialize China – “Cultural Revolution” tried to eliminate
capitalist ideas from China– Red Guards were secret police– Part of Cold War: Communist China
supports North Korea in Korean War (US supports South Korea)
Soviet Union collapses: 1989-1991
Gorbachev becomes leader in USSR– Reformer
Perestroika – restructures gov’tGlasnost – ends censorship and encourages
people to discuss the country’s problemsCommunist Block falls apart
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