moe moe memorial
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1^pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pdefwpfyGif hpdefwpfyGif hpdefwpfyGif hpdefwpfyGif hpdefwpfyGif h
rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 59ESpfjynfh trSwfw&
jrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJY
pDpOfonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)^ 2
jrefrm tD;bkcf 1
2003?atmufwdkbm 9
o½kyfazmfykHrsm;o½kyfazmfykHrsm;o½kyfazmfykHrsm;o½kyfazmfykHrsm;o½kyfazmfykHrsm;
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ykHwlyef;csDvuf&mrsm; (rarT; pm 30? vSxGef;atmif pm
56? rsKd;ñGefY pm 70? rkwfokef pm 122) ? 0w¬Ko½kyfazmfykHrsm; ( OD;udkav; pm
96? yef;csD ausmfaomif; 110) ? py,fjzK r*¾Zif; «rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)
trSwfw&» rsufESmzkH; pm 124
3^pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pDpOfolYtrSmpDpOfolYtrSmpDpOfolYtrSmpDpOfolYtrSmpDpOfolYtrSm
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) &JU 59ESpfajrmuf trSwfw&tjzpf azmftJAm;
payhpfa'ghuGrf;&JU tGefvdkif; owif;pmapmif pmrsufESmrsm;ay:rSm
atmufarhzG,f pmrsufESmtjzpf pDpOfwifqufzdkY aqG;aEG;MuwJh tcg jrefrm
tD;bkcf pmzwfolrsm;eJY rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU pmzwfy&dowftwGuf rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)trSwfw& tD;bkcfpmtkyfi,f wpftkyf oD;oefYpDpOf wifquf
ay;jcif;tm;jzifh 0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;&JU tuefYtowfudk ausmfvTm;NyD;
pmzwfolrsm;rsm; tm;yg;w& zwfp&m jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif vdrfhr,fvdkY
arQmfvifhNyD; pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)udk rl&if; 'pf*spfw,fpmtkyftaeeJY
xkwfa0zdkY qkH;jzwfvdkufMuygw,f/
'gayr,fh 'Dpmtkyfi,frSm azmfjyxm;wJh pmrsm;tm;vkH; ykHESdyf xkwfa0NyD;
rlrsm;rS a&G;cs,f aumufEIwfwifqufxm;jcif;om jzpfygw,f/
pmtkyftaeeJYom tD;rl&if;tjzpf pDpOfvdkufayr,fh pmrsm;&JU wu,fhrl&if;
rsm;u ykHESdyfrD'D,may:rSmom jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmpmtkyfavmueJY pmzwfolrsm;twGuf oJwpfyGifhrQjzpfap
jznfhqnf;yg0ifvdkwJhqE´eJY tck tD;bkcfudk pDpOf&jcif;yg/ tajctae
tcGifhtvrf;ay: rlwnfNyD; jrefrmtD;bkcfpmzwfrsm;twGuf qufvuf
BuKd;yrf;oGm;rSm jzpfNyD; a0zeftMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk ay;ydkYyg&ef
zdwfac:ygw,f/
jrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJ YjrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJ YjrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJ YjrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJ YjrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJ Y
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)^ 4
aus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTmaus;Zl;wifvTm
'DtD;bkcfpmtkyfi,frSm yg0ifwJh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhwJh
q&mewfEG,f? jrifhoef;? pdk;jrifhvwfwdkYudk vnf;aumif;? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pmpkpm&if;jyKpkol raqGaqGrmudk vnf;aumif;? vGrf;pmacG u@yg
aumufEIwfcsufrsm; &,lcJh&m aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhwJh q&mrBuD; vlxk
a':trm? py,fjzLpmwnf;tzGJY? cifESif;,k? [def;vwf? avhvmolwpfOD;?
pmay a0zefa&;q&mwpfOD;? jrefrmpmausmif;ol *syeftrsKd;orD;
rpE´m0if;wdkYudk vnf;aumif;? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) arG;aeY ESpfywfvnf
trSwfw&pmudk oD;oefY a&;om;csD;jr§ifhay;aom q&mr (a':)
cifaqGOD;tm; vnf;aumif;? pmtkyfi,ftwGif; tokH;jyKxm;aom rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)&JU ykHwlyef;csDrsm; a&;qGJcJhMuolrsm; jzpfwJh yef;csD rsKd;ñGefY?
rkwfokef? rarT;? vSxGef;atmifwdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? vdktyfaom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;tm; &SmazGulnDaom pmMunfhwdkufrSL; OD;pdk;jrifhoef;
(aEGoifEdkif) tm; vnf;aumif;? vdktyforQ tultnDrsm;udk ay;tyfcJhwJh
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU cifyGef; udkrsKd;ñGefY(pmayavmu)udk vnf;aumif;
aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;jyKtyfygw,f/
5^pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf; 11111
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if; 33333
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if; 1818181818
rdrdESifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
ewfEG,fewfEG,fewfEG,fewfEG,fewfEG,f 2929292929
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef; 5555555555
pmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) ESifhpmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) ESifhpmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) ESifhpmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) ESifhpmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) ESifh
olY0w¬Krsm;olY0w¬Krsm;olY0w¬Krsm;olY0w¬Krsm;olY0w¬Krsm;
pdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwf 7171717171
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;
jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef; 7979797979
tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 9797979797
odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 111111111111111
vGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacG 121121121121121
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)^ 6
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 1
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf;
rd k;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;) (c&pf 1944-1990)/ / trsKd;om; pmayqk
av;Budrfwdkifwdkif &&SdcJhaom pma&;q&mr rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)udk yJcl;wdkif;
'dkufOD;NrdKUe,fwGif tz OD;xGef;? trd a':jr&SifwdkYu 1944ckESpf atmufwdk
bmv 24 &ufü arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if; a':pef;pef;jzpfonf/
'dkufOD;NrdKUtpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;NyD;
1956 ckESpfwGif pwkw¬wef; paumvm;&Spfqk &onf/ ckepfwef; ausmif;ol
b0wGif uAsmrsm; pwif a&;pyfonf/ ausmif;pmMunhfwdkufESifh eH&Huyf
pmapmif aumfrwDrsm;wGif trIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ txuf
wef; ausmif;olb0wGif c½dkiftvdkuf pmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJrsm;ü qkrsm;&&SdcJhonf/
1956 ckESpfwGif &efukef 0dZÆmESifhodyHÜwuúodkvfwGif ocsFmbmom
t"dujzifh wufa&muf ynmoifMum;onf/ ynmoifMum;&if; aexdkif&m
taqmiftrnfudk tpGJjyKí rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) [laom uavmiftrnfjzifh
uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; pwifa&;om;onf/ yxrqHk; a&G;cs,f azmfjycH&aom
0w¬KwdkrSm 1972 ckESpf pufwifbmvxkwf aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;yg ]]tdrfeD;csif;}}
0w¬K jzpfonf/ xkd0w¬Kwdkudk jrefrmhtoHrS Zmwfvrf;yrm em;qifp&m
tjzpfvnf; toHvTifhcJhonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk; vHk;csif;0w¬K&Snf
jzpfaom ]]aysmufaom vrf;rSm prf;w0g;}} 0w¬Kudk a&;om;onf/
xkdpOfrSpí 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&SnfESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk uG,fvGefcsdef
txd tqufrjywf a&;cJh&m 0w¬KwdkESifh r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snf pkpkaygif; 101yk'f?
vHk;csif;0w¬K 24 yk'fESifh aqmif;yg; 55 yk'fcefY &Sdonf/
a&;om;cJhaom 0w¬Kwdkrsm;udk pkaygif;í ]]r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&Snfrsm;}}?
]]0w¬Kwdkrsm;(1)}}? ]]jrefrmjynfrSm aeMuonf}}? ]]xkdaeYu rD;rvmyg}}ESifh ]]rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;(2)}}ESifh ]]0w¬Kwdkrsm;(2)}} wdkYudk pmtkyf
xkwfa0cJhonf/
2 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) onf ]]aysmufaom vrf;rSm prf;w0g;}} vHk;csif;
0w¬K&Snfjzifh 1974 ckESpf trsKd;om; pmay 0w¬K&Snfqkudk vnf;aumif;?
]]r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&Snfrsm;}} jzifh 1980 jynfhESpf trsKd;om;pmay 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf
qkudkvnf;aumif;? ]]0w¬Kwdkrsm;(1)}}jzifh 1982 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmay
0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyfqkudkvnf;aumif;? ]]0w¬Kwdkrsm;(2)}}jzifh 1986 ckESpf
trsKd;om;pmay 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf qkudkvnf;aumif; trsKd;om; pmayqkudk
av;Budrf wdkifwdkif qGwfcl;EdkifcJhol jzpfonf/
ol\ ]]aysmufaom vrf;rSm prf;w0g;}} 0w¬Kudk ½k&Sm;bmom?
*syefbmom rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? ]]b,folvmulyghr,f}} 0w¬Kudk ½k&Sm;
bmomodkYvnf;aumif;? ]]rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD}} 0w¬Kudk *syefbmomodkY
vnf;aumif; oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS bmomjyefqdk xkwfa0cJhMu
onf/ xdk Ytjyif 0w¬Kwdk trsm;tjym;udkvnf; t*Fvdyfbmomodk Y
vnf;aumif;? tcsKdUudk *syefbmomodkYvnf;aumif; jyefqdkxkwfa0cJhonf/
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) onf 1989 ckESpf Mo*kwfvrS pí uG,fvGefcsdef
txd pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcHpmwnf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) onf pmay wm0efudk xrf;aqmif&if; 1990
jynfhESpf rwfv 13 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGefonf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif
cifyGef; OD;rsKd;ñGefYESifh om;ESpfa,muf? orD;wpfa,muf usef&pfonf/
(jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf; ESpfcsKyfpmtkyf 1991rS)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 3
rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;udk pmMunfhwdkufynm 'DyvdkrmbGJUtwGuf
wifjyaom usrf;i,ftjzpf raqGaqGrmu jynfhpkHpGm jyKpkcJhygonf/
þpmtkyfi,fwGif pma&;q&m\ t"dupmayvuf&mrsm; jzpfonfh
0w¬KwdkESifh 0w¬K&Snfrsm; pm&if;ESifh rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh
pmpkpm&if;rS aqmif;yg;rsm; pm&if;udkom xkwfEIwf wifjyvdkufygonf/
4 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 5
0w¬Krsm;0w¬Krsm;0w¬Krsm;0w¬Krsm;0w¬Krsm;
1/ ]]uJ&D;tGef&if&if}} ? *Dwya'om*Dwya'om*Dwya'om*Dwya'om*Dwya'om? wGJ 1? rSwf 6 (Edk0ifbm 1980) pm
50-53? 59/
2/ ]]uwfaMu;wpfvuf}} ? ra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oD? rSwf 58 (Mo*kwf 1989) pm 124-
127/
3/ ]]udk,fa&;BuHKawmh}} ? ppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyef? rSwf 2 (Zlvdkif 1977) pm 34-37/
4/ ]]udk,fhudk,fudkzsuf}} ? armajr&ifaoG;r*¾Zif;armajr&ifaoG;r*¾Zif;armajr&ifaoG;r*¾Zif;armajr&ifaoG;r*¾Zif;armajr&ifaoG;r*¾Zif; (Zlvkdif 1984) pm
106-110/
5/ ]]aus;Zl;wifyg&ap}} ? rl;,pfrl;,pfrl;,pfrl;,pfrl;,pf? rSwf 2 (atmufwdkbm 1984) pm
72-86/
6/ ]]Mu,fuav;awGcspfp&m tjyma&mifaumif;uifrSm}} ? oajyoajyoajyoajyoajy? rSwf
109 ('DZifbm 1983) pm 178-214/
7/ ]]uGJaMuoGm;aom rSefprsm;}} ? 'dkufOD;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;'dkufOD;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;'dkufOD;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;'dkufOD;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;'dkufOD;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;
aiG&wktBudKr*¾Zif;aiG&wktBudKr*¾Zif;aiG&wktBudKr*¾Zif;aiG&wktBudKr*¾Zif;aiG&wktBudKr*¾Zif; ('DZifbm 1980) pm 154-164/
8/ ]]uRefromvQif r,m;tppfjzpfygaMumif;}} ? wkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;ar? wGJ 25?
rSwf 6 (1 atmufwdkbm 1974) pm 41-43? 46-47/
6 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
9/ ]]cifpdk; uifyGef;pcef;rSmaeonf}} ? aiGwm&aiGwm&aiGwm&aiGwm&aiGwm&D? rSwf 240 (ZGef 1980)
pm 136-149/
10/ ]]csrf;omjcif;ESifh aysmf&Tifjcif;}} ? om;a&TO½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;om;a&TO½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;om;a&TO½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;om;a&TO½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;om;a&TO½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;? wGJ 1? rSwf 1
(1989) pm 88-91/
11/ ]]cGeftm;}} ? uvsmuvsmuvsmuvsmuvsm? rSwf 59 (Zefe0g&D 1990) pm 76-79/
12/ ]]*sif*smat;aomufcsifw,f}} ? ½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0? wGJ 40? rSwf 478 (rwf 1987)
pm 45-49/
13/ ]]idk&ifykvJ? &D&if&GJ}} ? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 13? (Zefe0g&D 1986) pm 63-
69/
14/ ]]pum;rqdk0Hatmif}} ? wdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;ar? wGJ 24? rSwf 8 (1 Ekd0ifbm
1973) pm 26-29? 34/
15/ ]]pdk;aMumufrdygonf}} ? obifobifobifobifobif? rSwf 14 ('DZifbm 1984) pm 74-
76? 78/
16/ ]]pdkufwkef;uawmh rcspfpk}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 166 ({NyD 1947) pm
82-90/
17/ ]]ppfom;r,m;}}? wdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;ar? wGJ 23? rSwf 16 (1 rwf 1973) pm
26-19? 32-34/
18/ ]]pdwåZn}} ? ½kyf&Sifatmifv½kyf&Sifatmifv½kyf&Sifatmifv½kyf&Sifatmifv½kyf&SifatmifvH? rSwf 306 (azazmf0g&D 1982) pm
131-134/
19/ ]]pdwfxm;wwfvQif}} ? wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk a&T&wkr*¾Zif;wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk a&T&wkr*¾Zif;wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk a&T&wkr*¾Zif;wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk a&T&wkr*¾Zif;wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk a&T&wkr*¾Zif; (ar 1985)
pm 111-117/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 7
20/ ]]qefydk;}} ? rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;? rSwf 5 (Mo*kwf 1989) pm 52-58/
21/ ]]q,fESpfausmfumvrsm;}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 214 ({NyD 1978) pm
86-92/
22/ ]]q,fjym;wef'óe}} ? yef½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;yef½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;yef½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;yef½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;yef½kyfpH kr*¾Zif;? wGJ 4? rSwf 12 ('DZifbm
1986) pm 29-33/
23/ ]]w&m;opömrSefaomtcgum;}} ? pmayvky fom;pmayvky fom;pmayvky fom;pmayvky fom;pmayvky fom;? rSwf 30
(atmufwdkbm 1983) pm 136-148/
24/ ]]wpfbufuMunfhawmht½kyf? wpfbufuMunfhawmhyef;}} ? uvsmuvsmuvsmuvsmuvsm?
rSwf 37 (Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 87-90/
25/ ]]wpfa,mufwnf;aevnf;jzpfygw,f}}? vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;? wGJ 2? rSwf 1?
(Zefe0g&D 1986) pm 49-54/
26/ ]]Bwd}} ? ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm? wGJ 9? rSwf 14 (Zefe0g&D 1990) pm 103-
107/
27/ ]]xrif;qDqrf;? a&TvifAef;eJYay;yg}} ? ra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oD? rSwf 25 (Mo*kwfv
1986) pm 148-154/
28/ ]]xkdaeYu rD;rvmyg}}? ½kyf&SifatmifvH½kyf&SifatmifvH½kyf&SifatmifvH½kyf&SifatmifvH½kyf&SifatmifvH? rSwf 328 ('DZifbm 1983)
pm 98-113/
29/ ]]xkdaeYu rD;vm\}} ? ra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oD? rSwf 38 (pufwifbm 1987) pm
106-109/
30/ ]]xdkYaMumifh þuJhodkY}}? ppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyef ? rSwf 5 (rwf 1978) pm 178-192/
8 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
31/ ]]axmifajy;}} ? ½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0? wGJ 49? rSwf 462 (Edk0ifbm 1985) pm 84-
87/
32/ ]]'ku©udkyJ&Smae&w,f}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 32 (Mo*kwf 1987) pm 24-
34/
33/ ]]aeol&JUajreDcif}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 226 ({NyD 1979) pm 152-169/
34/ ]]aea&mifatmufrSm va&mufaysmuf&onf}} ? Ouúvmr*¾Zif;Ouúvmr*¾Zif;Ouúvmr*¾Zif;Ouúvmr*¾Zif;Ouúvmr*¾Zif; (rwf
1980) pm 46-49/
35/ ]]ae&pfcJhyg}} ? ½kyf&Sif½kyf&Sif½kyf&Sif½kyf&Sif½kyf&Sif? wGJ rSwf 3 (ZGef 1980) pm 42-48/
36/ ]]aEGudkrkef;onf}} ? yef;a0oDyef;a0oDyef;a0oDyef;a0oDyef;a0oD? rSwf 10 ({NyD 1989) pm 6-11/
37/ ]]aEGrSmaysmufqHk;oGm;aom ESifhyGifhuav;rsm;}} ? wuúodkvfaiG&wkwuúodkvfaiG&wkwuúodkvfaiG&wkwuúodkvfaiG&wkwuúodkvfaiG&wk
tBudKr*¾Zif;tBudKr*¾Zif;tBudKr*¾Zif;tBudKr*¾Zif;tBudKr*¾Zif;? (Zefe0g&D 1980) pm 114-121/
38/ ]]aESmif;rdk;}} ? 0gPdZÆ0gPdZÆ0gPdZÆ0gPdZÆ0gPdZÆ (Zlvkdif 1979) pm 48-56/
39/ ]]ykpOf;jym awmifyHum;&,f}}? obifobifobifobifobif? rSwf 6 ({NyD 1948) pm 30-
41/
40/ ]]ydkYpuwfav;wpfapmif}}? wdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;ar? wGJ 24? rSwf 14 (1 azazmf0g&D
1974) pm 2-26? 33/
41/ ]]aygu©&0órdk;}}? {&m0wDr*¾Zif;{&m0wDr*¾Zif;{&m0wDr*¾Zif;{&m0wDr*¾Zif;{&m0wDr*¾Zif;? rSwf 1? (1989) pm 72-76/
42/ ]]ydefcsifvdkYwJhawmfa&}} ? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1985) pm 115-
119/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 9
43/ ]]ydefrSjzpfr,f}} ? ra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oD? rSwf 61 (Edk0ifbm 1985) pm 92-95/
44/ ]]jynfAm&mrStpjyKí}} ? cs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&D? rSwf 2 (pufwifbm 1984) pm
106-116/
45/ ]]jynfhpHkjcif;ESifh rjynfhpHkkjcif;}} ? jrpfi,fr*¾Zif;jrpfi,fr*¾Zif;jrpfi,fr*¾Zif;jrpfi,fr*¾Zif;jrpfi,fr*¾Zif; (azazmf0g&D 1979)
pm 140-150/
46/ ]]yGifhopfwdkY yifvHk;a0}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 255? (pufwifbm 1981)
pm 126-151/
47/ ]]jzwfpm;vQyfpm;}} ? wdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;arwdkif;&if;ar? wGJ 37? rSwf 2 (Mo*kwf 1986) pm
28-33/
48/ ]]b0wdkufyGJpwifjcif;}} ? oHvGifOD;r*¾Zif;oHvGifOD;r*¾Zif;oHvGifOD;r*¾Zif;oHvGifOD;r*¾Zif;oHvGifOD;r*¾Zif;? rSwf 5 (azazmf0g&D 1979)
pm 36-39/
49/ ]]b0tarSmif}}? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 155 (ar 1973) pm 119-123/
50/ ]]bda&Smh[krf;ESifh a'0D}}? taumufcGefESpfvnfr*¾Zif;taumufcGefESpfvnfr*¾Zif;taumufcGefESpfvnfr*¾Zif;taumufcGefESpfvnfr*¾Zif;taumufcGefESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ('DZifbm
1986) pm 110-114/
51/ ]]b,folvmulyghr,f}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 186 ('DZifbm 1975) pm
126-141/
52/ ]]rñkdjym aumvd,acsmif;ab;rSmaeonf}} ? pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;? rSwf 1
(ar 1981) pm 26-39/
53/ ]]rwm refusnf;&GmrSmaeonf}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 2500 ({NyD 1981)
pm 146-166/
10 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
54/ ]]rzl;om}} ? jrpfBuD;em;r*¾Zif;jrpfBuD;em;r*¾Zif;jrpfBuD;em;r*¾Zif;jrpfBuD;em;r*¾Zif;jrpfBuD;em;r*¾Zif; (Zefe0g&D 1981) pm 97-102/
55/ ]]rrt,f'DwmawG}} ? *Dwya'om*Dwya'om*Dwya'om*Dwya'om*Dwya'om? rSwf 90 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm
44-48/
56/ ]]rD;&xm;ESifh c&D;oGm;jcif;taMumif;}} ? pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;? rSwf 8 ('DZifbm
1981) pm 54-57/
57/ ]]rkqdk;rwpfa,muf\ wrf;csif;}}? vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav; (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm 132-
146/
58/ ]]rk'dwm}} ? cs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&D? rSwf 56 (atmufwdkbm 1989) pm 46-51/
59/ ]]rdk;ausmf ausmufyef;awmif;rSmaeonf}} ? yckuúLr*¾Zif;yckuúLr*¾Zif;yckuúLr*¾Zif;yckuúLr*¾Zif;yckuúLr*¾Zif; (rwf 1981)
pm 246-157/
60/ ]]rdk;wdrfvGifhaomf rkefwdkif;Nidrfrnf}} ? jr0wDjr0wDjr0wDjr0wDjr0wD? wGJ 31? rSwf 1 (Edk0ifbm
1982) pm 142-158/
61/ ]]rif;oDwm odkYr[kwf...}} ? rk d;a0rk d;a0rkd;a0rkd;a0rkd;a0? rSwf 163 (Mo*kwf 1981) pm
74-88/
62/ ]]jrLarSmifa0uif;}} ? wkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;arwkdif;&if;ar? wGJ 38? rSwf 8 (15 'DZifbm
1978) pm 66-72/
—? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 9 (1 Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 82-88/
—? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 10 (azazmf0g&D 1988) pm 82-85/
—? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 11 (rwf 1988) pm 68-72? 83-84/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 11
—? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 12 ({NyD 1988) pm 78-82/
—? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 13 (ar 1988) pm 98-104/
—?—? wGJ 38? rSwf 14 (ZGef 1988) pm 86-104/
—? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 15 (Zlvdkif 1988) pm 82-86/
63/ ]]rQa0ray;om}}? ½kyf&SiftjrKaw½kyf&SiftjrKaw½kyf&SiftjrKaw½kyf&SiftjrKaw½kyf&SiftjrKaw? wGJ 27? rSwf 10 (atmufwdkbm
1984) pm 96-97/
64/ ]]arQmfvifhjcif;ESifhtwl}}? ½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0? wGJ 42? rSwf 502 (ar 1989) pm
96-97/
65/ ]]NrH§K;xJu ig;ESpfaumif}}? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 197 (Edk0ifbm 1976) pm
142-158)/
66/ ]]&D&Drm q,fhESpfvHk;wef;rSmaeonf}} ? ½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0½Ir0? wGJ 36? rSwf 412 (ZGef
1982) pm 138-158/
67/ ]]a&pD;aMumif;}} ? ayzl;vTmayzl;vTmayzl;vTmayzl;vTmayzl;vTm? rSwf 94 (ZGef 1989) pm 52-55/
68/ ]]a&rSmaysmfaomig; awmrSmaysmfaomqif}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 208
(atmufwdkbm 1977) pm 110-113/
69/ ]]½kyf&SifwpfyGJavmufMunfhcsifw,f}} ? &ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h? rSwf 2 (Edk0ifbm
1986) pm 120-125/
70/ ]]a&Tvufjzifhac:ygonf}} ? tPÖ0gr*¾Zif;tPÖ0gr*¾Zif;tPÖ0gr*¾Zif;tPÖ0gr*¾Zif;tPÖ0gr*¾Zif;? rSwf 1 (azazmf0g&D 1989)
pm 18-25/
12 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
71/ ]]va&mifvGrf;vnf; urf;ESifha0;cJh}} ? rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;rl;,pfr*¾Zif;? rSwf 3 ('DZifbm
1985) pm 52-65/
72/ ]]vlYpdwf}} ? ppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyef? rSwf 122 (Zefe0g&D 1989) pm 46-49/
73/ ]]avqdyf}}? '*kef'*kef'*kef'*kef'*kef? wGJ 3? rSwf 7 (Zlvdkif 1987) pm 67-72? 77/
74/ ]]av;bufeH&H}} ? tdyfrufzl;tdyfrufzl;tdyfrufzl;tdyfrufzl;tdyfrufzl;? rSwf 2 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 18-28/
75/ ]]avmuxJu xGufajy;csifw,f}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 189 (rwf 1976)
pm 87-93/
76/ ]]vufacRyGifh}} ? jr0wDjr0wDjr0wDjr0wDjr0wD? wGJ 28? rSwf 6 ({NyD 1980) pm 86-99/
77/ ]]0HykavGrjzpfvdkaom odk;i,f}} ? pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom; ('DZifbm 1980)
pm 172-176/
78/ ]]0if;az pmar;yGJus&onfhtaMumif;}} ? rtlyifr*¾Zif;rtlyifr*¾Zif;rtlyifr*¾Zif;rtlyifr*¾Zif;rtlyifr*¾Zif; ('DZifbm
1980) pm 172-176/
79/ ]]oZifawGzl;ygwJh}} ? ppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyef? rSwf 113 (azazmf0g&D 1988) pm
102-105/
80/ ]]oZifoHk;cuf}} ? vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;vHkrav;? rSwf 5 (ar 1985) pm 122-127/
81/ ]]om;orD;&JU tqHk;tr}} ? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 25 (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm
60-62/
82/ ]]olYtwGufvm;? udk,fhtwGufvm;}} ? rS reufjzefESifh e0&wfudk;oG,frS reufjzefESifh e0&wfudk;oG,frS reufjzefESifh e0&wfudk;oG,frS reufjzefESifh e0&wfudk;oG,frS reufjzefESifh e0&wfudk;oG,f?
&efukef? cs,f&Dyef;pmay? 1985/ pm 77-87/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 13
83/ ]]aoonf\ tjcm;rJhü}} ? aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&D? rSwf 201 (rwf 1977) pm 98-
102/
84/ ]]aomhwGJtyfcsifw,f}} ? &ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h? rSwf 12 (pufwifbm 1987)
pm 140-154/
85/ ]]odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 52? (rwf 1990) pm54-
58/
86/ ]]tudkif;tcufwdkYonf twdkt&Snf&SdMuukef\}}? csnfrQifESifhtxnfcsnfrQifESifhtxnfcsnfrQifESifhtxnfcsnfrQifESifhtxnfcsnfrQifESifhtxnf
puf½Hk(ppfudkif;)r*¾Zif;puf½Hk(ppfudkif;)r*¾Zif;puf½Hk(ppfudkif;)r*¾Zif;puf½Hk(ppfudkif;)r*¾Zif;puf½Hk(ppfudkif;)r*¾Zif; (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 164-176? 194/
87/ ]]tcspfyGifhOD;}}? &ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h&ifckefyGif h? rSwf 26 (Zefe0g&D 1989) pm 146-156/
88/ ]]tcspfonf b0\ tpdwftydkif;wpfck}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 46 (pufwif
bm 1989) pm 146-155/
89/ ]]tajcrwlaom udef;*Pef;rsm;}}? cs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&Dcs,f&D? rSwf 25 (Mo*kwf 1986)
pm 1700-174/
90/ ]]tpdrf;eJY teD}}? ra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oD? rSwf 49 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 136-140/
91/ ]]tjyefwpf&mrkdufOD;rSm}}? pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;pmayvkyfom;? rSwf 58 ('DZifbm 1985)
pm 58-67/
92/ ]]tjzLa&mifESvHk;om;}}? a&TbdkNrdKU trSwf(1) tpdk;& txufwef;a&TbdkNrdKU trSwf(1) tpdk;& txufwef;a&TbdkNrdKU trSwf(1) tpdk;& txufwef;a&TbdkNrdKU trSwf(1) tpdk;& txufwef;a&TbdkNrdKU trSwf(1) tpdk;& txufwef;
ausmif; ausmufpdrf;&wkr*¾Zif;? (1945-1980)ausmif; ausmufpdrf;&wkr*¾Zif;? (1945-1980)ausmif; ausmufpdrf;&wkr*¾Zif;? (1945-1980)ausmif; ausmufpdrf;&wkr*¾Zif;? (1945-1980)ausmif; ausmufpdrf;&wkr*¾Zif;? (1945-1980) (Zefe0g&D 1980) pm
140-155/
93/ ]]tarqkawmif;vdkufygonf}}? ppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyefppfjyef? rSwf 17 (azazmf0g&D 1980)
pm 110-121/
94/ ]]tarhpm}}? vIdif;bGJUr*¾Zif;vIdif;bGJUr*¾Zif;vIdif;bGJUr*¾Zif;vIdif;bGJUr*¾Zif;vIdif;bGJUr*¾Zif; (ar 1980) pm 86-91/
14 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
vkH;csif; pmtkyfrsm;vkH;csif; pmtkyfrsm;vkH;csif; pmtkyfrsm;vkH;csif; pmtkyfrsm;vkH;csif; pmtkyfrsm;
1/ a<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<u/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1981/ 302
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf – 143) tro – 81^147/
2/ a<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,f/ &efukef? ArmtrsdK;orD;pmay? 1983/ 113-
232 pm? 16 pifwD/
3/ cHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmh/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;
vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf
164) &wp – 8761/
4/ *sdK;*s d K;*s d K;*s d K;*s d K;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 404 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 139) wAp-283077
5/ iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;/ &efukef? tifvsm;pmay? 1975/ 202 pm?
16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 112) tro – 76^162
6/ Nidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&Sufyg/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 225 pm? 16 pifwD
(pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 137) tro 79^897/
7/ nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?
1981/ 315 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 145) wAp-
195523/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 15
8/ xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;
vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 441 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 158)
wAp-324926/
9/ emrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qD/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1983/
347 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 150) &wp-8762/
10/ yef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&m/ &efukef? ynm*kPfpmay? 1981/ 79-198 pm?
16 pifwD? wAp-294617/
11/ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;/ &efukef? xGef;xGef; jrefrmpmay
jr§ifhwifxkwfa0a&;Xme? 1974/ 222 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 92) wAp – 176242/
12/ yGifhwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKU/ &efukef? qdk&S,fpmtkyfwdkuf? 1975/ 315
pm 16 pifwD/ wAp 250187/
13/ b,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,f/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1977/ 218 pm?
16 pifwD? wAp251750/
14/ rok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&D/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 317 pm?
16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 146) wAp-297550/
15/ rD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQif/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf?
1985/ 348 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 154)
16/ rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1/ &efukef? rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)
pmtkyf? 1982/ 248 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 147)
wAp-300745/
16 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
17/ rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2/&efukef? rdkk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf?
1986/ 283 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 162) wAp-
364023/
18/ rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3/ &efukef? wufvrf;pmay? 1993/
323 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 198)
19/ rkd;rk d;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rk d;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rk d;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rk d;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rk d;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4/ &efukef? aomfupmay? 2003/
295 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 332)
20/ rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?
1980/ p? 305 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyf 141) wAp-
283859/
21/ arwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyif/ &efukef? rd k;rd k;(tif;
vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 279 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf
156) wAp-323684/
22/ jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;/ &efukef? aomfupmay? 2003/ pm 88? 11
qifwD? (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf-328)/
23/ jrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonf/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf?
1983/ 251 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 151) wAp-
311793/
24/ rSwpfqifhrSwpfqifhrSwpfqifhrSwpfqifhrSwpfqifh/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1978/ 254 pm? 16 pifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 133) tro 78^1477/
25/ rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1978/ 241
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 131) tro 78^989/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 17
26/ &GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1975/ 262 pm? 16 pifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 103) tro 75^ 1349/
27/ a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQia&Twd*HkudkjrifvQia&Twd*HkudkjrifvQia&Twd*HkudkjrifvQia&Twd*HkudkjrifvQif/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 395 pm? 16
pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 135) wAp-278231/
28/ a0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif h/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)pmtkyf? 1982/ 291
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 148) wAp-303747/
29/ ork'´&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'´&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'´&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'´&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'´&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,f/&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?
1980/ 370 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 142) wAp-
287385/
30/ oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)pmtkyf? 1982/ 379
pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 149) &wp-876
31/ oaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅK/ &efukef yg&rDpmpOf 1983/ 251
pm 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 132) tro-78^1991/
32/ tcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&m/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1976/
308 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 117) tro 76^1507/
18 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;rd k;rd k; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;
aqmif;yg;aqmif;yg;aqmif;yg;aqmif;yg;aqmif;yg;
1/ udkudkudk/ ]]rok"r®pm&D orD; roka0vm&D}}? pE´mpE´mpE´mpE´mpE´m? rSwf 246
(ar 1990) pm 114-115/
1990 ckESpf rwfv (31)&ufwGif rkd;rdk;\ om;ESifh
orD;wkd Ytm; udk&if? oDv&Sif0wfay;aom tvSLr*FvmyGJü rkd;rdk;ESifh
wlvGef;vSaom orD; oG,frsKd;ñGefY (oDv&SifbGJUtrnf roka0vm&D) tm;
olYtaruJhodkY pmayü xl;cRefí *kPfwifhapcsifaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/
2/ ausmfpnfNidrf;/ ]]rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)trSwfw& pwkw¬ESpfywfvnfyGJ}}
*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;? rSwf 5 (ar 1994) pm 122-125/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw& 4ESpfajrmuf txdrf;trSwf
tcrf;tem;wGif rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&tzGJU\ em,ursm; ajymMum;
aom trSmpum;rsm;xJrS rSwfom;p&m pum;vHk;rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;í
azmfjyxm;onf/
3/ ausmfpGmxuf/ ]]rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;) odk Yr[kwf a&cJyifv,fxJu
xdk;xGufaewJh a&cJawmif&JU xdyfpGef;ydkif;}}? rñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk?
rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 103-108/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)aoqHk;rIowif;udk rarQmfvifhbJ
Mum;&í tHhMo0rf;enf;&yHkrS olrESifh oduRrf;cJhyHkrsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
olr\ ½kyf&nfoGifjyif? pdwf"mwfa&;&m? olr\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1-[k trnf
ay;xm;yHkwdkYudk oabmusESpfoufaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkrSwpfqifh
pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; tifwmAsL;u@twGuf awGUqHkMuyHk q&mr uG,fvGefjcif;
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 19
onf jrefrmpmayavmutwGuf tBuD;rm;qHk;aom qHk;½IH;rIBuD; jzpfaMumif;
udk vGrf;qGwfowd&jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh a&;om;xm;onf/
4/ ausmf&ifjrifh/ ]]aoEkdifyg½dk;vm;}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990)
pm 45-47/
rEÅav;pmaytzGJUESifh rdk;rdk;wdkYawGUqHkum pHy,fjzL
r*¾Zif;twGuf aqG;aEG;tMuHay;Muí cspfcif&if;ESD;vkdY t&Sdefaumif;
&aeMupOf rkd;rkd;aoqHk;oGm;onfhtwGuf 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ&um jynfol
cspfaom tEkynmonfonf b,fawmhrS raoEkdifbJ jynfolvlxk\
&ifxJwGif xm0&wnf&Sdaevdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf/
5/ Munfvifat;/]]tm;enf;olwdkYbufu}} rñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk?
rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 141-147/
rd k;rd k ;\ tm;EG J Uol? tm;enf;ol? rdef;rom;ud k
em;vnfaxmufxm;pmemí rdef;rom;rsm;bufrS cHpm;a&;zGJUxm;aom
rok"r®pm&D? avmutarSmif? yGifhwcsKdU a<uwcsKdU ponfh 0w¬Krsm;xJrS
pmom;wcsKdUudk jyefvnfcHpm;azmfjy&if; q&mrtouf&Sifaexdkifvsuf
pmawGqufa&;aernfOD;rnfqdkvQif tEkynmvufeufudk tm;udk;&if;
tm;enf;olawGbufrS &yfwnfaeOD;rSyJ[k a&;om;xm;onf/ olr\
vuf&mopfrsm;udk rawGU&awmhbJ aernfjzpfí 0rf;enf;rdaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf/
6/ cufrm/]]wrf;wjcif;wHqdyf}}? uvsmuvsmuvsmuvsmuvsm? rSwf 111 (ar 1994) pm80-
85/
]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) twGuf (4) ESpfajrmuf trSwfw&
tcrf;tem;wGif olYudkcspfaom pma&;q&mrsm;u olr\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk
vGrf;qGwfowd&pGm ajymMum;MupOf pma&;ol&ifxJü cHpm;&aom
tawG;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
20 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
7/ cifaqGOD;/ ]]pmaywGufwm? wpfoufvsm}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 54
(ar 1990) pm 6/
,ckvxkwf pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;\ acgif;BuD;tjzpf
a&;om;azmfjy&mwGif r*¾Zif;wpfapmiftwGuf wm0efcHpmwnf;
t&nftcsif;&Sd&ef vdktyfyHkESifh rkd;rdk;wGif xdkt&nftcsif;rsm; jynfhrDaMumif;
r*¾Zif;wm0efxrf;aqmifpOftwGif; pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufoGm;cJhaMumif;
rsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
8/ —/ ]]yef;oD;wpfvHk;aysmufqHk;jcif;}} pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? wGJ 2? rSwf 3 (rwf
1990) pm 69-71/
rd k ;r d k ;E Si f h pma&;olwd k Y pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;twGuf
aysmf&Tifwuf<upGmtvkyfvkyfMuyHkudk vGrf;qGwfowd&pGma&;om;xm;onf/
ESpfOD;om; txl;cifrifcspfcifyHk? rkd;rkd;uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;onf 0if;rSnfh
arT;csKdaom yef;oD;wpfvHk; aysmufqHk;jcif;ESifhwlaMumif;udk aqmif;yg;xJüyif
uAsmwpfyk'fjzifh a&;zGJU*kPfjyKxm;onf/
9/ —? ]]orkdif;wGifvsuf xm;cJh&ufw,f}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 54 (ar
1990) pm 95-97/
rkd;rdk; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdpOftcgu pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;
t,f'DwmtzGJUESifhtwlpmaytwGuf vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufMuyHkrsm;? rkd;rdk;
ajymcJhaom pum;rsm;ESifhtwl olr\ aysmfaeaomrsufvHk;uav;rsm;?
0rf;enf;aeaom rsufvHk;uav;rsm;udk owd&atmufarhum bk&m;
&Sdckd;wdkif; trQay; arwåmydkYaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
10/ ckdifav;udk/ ]]emrusef;onftdkESif;qD (odkYr[kwf) rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
ESifholYpmrsm;}}? tysK dpiftysK dpiftysK dpiftysK dpiftysK dpif? wGJ 1? rSwf 3 (Ekd0ifbm 1993) pm 13-17/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ pmayt,ltq? pmayoabmxm;
rsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;í olra&;om;cJhaom vHk;csif;0w¬K&Snf
wpftkyfcsif;pD\ qkdvdkaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk wpfckcsif; a&;om;í
a0zefaqG;aEG; azmfjyxm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 21
11/ acwfxGef;? armif/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&}}? a&T0wfrIefa&T0wfrIefa&T0wfrIefa&T0wfrIefa&T0wfrIef?
wGJ 4? rSwf (ar 1994) pm 29-33/
r k d ;r d k ; (tif;vsm;) uG,fvGe f jci f ; (4)E Sp f jynf h
atmufarhzG,f trSwfw&tcrf;tem;rS tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;om;
azmfjyxm;onf/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&tzGJU\ em,ursm;u
ajymMum;aom trSwfw&pum;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/
12/ —? ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)trSwfw&a[majymyGJ}}? *sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;*sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;? rSwf 8
(Mo*kwfb 1994) pm 50/
18? 6? 94 aeY 0dkiftrfpDatcef;rü jyKvkyfaom
rk d ;r d k ;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&a[majymyG Jü q&m atmifoif;\
a[majymcsufrsm;ud k aumufEkwfwifjyxm;í trSwfw&tzGJU\
tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
13/ cspfOD;ñdk/ ]]qGJqkwfypfcsifwJh jyu©'defwpf&Guf}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 54?
(ar 1990) pm 123-125/
r*¾Zif;wpfapmif\ wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf twef
toifh tawGUtMuHK&SdcJhzl;oltaejzifh pHy,fjzL r*¾Zif;udk rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifpOf r*¾Zif; tppt&m&m wkd;wuf aumif;rGefcJh
aMumif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
14/ —? ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw& ½kyfyHkvTmrsm;}}? jrm;ewfarmifjrm;ewfarmifjrm;ewfarmifjrm;ewfarmifjrm;ewfarmif?
wGJ 3? rSwf 9 (ar 1994) pm 105-107/
rdk;rdk;twGuf 4 ESpfajrmuf trSwfw&yGJü rkd;rdk;\
rdef;rom;wefrJh zwfoDzwfoD ajy;vTm;ae&aom ½kyfyHk? iyvDü awGUcJhaom
vlYavmurS oif,lp&mrsm;udk rem;wrf; &SmazGaeaom ½kyfyHkESifh pma&;
q&m wpfa,mufxHrS olvdkcsifaom pmrlwpfyk'f&atmif zefwD;awmif;,l
Edkifaom t,f'Dwmaumif;wpfa,muf\ ½kyfyHkrsm;udk trSwf&pGm owd&pGm
a&;om;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
22 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
15/ pE´m? r/]]a<uaomfvnf;ra<u}}? &ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH? rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm
104-107/
rdk;rd k;onf rarhEd kifaumif;aom pmayzefwD;&Sif
jzpfaMumif;? olronf yef;av;wpfyGifh a<uovdk jzKwfceJ a<uaomfvnf;
olr ze fwD ;c J haom Zmwfaumi f ;r sm;p Gmonf ra<uEd ki faom
yef;uav;rsm;tjzpf olrudk,fpm; pum;ajymaernfjzpfaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf/
16/ pdefwif? r/ ]] rk d ;rd k ;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGef jcif;ESpfywfvnf
atmif;arhzG,faeY}}? &ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH? rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm 100-103/
½k&Sm;trsKd;orD; rpdefwifu olrESifh rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
cifrif&if;ESD;yHk? pma&;q&mr\ 0w¬Kudk bmomjyefqdkyHk? rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
uG,fvGefjcif;ESpfvnf tcrf;tem;wGif 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ&yHk ajymjycsufudk
pma&;q&mr rpE´mESifh MuLMuLoif;u rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
17/ pdrf;ol? armif(ykodrf-)/ ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU yxraeYrsm; (yxrydkif;)}}?
&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH? rSwf 9 (pufwifbm 1990) pm 76-78/
rdk;rkd;\ taqmifaeausmif;olb0? tdrfaxmifonf
b0ra&mufrDumvrsm;udk azmfjyxm;í udkrsKd;ñGefY\ oli,fcsif;wpfOD;
tjrifjzifh rkd;rdk;tay: ol\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; a&;om;xm;onf/
18/ —/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU yxraeYrsm; ('kwd,ydkif;)}}? &ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH? rSwf
14 (azazmf0g&D 1991) pm 60-63/
rdk;rdk;ESifh udkrsKd;ñGefYwdkY\ r*FvmaqmifyHk&dyfrsm;udk
azmfjyxm;í olwdk Y\ tdrfaxmifOD;rS om;OD;uav; aersK d;ñGef Y
arG;zGm;onfhtcsdefumvrsm;xJrS oltrSwf&aom rkd;rdk;\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk
a&;om;xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 23
19/ —/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) yxraeYrsm; (wwd,ydkif;)? &ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH? rSwf
27 (ar 1992) pm 118-120/
rk d;rd k;(tif;vsm;)wdk Y rdom;pk prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f?
[oFwvrf;ü aexkdifpOfumvrS NrdKUxJ 33 vrf;udk ajymif;onftxd
aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; 0w¬K a&;om;xkwfa0jzpfaom tcsdefrsm;xJrS
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
20/ pdk;jrifhvwf/ ]]pmzwfolwdk YESvHk;om;wGif xm0&wnf&Sdaernfh
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ESifh olY0w¬Krsm;}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 107-
110/
rkd;rdk;\ vHk;csif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; vlYabmifavmutwGuf
tusKd;oufa&mufyHkudk azmfjyxm;um olronf ½dk;½dk;ukwfukwf aexkdif&if;
apwemygaom odu©m& S daom pmrsm;ud kom a&;om;c J h Ny D ;
trsK d;om;pmayqkudk xkdufxkdufwefwef&&S dcJ holwpfOD;jzpfaMumif;
a&;om;xm;í jrefrm0w¬Krsm;jzifh urÇmhpmaytodkif;t0dkif;xJodkY ajccsrd&ef
pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJholwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
21/ pGrf;&nf? armif/]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ESifh b0o½kyfazmf0w¬K}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL?
rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 48-52/
rkd;rkd;\ pmayoabmw&m;? pmayt,ltqwdkYudk
a&;om;xm;í rkd;rkd;onf pum;enf;enf;yJ ajymí ajymonfhtwdkif;
vkyfaqmifum olr\ 0w¬Krsm;onfvnf; acwfNydKif vlrIa&;b0?
rsufarSmufacwf omrefjynfoltrsm;pk\ b0udk xif[yfaom
a&;om;csufrsm; jzpfí jrefrmpmayavmuwGif awmufyonf h
Mu,fwpfyGifhjzpfaMumif;udk todtrSwfjyK armfuGef;a&;xkd;&rnfjzpfaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf/
22/ ñdkxGef;vl/ ]]a<uusESif;qD}}? rñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk? rEÅav;?
BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 27-34/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) aoqHk;rIowif;udk Mum;&pOfrSmyif
rdk;rdk;\ pmayrsm;udk pGJvrf;cJh&yHk? ZmwfaumifwdkY\ b0udk em;vnfcJh&yHk
24 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
wdkYtjyif rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd vlxkwdkufrSm olrESifhqHkcJh&yHkudk wa&;a&; jrifa,mif
um oHo&mtqufqufrSm olr a&;csifaompmrsm; a&;Ekdifygap[k qkrGef
aumif;awmif;aMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
23/ ESif;qDatmif/ ]]uRefrodaom rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)}}? rñdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif;rñdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif;rñdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif;rñdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif;rñdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif;
pmpkpmpkpmpkpmpkpmpk/ rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 27-34/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬K&Snfrsm;teufrS wcsKdUudk
aumufEkwfwifjyxm;í xdk0w¬&SnfrS &&Sdaom tawG;tac:rsm;?
ar;cGef;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ xkd0w¬K&Snfrsm;udk zwfNyD;aemuf pma&;ol\
&ifxJrSm jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;csufrsm;udkvnf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
24/ ra[oDt,f'DwmtzGJU/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) twGuf aEGOD;eHeuf}}?
ra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oD? rSwf 114 ({NyD 1994) pm 32-33/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif; 4ESpfjynfh txdrf;
trSwfyGJwGif uAsmq&m? pma&;q&mrsm;u trSwfw&pum; ajymMum;
MuyHkESif h armifaoG;opf olrtwGuf trSwfw&*kPfjyK&Gwfqdkaom
]aqmif;aESmif;av;vD aEGOD;av;vSnfh} uAsmudk azmfjyxm;onf/
25/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif;...ESifh tif;vsm;pmay}}? [efopf[efopf[efopf[efopf[efopf?
rSwf 46 ({NyD 1994) pm 32-33/
rk d;rd k;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif; av;ESpfajrmuf
txdrf;trSwfjyKvkyfaom tcrf;tem;taMumif; a&;om;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ av;ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwfuAsmudk armifaoG;opfu
a&;om;&Gwfqdkí rkd;rdk;\ ½kyfyHkvTmrsm;udk udk½dk;uGefY? rESif;azG;? cspfOD;ñdkwdkYu
trSwfw& ajymMujcif;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
26/ jrwfcdkif/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) ESpfywfvnftrSwfw&}}? &ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH?
rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm 108-111/
qdkAD,ufEk difiHol a':pdefwif? rk d;rd k;(tif;vsm;)
ESpfywfvnftcrf;tem;okdY wufa&mufyHk? rkd;rdk;\ yef;yk ½kyfxkyHkwludk orD;
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 25
oG,frsKd;ñGefYrS wpfqifh a':pdefwiftm; vufaqmifay;onfh taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifazmfjyxm;onf/
27/ jrwf[def;? armif/ ]pma&;q&mr rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefonfh
pwkw¬ESpfavmufrSm? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? wGJ 2? rSwf 5? (ar 1994) pm-125/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) \ uG,fvGefjcif; av;ESpfjynfhcJh
aomfvnf; olrudk rarhaom pmayrdwfaqGrsm;u trSwfw&tpDtpOf
jyKvkyfjcif;udk a&;om;xm;í pma&;q&mr rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)onf *kPfoa&
&SdpGmjzifh olYacwf olYtcgwGif atmifjrifausmfMum;cJhaom pma&;q&mr
wpfOD;[k rSwfwrf;wif *kPfjyKa&;om;xm;onf/
28/ ½dk;uGefY? udk/ ]]jrifuGif;us,ftoHa&mifpHk}}/ rñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpkrñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk?
rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 75-86/
rdk;rk d;a&;cJhaom 0w¬KwcsKdUxJrS Zmwfaumifrsm;
taMumif;udk a&;om;xm;onf/ edrfhus½kef;uef&aom b0rsKd;pHkudk pmayjzifh
a&;zGJUcJhaom olrtm; aorif;rS vGwfajrmuf&efqkawmif;rdaomfvnf;
r&EkdifawmhaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
29/ vlrdk;at;/ ] ]aysmufaomvrf;r Sm prf ;w0g; (od k Yr[kwf)
NrdKUjyrD;tdrf}}? ra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oDra[oD? rSwf 33 ({NyD 1987) pm 146-149/
aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;0w¬Kudk *syefbmom
jyefqkdol,mqkudk'dkbm&SD\ a0zefcsuf? wdk½dkwmazmifa';&Sif;\ pmay
a0zefcsuf? *syefpmzwfy&dowfwpfOD;\ tjrifrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjy
xm;onf/
30/ avhvmolwpfOD;/ ]]pmayb0waphwapmif;}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 54 (ar
1990) pm 29-35/
rdk;rdk;onf pma&mvla&m cspfcifp&maumif;í ol\
b0ESifh tEkynm? wpfxyfwnf;usaom pmESifh pma&;q&maoG; trsKd;
tpm; wlol[k csD;usL;*kPfjyK a&;om;xm;í rkd;rdk; ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &SdpOf
26 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
tcgu pmayavmutwGuf yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom "mwfyHkrsm;udkyg
azmfjyxm;onf/
31/ 0ifh? r (jrpfi,f)/]]tvGrf;rsm;pD;wJh vGef;rsm;pnf;}}? rñdkjym&JU
ESif;qDcif;pmpkESif;qDcif;pmpkESif;qDcif;pmpkESif;qDcif;pmpkESif;qDcif;pmpk? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 87-
95/
ukefaps;EIef;BuD;jcif;xuf wjcm; a&;p&mxufaumif;
aom odrfarGUeuf½Idif;onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;&ef tm;ay;aom
rk d;rk d;twGuf rEÅav;NrdKUteD;&S d &Gmi,fav;rsm;rS xkwfvkyfaom
tEkynmxGufukefypönf; topftqef;uav;rsm;taMumif; tao;pdwf
a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ vGef;rsm; pnf;&ufvkyfaom vli,fwdkY\ b0ESifh
tm;rmefowdåudkvnf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ olr trnfay;xm;aom
vGef;rsm;pnf; txnfuav;udkMunfh&if; pma&;ol&ifxJrS tvGrf;rsm;
zdpD;vmygonf[k a&;om;xm;onf/
32/ 0if;pnfol/ ]]yifxufaysmfoifh}}? rñk d jym&JU ESif;qD dcif;pmpkrñk d jym&JU ESif;qD dcif;pmpkrñk d jym&JU ESif;qD dcif;pmpkrñk d jym&JU ESif;qD dcif;pmpkrñk d jym&JU ESif;qD dcif;pmpk?
rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 49-53/
aorif;u vlrSm;jyD;ac:wwfw,faemf[k trSwfwrJh
ajymcJhol rkd;rkd; wu,fqHk;oGm;aomtcg olrudk vGrf;qGwfwrf;wvsuf
r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmvkyfol olru r*¾Zif;azmifydwf&ufudk owfrSwfEkdifcJhaomf
vnf; olrb0 azmifydwfoGm;cJhonfudk ajymrjycJhavygvm;[k a&;om;
zGJUqdkxm;onf/
33/ 0if;rif;xGef;/ ]]qkawmif;vdkufonf tkdESif;qD}}? uvsmuvsmuvsmuvsmuvsm? rSwf 63
(ar 1990) pm 56-58/
rkd;rkd;onf omrefrdef;rom;r[kwfbJ pmaye,ftwGuf
wefzkd;&Sdaom rdef;rom;wpfOD;jzpfí olr uG,fvGefjcif;onf tpm;xkd;
r&Ekdifaom tEkynm&SifwpfOD; qHk;½IH;jcif;jzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 27
34/ owif;t,f'Dwm/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&tpDtpOfrsm;rS}}?
&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH&ifckefoH (ar 1994) pm 28-33/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif; pwkw¬ESpfywfvnfyGJ
tcrf;tem;usif;yyHk? trSwfw&tzGJUzGJUí ,if;tzGJU\ a&SUvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
35/ ol&aZmf/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? wGJ 2? rSwf 5
(ar 1994) pm 120-124/
rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ yHk&dyfrsm;xJrS pma&;olowd&rdaom
wdkif;&if;ar*sme,fü uavmifaoG;p umvrsm;? rkd;rkd;\ tdrfaxmifOD;
b0yHk&dyfrsm;udk trSwfw& azmfjyxm;onf/ olr\ ZmwdNrdKUjzpfaom
'dkufOD;NrdKUwGifvnf; trSwfw&wpfck vkyfoifhaMumif; tMuHay;xm;onf/
36/ oQm;wJhatmif/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) psmyerSwfwrf;}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf
54 (ar 1990) pm 19-28/
rkd;rkd; aoqHk;onfhaeYrSpí &ufvnfqGrf;auR;onfhaeY
txd tpDtpOfrsm;? rD;oN*Ø[fonfhaeYwGif ol\ pmay&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;u
*kPfjyKuAsm&GwfqdkMuyHkrsm;udk xGef;xGef; (pHy,fjzL)\ rSwfwrf;"mwfyHkrsm;
ESifhwuG rSwfwrf;jyKpkxm;onf/
37/ [def;vwf/ ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ aojcif;tbd"r®m}}? pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf
54 (ar 1990) pm 126-130/
rdk;rkd;onf olr\ pmayrsm;aumif;Mumif;udk pma&;
q&m tcsif;csif;u csD;usL;onfhtcg *kPf,lrmerwufbJ wnfNidrfaom
rsufESmjzifh pmzwfolrsm;twGuf tusKd;&Sdrnfh pmayrsm;om a&;om;
onf[k jyefajymavh&SdaMumif;? jyHK;íomaewwfaMumif;? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;udk
aumif;onfxufaumif;atmif aqmif&GufcJhaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
28 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
38/ trm? a':(vlxk-)/ ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) twGuf tarhvufaqmif}}?
pHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzLpHy,fjzL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 44/
rdk;rkd;onf jrefrmpmay o&zl\ pdefwpfyGifhjzpfí olr\
pmayrsm;onf acwfwpfacwfudk azmfjyaeonfh pmayrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh
t"GefY&Snf wnfwHhygap[k qkrGefaumif;awmif;xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 29
rdrdESif h rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESif h rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESif h rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESif h rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)rdrdESif h rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)
ewfE G,fewfE G,fewfE G,fewfE G,fewfE G,f
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 31
1
(u)
tcgwdkif;vdkyJ ol ryGifhwyGifhuav; NyHK;aeonf/ olYrsufvHk;rsm;udk
rSdwfxm;onf/ EIwfcrf;pHkudkvnf; rxdwxduav; aphxm;onf/ ol\
yg;jyifrsm; rdkYtdaeMuonf/ odkYaomf olNyHK;aeonf/ ol\ tNyHK;udk rsufcGHrsm;
ay:wGif awGYae&onf/ yg;jyifrsm;ay:wGif awGYae&onf/ EIwfcrf;rsm;
ay:wGif awGYae&onf/ olNyHK;onfu 'gyJjzpfonf/ 'gavmufyJjzpfonf/
onfhxufvnf; avsmhrNyHK;yg/ onfhxufvnf; ydkrNyHK;yg/tNrJwrf;yif
jzpfonf/ ol\twGif;pdwfrsm;udk ESpfae&mwGifom xkwfazmfxif[yf
wwfonf/ tenf;i,fpdwfvIyf&Sm;vQif yg;jyifrsm; eDjref;vmNyD;? tenf;i,f
pdwf½IyfaxG;vQif rsufarSmifukwfoGm;wwfonf/ onfrSwpfyg;um; ol
NyHK;aeonf/ xHk;pHtwdkif; ryGifhwyGifhav; NyHK;aewwfonf/ onftNyHK;udk
rdrd aumif;aumif;rSwfrdonf/ rdk;rdk;\ tNyHK;yifjzpfonf/ ,ckvnf;
xHk;pHtwdkif; ol NyHK;aeonf/
(c)
xdkaeYu eHeuf 10 em&DwdwdwGif MuHawm tat;wdkuf 0if;aygufodkY rdrd
a&mufoGm;onf/ oN*ØKvfrnfhtcsdefu 11 em&D jzpfonf/ wrifyif
wpfem&DapmNyD; vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rdrd a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGif
0if;xJrSma&m? {nfhcHcef;rxJrSa&m vlawG jynfhusyf aeMuNyD jzpfonf/
0ifaygufodkY ra&mufrDwGif aemufbufrS vlwpfa,muf ygvm
onfudkodí Munfhvdkuf&m yef;csD0okef jzpfonf/ olvnf; rdrdvdkyif tdrfrS
wdkuf½dkufvmol jzpfonf/ bwfpfum;pD;NyD; ajcusifavQmufvmol jzpfonf/
rdrdwdkYudk um;ESpfpD; jzwfausmfoGm;onf/ pmaye,frS todrdwfaqGrsm;
jzpfonf/
32 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
0if;ayguf0odkY a&mufaomtcg tod pma&;q&mrsm;? uAsm
q&mrsm;? yef;csDq&mrsm;? umwGef;q&mrsm;? xkwfa0olrsm;? ½kyf&SifESifh
*Dwe,frS rdwfaqGrsm;udk awGY&onf/ ta0;wGifvnf; usufrSwfrdaom
rsufESmrsm;udk vSrf;jrif&onf/
rdrdxHodkY vli,fpma&;q&mwpfOD; avQmufvmonf/ pmayESifh
tEkynm rdwfaqGrsm; pDpOfaom trSwfw& pmtkyfuav;udk ay;onf/
wpfa,mufu ,yfawmifurf;onf/ NyD;awmh trdefYjyefwrf; zwfrnfhudpö
ajymonf/
todrdwfaqGrsm;udk jyHK;jyEIwfquf&if; {nfhcHcef;rqDodkY rdrd
avQmufoGm;onf/ t0if0teD;wGif cspfOD;ndKESifhawGUonf/ ]]trdefYjyefwrf;}}
udk jyonf/ rdrd zwfMunfhonf/ xdkYaemuf ]tpfudkzwfrvm;} [k olu
ar;onf/ rdrdu olYudkyif zwf&ef ajymvdkufonf/
cef;rBuD;twGif;od k Y 0ifoGm;aomtcg rdrdud k jrifojzif h
armifaoG;opf a&mufvmonf/ tpDtpOfrsm;udk ajymjyonf/ jyefwrf;udpö
ar;onf/ rdrdu cspfOD;ndKESifh awGYNyD;jzpfaMumif; ajymvdkufonf/ jyefwrf;
rdwåLxm;&ef ajymaomtcg azjrifhxHwGif &Sdonf[k qdkonf/
rdk;rdk;onf pmaytusdK;? pma&;q&mwdkY\ tusdK;? pmayjzifh
jynfolwdkY tusdK;wdkYudk rdrdwdkYESifhtwl o,fydk;vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef us&m
wm0efudk ,lxm;olwpfOD; jzpfonf/ ol\0dnmOf taMumifhtMuuif;pGm
oGm;vdk&m oGm;Edkif&ef rdrdwdkYu xHk;wrf;pOfvm 0wå&m;t& trdefYjyefwrf;
zwfMum;Mu&rnf jzpfonf/
rd k;rd k;vJavsmif;ae&modk Y rdrdavQmufoGm;onf/ rdrdonf
aemufydkif;wGif ESvHk;tm;enf;ojzifh tNyD;tydkif cGJcGmoGm;Muawmhrnfh
rdwfaqGrsm;\ rsufESmrsm;udk Munfhum EIwfrqufjzpfonfrSm tawmf
MumoGm;NyD/ odkYaomf rdk;rdk;ESifhrl rawGY&onfrSmvnf; umvtwefMumNyD/
aemufqHk;taeESifh awGYqHkEIwfquf&efvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf xifojzifh
olvJavsmif;&mteD;odk Y a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ rdrd a&muf&SdoGm;aom
vuf0Jbufab;wGif vl ESpfa,muf? oHk;a,muf &Sdaeonfudk wdk;0ifNyD;
rdk;rdk;\ rsufESmudk Munfhvdkufonf/ onfrSm ol NyHK;aeonfudk awGU&onf/
rdk;rdk; NyHK;aeonf/ rdrd tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm awGYjrifcJh&zl;aom
tNyHK;yif jzpfonf/ ,cifu awGUjrifcJh&onfrSmvnf; onftNyHK;yif jzpf
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 33
onf/ ,ckvnf; onftNyHK;yif jzpfonf/ ol\tNyHK;onf tpOfxm0&
wnf&Sdaevdrfhrnf[k xif&onf/
vuf,mbufab;wGif vlwpfa,muf&Sdaeonfudk owdjyKrd
ojzifh Munfhvdkuf&m udkrsdK;nGefYjzpfonf/ vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; ESpfq,fausmf
uwnf;u olESifh vufwGJcJhol jzpfonf/
udkrsdK;nGefYu rdrdudk owdjyKrd[ef r&Sdyg/ rnfonfh tjcif;t&mudk
rQvnf; owdjyKrd[ef r&Sdyg/ rxifrSwfbJ olYudk cGJcGmoGm;ol\ rsufESmudkom
ñdI;i,fpGm ai;pdkufNyD; Munfhaeonf/
ol oGm;awmhrnf[k NyHK;í EIwfqufaeaom rsufESmESifh wu,f
cGJcGmoGm;onfudk r,HkMunfEdkifbJ jzpfaeaom rsufESmwdkYudk wpfvSnfhpD
Munfhum xdkae&mrS rdrd xGufcGmcJhonf/
vSyaom? arT;ysHUaom yef;jcif;rsm;? yef;acGrsm;tMum;wGif
wpfckaom yef;acG&Sdaeonf/ ]]jrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&mrsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH
uAsmq&mrsm;? pme,fZif; o½kyfazmfyef;csDq&mrsm;}} [k pmwef; a&;xdk;
xm;onf/
rdrdwdkY\ aemufqHk; EIwfqufjcif;yif jzpfygonf tNyHK;&Sif/ rdrdwdkY
wwfEdkiforQaom twdkif;twmjzifh *kPfjyKvdkuf&jcif;jzpfygonf/
(*)
xdkaeYuvnf; paeaeYyifjzpfonf/ rdk;rdk;udk *loGif;oN*dKvfcJhonfh aeYuvnf;
17-3-90 paeaeY/ ol\om;ti,f armifaZmfrsdK;nGefYESifh orD;roG,frsdK;nGefY
udk &SifomraPESifh oDv&Siftjzpf oGwfoGif;csD;jr§ifhonfh aeYuvnf; 31-
3-90 paeaeY/
xdkaeYuvnf; rdrdonf tvSLr*FvmXmejzpfaom r[mpnf
omoemh&dyfom "r®omvmr@yfodkY 10 em&Dtcsdef a&muf&SdoGm;ygonf/
ausmif;ayguf0odkY t0ifwGif wifarmifat; (uefYbvl)ESifh awGUojzifh
ESpfa,muftwl 0ifoGm;Muygonf/
þ r[mpnf&dyfom tvSLodkY tvsifu wpfBudrfom a&mufzl;
ygonf/ udkrsdK;nGefYESifh rdk;rdk;wdkY\ om;tBuD; aersdK;nGefYudk &SifjyKwkef;u
jzpfonf/ onfwkef;u udk&ifh taza&m? tara&m &SdMuonf/
34 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
,ck om;ti,fwGifrl araru wrvGefb0rS w&m;em&rnf
jzpfygonf/
OD;jynf;acgif;wHk;ESifh oDv&Sifrav; oG,frsdK;nGefYudk awGU&aom
tcg olYtar oDv&Sif 0wfcJhonfudk vnf;aumif;? olYtar a&;om;cJhaom
rok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Dudk vnf;aumif; trSwf&&Sd&awmhonf/
rdk;rdk;\ 0w¬K&Snfrsm;wGif rdrdtBudKufqHk;ESpfyk'fudk jyyg[kqdkvQif
aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;ESifh rok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&DwdkYyifjzpfonf/ rok"r®rok"r®rok"r®rok"r®rok"r®
pm&Dpm&Dpm&Dpm&Dpm&Dudk zwfpOfu rdrdrsuf&nfuscJh&onfhtjzpfudk rdk;rdk;tm; rdrd rajymvdkuf
&yg/
trSefawmh rdrda&m? rdk;rdk;yg pum;enf;Muolrsm; jzpfojzifh rdrdwdkY
onf tESpfESpfq,frQ &if;ESD;cifrifcJhMuaomfvnf; pum;rsm;rsm; ajymzl;
Mujcif;? ajymjzpfMujcif; r&Sdyg/
(C)
trSefyifjzpfonf/ udkrsdK;nGefY? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) wdkYESifh rdrd cifrif&if;ESD;cJh&
onfrSm tESpfESpfq,frQyif jzpfonf/ 1970 0ef;usifu 33 vrf;wGif
rdrdwdkY pcef;csonfh ae&mrSm pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmu jzpfonf/ olwdkY ESpfa,mufu
1969 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhMuonf r[kwfvm;/
rdrdESifh yxrqHk; cifrif&if;ESD;&onfrSm udkrsdK;nGefY\zcif pmay
avmu OD;cifnGefYyifjzpfonf/ rdrd &efukefa&mufp 1953 avmuf
uwnf;uyif olYudk od&SdcJh&onf/ pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmuudk b,fvkdpNyD; odoenf;/
pmzwfolrsm;? pmay0goem&Sifrsm;? pma&;q&mrsm;taeESifh pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmu
udk ]]rodbJaeí r&Edkifojzifh}} odMu&jcif;jzpfonf/
]]rodbJaeí r&Edkifojzifh}} [kqdk&jcif;rSm ]]pmayavmu pmtkyf
qdkif}} onf pmayavmuwGif wpfrlxl;jcm;cJhaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
xdkpOfu &efukefNrdKUwGif xif&Sm;aom jrefrmpmtkyfqdkifrsm;[lík
OD;b&DESifh orD;rsm;? udkwifatmif rpef;pmay? udkarmifarmif rEkpmayOD;b&DESifh orD;rsm;? udkwifatmif rpef;pmay? udkarmifarmif rEkpmayOD;b&DESifh orD;rsm;? udkwifatmif rpef;pmay? udkarmifarmif rEkpmayOD;b&DESifh orD;rsm;? udkwifatmif rpef;pmay? udkarmifarmif rEkpmayOD;b&DESifh orD;rsm;? udkwifatmif rpef;pmay? udkarmifarmif rEkpmay
wdkY jzpfMuonf/ olwdkYonf wdkufcef;us,fBuD;rsm; r[kwfaomfvnf; olwdkY
ae&mESifh olwdkY &SdMuonf/ qdkifcef;r&Sdolrsm;um; yvufazmif;ay:wGif
a&mif;Muonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 35
]]pmayavmu pmtkyfqdkif}} rSm tcef;r&Sdyg/ odkYaomf yvuf
azmif;ay:wGif cif;a&mif;onfvnf;r[kwfyg/ olu xl;jcm;onf/ pmtkyf
qdkiftjzpf jyKjyifxm;aom um;BuD;jzifh a&mif;csjcif; jzpfonf/ nae
½Hk;qif;csdefqdkvQif ql;avbk&m;vrf;ESifh taemf&xmvrf;axmifhwGif a&muf
&SdaeayNyD/ ]]pmayavmu}} um;BuD;udk ta0;uyif awGYjrifEdkifonf/
rdrdwdkYonf pmtkyf0,fonfjzpfap? r0,fonfjzpfap? olYum;a&SUrS
avQmufoGm;wdkif; olYudk EIwfqufonf/ pum;ajymonf/ tcsdef&vQif
tcsdefMumMum ajymjzpfonf/ OD;cifñGefYu rsufESmcsdKonf/ tajymcsdKonf/
pum;rsm;rsm; ajymwwfonf/ olESifh pum;ajym&onfrSm ESpfoufzG,f&m
jzpfonf/ taMumif;pHk ajymí&onf/ odkYjzifh rdrdonf &efukef a&muf
uwnf;u olYudk od&Sdonf[k qdk&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmuESifh
&if;ESD;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmuonf 33 vrf; tcef;odkY a&muf&Sdvm
onf/ pmtkyfqdkiftjyif yHkESdyfwdkufESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;wdkYyg jzpfonf/
rdrdwdkYonf 33 vrf;a&mufwdkif; pmayavmu OD;cifnGefYESifh
ZJGOD;xGef;&SdefwdkYESifh pum;ajym&onf/ ]]ZGJBuD;}}uvnf; pum;ajymaumif;ol
jzpfonf/ pum;udk tm;&yg;& ajymqdkwwfol jzpfonf/ olESifh ajym&onf
rSm A[kokwrsm; &&Sdovdk? pdwfaysmf&TifpGmvnf; &,farmMu&onf/ ,ck
]]ZGJBuD;}} r&SdNyD/
rdrdwdkYonf xdkpOfu 33 vrf;odkU aeYpOfvdkyif a&muf&SdMuNyD;
pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmuodkYvnf; aeYpOfvdkyif 0ifa&mufMuonf/ qdkifa&SUwGif ½dkufxm;
aom opfom; xdkifcHkrsm;ay:wGif pum;ajymMuonf/ rdrdonf ]]pmay
avmu}} qdkifudk rSefrSef0ifa&muf&if; pmayavmu rdom;pktm;vHk;ESifhyif
&if;ESD;&onf/
wpfaeYwGif xdkpOfu rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0 r*¾Zif;wnf&Sd&m 107 vrf;? eHYomwdkueHYomwdkueHYomwdkueHYomwdkueHYomwdkuf
odkY pma&;q&mOD;b0if; (uG,fvGef) ESifh OD;cifnGefYwdkY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/
rvdcuavmiftrnfjzifh rdrdwdkYa&;om;cJhaom jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef; pmtkyf
rsm;udk 'kwd,tBudrf jyef½dkufvdkaMumif; OD;cifnGefYu vmajymjcif; jzpfonf/
OD;b0if;udk tazmfac:vmjcif; jzpfonf/ þwGif rdrdu–
]aMomf OD;cifnGefY&,f? 'grsm; uRefawmfu bmrsm;vJrSwfvdkY/
bmjzpfvdkY wul;wuefY vmae&wmvJ? OD;cifnGefYwdkYqdkifudk uRefawmf
aeYwdkif;avmuf a&mufaewmyJ}
36 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
]b,f[kwfrvJAs? pma&;q&mqDu pmrludk av;av;pm;pm;
awmif;rSaygh}
OD;cifnGefYu tav;teuf ajymonf/
][kwfw,f? olu cifAsm;qDudk oGm;r,fqdkNyD; uRefawmfhudk ac:
vmwm/ udkewfEG,f tqifajyatmif vkyfay;vdkufyg}
OD;b0if;u 0ifajymonf/
][m bmtqifrajyp&m &SdrvJ? 'gayr,fh rvdcu uRefawmf
wpfa,mufwnf; r[kwfawmh udkrif;ausmfudk wdkifyif&OD;r,f/ reufjzef
uRefawmf taMumif;jyefr,fav? tm;vHk; tqifajyrSmyg/ reufjzefaeYcif;
uRefawmf qdkif0ifvmcJhr,f}
]tJ'gqdk&if aumif;w,f/ uRefawmfvnf; qdkifrSm &Sdaer,f/
'gayrJh yHkESdyfwdkufeJY xkwfa0a&;vkyfief;awGudk uRefawmfhom; armifrsdK;nGefY
udk vTJxm;w,f/ olu pmtkyfxkwfa0a&; vkyfcsifw,f/ uRefawmf olYudk
vTJMunfhwm rqdk;ygbl;? ol vkyfwwfygw,f/ olYrSm pdwful;uav; &Sdw,f/
vli,fqdkawmh acwftjrifvnf; &Sdw,f/ olY oli,fcsif;awGuvnf; olYudk
0dkif;ulnDMuw,f/ olYoli,fcsif;awG udkewfEG,fodrSmaygh/ a'gufwmaiGpdk;wdkY?
armifazjrifhwdkY? armifaZ,swdkY}
]uRefawmfodygw,f? udkrsdK;nGefYudka&m? olY oli,fcsif;awGa&m
uRefawmf odaewmyJ/ reufjzef uRefawmf vmcJhr,f}
xdkaeYnaeu rif;ausmfudk tusdK;taMumif; ajymaomtcg
rdrd BudKufovdkvkyf&ef vTJtyfvkdufygonf/ odkYjzifh aemufwpfaeYwGif pmaypmaypmaypmaypmay
avmuavmuavmuavmuavmuodkY rdrd a&muf&SdNyD; OD;cifnGefY? udkrsdK;nGefYwkdYESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;
tpDtpOfrsm; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ udkrsdK;nGefYu pmrlcudk pmtdwfuav;
wpftdwfESifhxnfhNyD; csufcsif;yif ay;vdkufonf/
odkYjzifh rvdc\ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef;jrefrm0w¬KtnTef; 1? 2 wpfwGJESifh 3? 4? 5
wpfwGJudk pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmurS oyf&yfcHhnm;pGm xGufvmonf/ wpfcsdefu
armifae0if; pDpOfcJhaom jrefrm0w¬Kwdkrsm;jrefrm0w¬Kwdkrsm;jrefrm0w¬Kwdkrsm;jrefrm0w¬Kwdkrsm;jrefrm0w¬Kwdkrsm; pmtkyfudk jyefxkwfcsifonf
qkdívnf; rdrd pDpOfay;&onf/ xdkYaemuf pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmu pmtkyfwGif pmrl
a&;ay;&onf/ xdkYaemuf ]]aumvd,}} uavmiftrnfjzifh urÇmhordkif;urÇmhordkif;urÇmhordkif;urÇmhordkif;urÇmhordkif;
tbd"meftbd"meftbd"meftbd"meftbd"mef udk rdrda&;ay;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ewfEG,ftrnfjzifh teDESifhteufteDESifhteufteDESifhteufteDESifhteufteDESifhteuf
udk bmomjyefay;&ef uwdjyKcJhonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 37
udkrsdK;nGefYESifh ol\ oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfMuaom a'gufwmaiGpdk;?
udkazjrifh? udkaZ,swdkYonf pm pa&;pjzpfNyD;? pmayESifh pmayxkwfa0a&;udk
txl;pdwf0ifpm;Muum? urÇmh*E¦0ifpmayrsm;udk xkwfa0&ef pdkif;jyif;vsuf
&SdMuonf/ xdkpOfu udkaiGpdk;wpfa,mufom q&m0efjzpfNyD; udkazjrifhESifh
udkaZ,swdkYu aemufqHk;ESpf aq;ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ olwdkY txJ
wGif jrefrmpmXmerS udkjrifhpdk;vdIifvnf; yg&Sdonf/
þodkYjzifh rdrdonf pmayavmu pmtkyfwdkuf? pmayavmu
rdom;pk? pmayavmutodkif;t0dkif;ESifh &if;EDSD;cJhonf/ pmayavmu rdom;pk
wpfOD;jzpfaom rdk;rdk;ESifhvnf; rdom;pkwpfOD;yrm &if;ESD;&onf/ onfwkef;u
rdk;rdk;uvnf; pma&;umpyJ &Sdao;onf/ olYudk olYrdom;pkrsm; ac:onfh
twdkif; ]]rpef;}} [kyif rdrd ac:cJhonf/
rdk;rdk;\ 0w¬Kwdkav;rsm; aiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DaiGwm&DwGif ygp jyKaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
olYudk pma&;q&mtjzpf wtHhwMo awGY&Sdvdkuf&onfuawmh ol\
aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; xGufaomtcgwGif jzpfygonf/
2
rdk;rdk;\ vHk;csif;0w¬Kwpfyk'fudk yHkESdyfaeaMumif; od&aomtcg trSwf
rxifyifjzpfonf/ ½dk;½dk;om;om; ajym&vQif txifrBuD;rdyg/ omrefrQ
avmufomjzpfvdrfhrnf[k xifonf/ omrefxufyif avsmhenf;vQifvnf;
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xGufaomumvonf ,aeYpum;ESifhajym&vQif ]]a&TvHk;csif;acwf}} [k
ajymEdkifaom 70 pkumv jzpfonf/ 1971 ckESpf avmufrSpNyD; vHk;csif;
0w¬KawG wpfacwf xvmonf/ tjywf jzefYcsdonfh pepf ay:vmonf/
]]&mcdkifEIef;}} pepf ay:vmonf/ 20 &mcdkifEIef;? 30 &mcdkifEIef; ponfjzifh
jzpfvmonf/
ta&mif;&xdkif;aom pma&;q&mrsm;yif apmifa& 2ç000 jywf
Muonf/ pma&;q&mtopfrsm;vnf; 2ç000 jywfMuonf/odk Y jzif h
xkwfa0olawG wdk;vmovdk pma&;q&mawGvnf; wdk;vmonf/ ]]&SJ'dk;}}
ESifh ]]trnfcH}} pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; wpfygwnf; jzpfay:vmMuonf/
emrnfBuD; pmaywdkufrsm;rS ]]trnfcH}} pma&;q&mrsm; wpfNydKifwnf;vdkyif
38 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
xGufay:vmMuonf/ rnfolu wu,fa&;onf? rnfolu trnfcH jzpf
onf/ rnfolu rnfolYtwGuf a&;ay;onfudk pmaye,fom; tcsif;csif;
od&SdMuygonf/ tjyifodkYvnf; owif;rsm; ysHUESHUvsuf &Sdonf/
xdkYtjyif olwpfyg;udk ]]&SJ'dk;}} ta&;cdkif;NyD; ]]trnfcH}} pma&;q&m
r[kwfonfhwdkif pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;wdkufydkif&Sif? pmyHkESdyfwdkufydkif&SifESifh
ywfowfolrsm; ¤if;wdkY\ wdkufrSaeNyD; pmtkyfxGufvmcJhvQifvnf; udk,fwdkif
a&;jcif;jzpfonfhwdkif ydkufqH&Sdí xkwfa0jcif;? pmtkyfwdkuf&Sdí xkwfa0jcif;
[kom rSwf,lrdonf/ pma&;wwfí pmtkyfjzpfvmjcif;[k rxifrdyg/
,ckvnf; pmayavmu pmtkyfwdkufESifh yHkESdyfwdkufydkif&Sif acR;r?
wpfenf;ajym&vQif ,if;wdkuf refae*sm\ZeD;u vHk;csif;pmtkyf xkwfa0
rnfqdkaomtcg udk,fhacR;r pmtkyf? udk,fhZeD; pmtkyfudk ]]yvufazmif;}}
&Sdí pifwifMunfhjcif;om[k rSwf,lrdygonf/
rdrdwdkYonf pmayavmu pmtkyfwdkufESifh &if;ESD;cifrifolrsm;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf ,if;wdkufrS pmtkyfrsm;udk &efukefvrf;nTef? csufjyKwf&efukefvrf;nTef? csufjyKwf&efukefvrf;nTef? csufjyKwf&efukefvrf;nTef? csufjyKwf&efukefvrf;nTef? csufjyKwf
enf;? udk,fawGUq&m0efenf;? udk,fawGUq&m0efenf;? udk,fawGUq&m0efenf;? udk,fawGUq&m0efenf;? udk,fawGUq&m0ef qdkonfrsm;utp udk,fESifh vdkufvdkuf? rvdkuf
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q&mwdkYudk ay;vdrfhr,f}
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udk pmayvufaqmif ay;ygonf/
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pma&;q&mudk,fwdkifu arwåmvufaqmifay;aom pmtkyfrsm;udkum;
av;av;pm;pm; zwf½Iwwfygonf/ zwfNyD; rBudKufvQif bmrQrajymbJ
aewwfygonf/ BudKufvQif BudKufonfhtaMumif; ajymwwfygonf/
(tvGefYtvGef rBudKufvQifvnf; aqmif;yg; a&;wwfygonf/ &Hzef&HcgwGif/)
rdk;rdk;\pmtkyfudk ,loGm;NyD; aemufwpfaeYrSmyif zwfjzpfygonf/
onfawmh tHMo&onf/ rdk;rdk; pma&;wwfyguvm;? omref\ txufrSm
&Sdyguvm;/ odkYaomf rBudKufonfh tcsuftcsdKUvnf; &Sdygonf/ ted|m½Hk
oabm enf;enf; vGefuJaeonf[k xifrdonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 39
aemufwpfaeYwGif rdk;rdk;udka&m? udkrsdK;nGefYudka&m pmtkyfzwfNyD;
aMumif; BudKufaMumif;? odkYaomf ted|m½Hkoabm tenf;i,f vGefuJ
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rsm;udkvnf; rdk;rdk;\ 0w¬Kudk zwfNyD;NyDvm;[k ar;rdonf/ rzwf&ao;[k
qdkvQif zwf&ef wdkufwGef;rdonf/ xdkYaemuf xHk;pHtwdkif;yif aysmufaomaysmufaomaysmufaomaysmufaomaysmufaom
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odkYwapvnf; þ0w¬K trsdK;om;pmayqk &vdrfhrnf[k rdrd
rxifcJhyg/ odkYr[kwf ay;vdrfhrnf[k rxifcJhyg/ taMumif;rSm apmapmu
ajymcJhonfhtwdkif; ted|m½Hkoabmuav;rsm; yg&SdaeaomaMumifh
qka&G;cs,fa&;tzGJUu BudKufyghrvm;[k/
qk&onf[k od&aomtcg 0rf;om&onf/ pmayavmu pmtkyf
wdkuftESpf 20 ajrmuf txdrf;trSwfESifh rdk;rdk; pmayqk &&Sdonfh txdrf;
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onf/ ]]jywfawmif; jywfawmif;}} [k qdk&onfrSm olu pma&;usJaom
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wpfESpfrS wpftkyf? ESpftkyfoma&;ygonf/ tvGefqHk; oHk;av;tkyfom
xGufygonf/
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rdrdu ,ckwavm pma&;í rNyD;aMumif;? wpfaeYudk ESpfazmifavmuf
NyD;atmif renf;a&;&aMumif;? ,cifwkef;uqdkvQif wpfaeY av;ig;azmif
a&;aMumif;? azmif 30 ausmf&Sdaom 0uFyg 0uFyg 0uFyg 0uFyg 0uFyg udk wpfywfwnf;ESifh a&;cJh
aMumif; (,cktcg wpfaeY wpfazmifyif rNyD;awmhyg/ Z&mjzpfygonf/)
ajymaomtcg rdk;rdk;u –
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wpfazmif rajymeJU? wpfaeYudk oHk;av;rsufESm NyD;atmifawmif renf;
a&;&w,f} [k qdkygonf/
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pmydkNyD;a&;Edkif&ef ½Hk;tvkyfrS xGufvdkufygonf/ xdkrQru vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
a&;Edkif&ef or®w[dkw,frSm oGm;a&;ygonf/
40 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
or®wrSm olutcef;iSm;xm;onf/ odkYaomf nrtdyfyg/ aeYbuf
wGif pma&;½Hkom oGm;ygonf/ reuf &Spfem&D? udk;em&DavmufwGif oGm;NyD;
naebuf av;em&D? ig;em&DavmufwGif jyefvmavh&Sdygonf/ rdrdwdkYu
rdk;rdk;tjyefudk udkrsdK;nGefYESifhtwl oGm;BudKavh &Sdygonf/
trSefawmh ]]oGm;BudKonf}} qdkonfxuf ]]bD,moGm;aomuf
onf}} qdkjcif;u rSefygonf/ tJ'Dwkef;u ]]bD,m}}&Sm;ygonf/ (tckayg
raygrodyg/) [dkw,frsm;wGifvnf; tjyifrS vma&mufpm;oHk;olrsm;udk
bD,m ra&mif;yg/ wnf;cd kolrsm;udkom a&mif;ygonf/ xdkodk Y jzif h
rdk;rdk;or®wrSm pmoGm;a&;onfrSm rdrdwdkY bD,maomufzdkY jzpfaeonf/
nae av;em&D? ig;em&DavmufwGif rdrdwdkYu pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmurSm
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onftcg rdrdwdkYu–
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odkYaomf wpfcgwGif rdrdu rdk;rdk; or®w[dkw,fwGif pma&;onfh
taMumif; pmxJrS uvdvdkufrdonf/
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 41
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qdkwmvJ odvsufom;eJU? bmjzpfvdkY or®wrSm oGm;ae&w,fqdkwmvJ
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aqm&D;yg rdk;rdk;/
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wpfnaewGif twefi,frdk;csKyfonftxd pmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmupmayavmu xdkifcHk
wpfckay:wGif xdkifaepOf udkrsdK;nGefYu–
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rsm;qdkvQif vrf;xJr0ifcsif/
42 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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oGm;onf/
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qif;cJhaMumif;ajym&m rif;ausmfu–
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q&mawGeJU pum;ajymcsifw,f/ pma&;q&mawG&JU udk,fydkif pmMunfhwdkuf
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pmMunfhcef;udk Munfhapygonf/
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 43
3
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onf/ tepfemcHonf/ ulnDwwfonf/ ½dkif;yif;wwfonf/ tay;t,l
&Sdonf/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;rI&Sdonf/ tcsdKUu... tcsdKUu...
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uav;awG &SdwwfpjrJyJ/ 'DvdkyJ onf;cHEdkiforQawmh onf;cHMu&onf/
pmaya[majymyGJ oGm;Mu&aomtcgwGifvnf; ,cifu omref
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pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; vlxJu vlawGyif jzpfonf/
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44 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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aqmif&Gufay;Muygonf/
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 45
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48 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
q&mru tdyfawmhrnfqdkNyD; oltcef;xJ 0ifoGm;onf/ aumif;
onf/ rdrdwdkY ESpfa,mufwnf; at;at;aq;aq; aomuf&rnf/ ykvif;udk
zGifhMuonf/
tm;yg;? rvG,fyguvm;/ aqmif;wGif;BuD;rSm acR;NydKufNydKuf us
vmonf/ wpfcgwpfcg ykvif;zGifh&onfh tvkyfrSm vufeufud&d,m r&SdvQif
EGm;owf&onfxuf yifyef;ao;onf/
aemufqHk;wGif ykvif;tzHk; a<urGwGefYvdyfNyD; yGifhoGm;onf/
atmifNyD...atmifNyD
uJ...aomufMur,f/ zefcGuf&Sdonf? taumif;pm; yef;yGifh
uav;awGESifh/ vSvdkufwm? b,ftdrfu iSm;xm;ovJ rod/
a&&Sdonf/ a&tdk;BuD;ESifh tjynfhyJ? a&mcsifoavmuf a&m/
'gayr,fh-
tjrnf;r&Sdyg/ bmtjrnf;rS r&Sdyg/ b,folrSvnf; r&Sdyg/
b,fvdkvkyf rvJ/ rdrdwdkYuvnf; emrnfysufaumif;½Hk taysmfwrf; t&uf
orm;rsm; jzpfojzifh tjrnf;rygvQif vHk;0 raomufwwfyg/
rdrdwdkY {nfh&dyfomu NrdKUv,fESifh ta0;BuD;? vlaetdrfajcrsm;ESifh
ta0;BuD;/ a&SUbufwGif ½Hk;BuD;wpf½Hk;? acgif;&if;bufwGifvnf; ½Hk;wpf½Hk;
[kyif xifonf/ ajc&if;bufwGifum; uGif;BuD;wpfuGif;? abmvHk;uGif;BuD;
vm;yJ/ aemufbufwGif bm&SdovJawmh rodyg/ vlaetdrfajc r[kwfonf
uawmh aocsmonf/
tvmwkef;u vrf;auGYwpfae&mwGif uGrf;,mqdkifvdk qdkif
uav; wpfqdkifjrifcJhonf/ rdkif0ufavmufawmh a0;rnf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
tanmif;ajy avQmufoGm;vQif yJBuD;avSmfwpfxkyf? 'grSr[kwf ajryJavSmf
wpfxkyfavmufawmh &Edkifygonf/
aumif;NyD? b,fol oGm;0,frvJ/
oGm;wmu b,foloGm;oGm; &onf/ rdrdwdkYtcsif;csif; ruwf
owfyg/ tjrnf;&rnfqdkvQif t0DpdyJ oGm;& oGm;&/
odkYaomf wpfa,mufoGm;vQif wpfa,mufu trsdK;orD; pma&;
q&mrESifh ESpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfcJhrnf/
rdrdwdkYtaeESifh tb,frQ ½dk;om;onf qdkaomfvnf; y&dowf
tjrifwGif roifhavsmfyg/ rdrdwkdY pma&;q&mawG 'DudpörsdK;ESifh ywfoufí
emrnfysuf rcHEdkifyg/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 49
aumif;NyD? 'gjzifh ESpfa,mufpvHk;oGm;rnf/ 'gvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg/
rdrdwdkY ESpfa,mufpvHk;oGm;vQif 'DAdkvfwJa[mif;BuD;rSm? ntcsdefrawmfBuD;
rSm trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfrnf/ vlolav;yg;ESifha0;í? atmfí
ac:ívnf; rMum;Edkifyg/ wpfckck jzpfoGm;vQif rdrdwdkYrSm wm0ef&Sdonf/
aemufNyD; 'DAdkvfwJBuD;u wapäajcmufonf[kvnf; ajymMuonf/
'gu tqef;r[kwfyg/ AdkvfwJa[mif;rSefvsif wapäyHkjyifu &SdpjrJ/
rawmfwq olYrSm ESvHk;a&m*g&SdaeNyD; wpfpHkwpf&mudk xdwfvefYum aoqHk;
cJhvQif .../
]awmuf jyóemyJ}
rdrdwdkYESpfa,muf awmufacgufum us,favmifpGm nnf;vdkuf
Muonf/
t&ufykvif;udk EGm;owfovdk zGifhaeMuonfh toHMum;íyJ tdyf
raysmfovm;? 'grSr[kwf rdrdwdkY awmufacgufaomtoH us,favmif
vGef;vSíyJ vefYEdk;ovm;rodyg/ q&mrtcef;xJrS xGufvmNyD;...
]q&mwdkY bmawG jyóem jzpfaeMuwmvJ}
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tJ'DrSm oGm;0,f&if wpfckck &rSmaygh}
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wpfa,mufwnf; usefcJhrSmpdk;vdkY}
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vkyfaeMuw,f/ q&mwdkYoGm;&if uRefrvnf; vdkufcJhrSmaygh}
[kwfvdkufav? 'Dvdkawmhvnf; tvG,fuav;yJ/
,if;odkYjzifh rdrdwdkYoHk;a,muf wdwfqdwfaom? Nidrfoufaom?
at;jraom? om,mvSyaom ntv,fwGif at;aq;pGm vrf;avQmuf
vsuf &SdMuawmhonf/
(pmzwfolrsm; cifAsm;...b,folrS rMum;atmif wdk;wdk;uav;
ajym&&if q&mru wuúodkvfjrpdrf;yg/ tjrnf;jyóem wufaeol
taysmfwrf; t&uform;ESpfOD;u armifae0if;ESifh rdrdyg/ ,ck armifae0if;
u aorSmaMumufí taysmfwrf;b0udkyif pGefYvTwfvdkufygNyD/)
,if;odkYjzifh pmaywm0efudk rdrdwdkY wwfpGrf;orQ xrf;aqmif&ef
pmay nDtpfrrsm;ESifh pmayc&D;oGm;&onfrSm aysmfarGUzG,f&m aumif;vSyg
50 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
onf/ armif&if;ESryrm cifrif&if;ESD; Mu&ygonf/ onftxJwGif rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;) vnf; yg0ifygonf/
Ä
rdk;rdk;ESifh rdrd yxrqHk;c&D;twl oGm;zl;onfrSm 1978 ckESpfu jzpfonf/
rdrdwdkY tzGJUwGif rif;ausmf? armifae0if;? ajrZmESifh rdk;rdk;\cifyGef; udkrsdK;nGefYwdkY
yg0ifonf/ ,if;c&D;u wpfauGUwpfywfBuD;jzpfonf/
yxrqHk; rJZvDukef;odkY oGm;onf/ ,if;yGJudk jrifhpdk;vdIifu pDpOf
jcif;jzpfonf/ &efukefrS rJZvDukef;odkY toGm;wGif jrifhpdk;vdIifwdkY ZeD;armifESH
vnf; yg&Sd&m wpfpkwa0; waysmfwyg;BuD;yif jzpfonf/ &efukefrS rJZvDukef;
udk &xm;ESpfqifh pD;&onf/ rJZvDukef;rStjyef avmfu,f&xm;wGif ae&m
r&&Sdojzifh tayguf0 Murf;jyifay:rSm xdkifMu&onf/ wHcg;r&Sdaom
avmfu,f&xm; tv,faygufBuD;wGif ajcwGJavmif;csNyD; xdkifaeaom
rdk;rdk;udk ½kwfw&ufMunfhvdkufvQif a'ocH ukefpdrf;onf wpfa,mufvm;[k
xif&onf/ rdrdwdkYwpfodkufuawmh 12 yGJvdkufonfh zJoHk;csyform;rsm;vdkvdk?
&xm;ayguf0rSm wdk;vdkYwGJavmif;/ tm;vHk; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifyif/
[oFmwwGif ZvGefpmqdkawmftzGJUu apmifhBudKaeMuonf/
[oFmwaomifBuD;udk aeylxJwGif jzwfMu&onf/ oJuylyl? aeuylyl?
avuylyl? a&uylyl/
[oFmwrS ZvGefodkY um;jzifh oGm;Muonf/ wm½dk;ay:rSm azmuf
xm;aom ajrvrf;jzpfojzifh rnfonfhtrsdK;tpm;rSef; rodawmhaom
um;BuD;onf t½l;wpfa,mufvdk ,drf;xdk;NyD; oGm;aeonf/ ajreDrIefYrsm;u
rdrdwdkYudk rdwfuyfjc,fay;Muonf/ rdk;rdk;u trdk;oHudkif;udk wtm;qkyf
xm;onf/ odkYr[kwfvQif vGifhusNyD; usef&pfcJhEdkifonf/
ZvGefuae tazsmufudk armfawmfuav;jzifh oGm;&onf/
tazsmufuae rtlyifodkYvnf; armfawmfuav;ESifhyif/ aygif;rdk;armfawmf
uav;/
tazsmufuae rtlyifudk wpfaeukef oGm;&onf/ ysif;aeatmif
pD;&onf/ armfawmfaygif;rdk;uav;atmufwGif arS;idkufaeMuonf/
aea&mifu a&jyifrS wpfqifh rdrdwdkYudk a&mifjyef[yfaeonf/
ysif;p&maumif;vdkufwm? zJxkyfygvm&if aumif;rSmyJ/
atmifr,f...wpfa,mufrSm zJxkyfygvmonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 51
uJ...'gjzifh upm;Mu&atmif/
uefYuGufol r&Sdyg/
rdk;rdk;aum ygOD;rvm;/
[kwfuJh&Sifh/
bmupm;MurvJ/
wpfcsyfarSmufyJ aumif;ygw,f/
yxrawmh rdrdwdkYu rdk;rdk;udk n§mupm;Muonf/ rdrdwdkYudk,f rdrdwdkY
wpfcsyfarSmuf yg&*lBuD;awG[k xifxm;Muonf/
aemufawmh b,f[kwfrvJ? ydkufqHawGtm;vHk; rdk;rdk;vufxJ
a&mufoGm;onf/ taysmfwrf;rdkY awmfawmhonf/ aMu;BuD;BuD;rsm; upm;rd
vQif rdrdwdkY ykqdk;awG? wdkufyHkawG aygif&ojzifh a[majymyGJpifay:udkawmif
0wfpHk iSm;wufMu&rnf/
]rdk;rdk;u upm;wwfom;yJ}
]q&mwdkYyJ ajymw,f/ pma&;q&mqdkwm pHkatmif avhvmxm;&
w,fqdk}
olu NyHK;aeonf/ rdk;rdk;\ tNyHK;/
aemufwpfyGJu oeyfyif? 1979 Edk0ifbm/
oeyfyifyGJudk rdk;rdk;\ tpfudk OD;jrifhodef;u pDpOfjcif; jzpfonf/
onfyGJrSmvnf; rdrd? rdk;rdk;? ajrZm? rif;ausmf? armifae0if;/ 'D ig;a,mufyif/
udkrsdK;nGefYvnf; ygonf/ trSefawmh olvnf; a[mzdkYaumif;onf/ olvnf;
pma&;q&myif/
OD;jrifhodef;u rdrdwdkYtwGuf a'otpm;tpmrsm; txl;pDpOf
ay;onf/ zm;&,f? <uuf&,f.../
rdrdwdkYrSm rEdIuf&J EdIuf&J? rpm;&J pm;&J/
rdk;rdk;udk Munfhvdkufawmh wuRwfuRwfESifh/
]rdk;rdk;u w,f[kwfygvm;}
]q&mwdkYyJ ajymw,f? pHk&r,fqdk}
[kwfygh/
aemufwpfyGJu ykodrf? omaygif;? 1979 'DZifbm/
onfc&D;rSmawmh rdrd? rdk;rdk;? rif;ausmf? armifae0if; av;a,muf
wnf;/ ajrZm rygawmh/ udkrsdK;nGefYvnf; rvdkuf/ rdk;rdk;\ oli,fcsif;
wpfa,muf tazmfvdkufvmonf/
52 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
ykodrfAdkvfwJrSm wnf;&onf/ rdrd? rif;ausmf? armifae0if;u
wpfcef;? rdk;rdk;ESifh olYoli,fcsif;u wpfcef;/
xdknu rdrdwdkY aumif;aumif;rtdyf&/ wpfzufcef;u rdef;uav;
ESpfa,muf wpfnvHk; pum;wGwfxdk;aeMuaomaMumifh.../
reufusawmh-
]b,fvdkjzpfMuwmvJ? wpfnvHk;rtdyfyJ bmawGrsm;? 'gavmuf
ajymaeMuwmvJ}
]q&mwdkY rodbl;vm;? 'DAdkvfwJu wapäajcmufw,fqdkvdkY wpfn
vHk; xdkifNyD; pum;ajymaeMuwm}
]aMumufvdkYvm;}
]raMumufygbl;? wapävmvdkY&Sd&if awGY&atmifyg}
aumif;ygayh? wapäeJY ]]AsL;}} rvdkYeJY wlw,f/
omaygif; AdkvfwJrSmvnf; wpfnvHk; pum;ajymaeMuonf/
awmfawmfajymEdkifonfh ESpfa,mufyJ/
odkYaomf...
rdk;rdk;onf a[majymyGJwGifawmh pum;odyfrajymyg/ em&D0uf
avmufomajymonf/
trSefawmh olonf a[majymonfhtvkyfudk tm;oefvSyHk r&yg/
pma&;aumifaomfvnf; pum;ajymraumif;vSyg/ toHwdk;onf/ trlt&m
vIyf&Sm;rIr&Sd/ NyHK;½Hkuav;rQom/
rdrdwdkYu a[majymyGJ tawGUtBuHK? e,fy&dowf tawGUtBuHK
&Sdatmif wdkufwGef;ac:aqmifvGef;vSojzifhom vdkufygvmjcif; jzpf[ef
&Sdonf/ olonf 79 ckESpf wpf&moDyJ [kwfwdywfwd vdkufzl;onf/ xdkYtjyif
rdrdwdkY oHk;a,mufavmufESifhom vdkufjzpfonf/
ykodrf? omaygif;rS tjyefwGif aZ,s0wDodkY oGm;Muonf/ rdrd?
rdk;rdk;? armifae0if;? armifpGrf;&nfjzpfonf/ udkrsdK;nGefYvnf; vdkufygvmonf/
aZ,s0wDpuf½Hku t&ufxGufonfqdkí avhvm&atmif vdkufygvmjcif;
vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ rdrdwdkY a&mufoGm;csdefwGif puf½Hkydwfxm;onf/ odkYaomf
rdrdwdkY vmrnfqdkojzifh puf½Hkrydwfcif rdrdwdkY jrnf;prf;Munfh&ef t&uf
wpfpnf (wpfayyg) csufxm;onf[k qdkonf/ uJ...b,fhES,f&Sdp?
bmtckrS aMumufygNyDvJ/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 53
aZ,s0wDrS tjyefwGif &efukefrSm wpfyG Ja[mMuonf/
vrf;rawmfrSm jzpfonf/ xHk;pHtwdkif;yif rdrd? rif;ausmf? armifae0if;?
ajrZm? rdk;rdk;/
xdkyGJrSm tqdktwD;awGvnf; ygonf/ q&mBuD; apmif;OD;boef;
&,f? xm;&,f? at;0rf; wifwifvSu tcrf;tem;rSL;/
a[majymyGJ NyD;aomtcg aumfrwDu rdrdwdkYudk av,mOfysH
pmtdwfuav;awG wpftdwfpDay;onf/ zGifhMunfhvdkufawmh aiG ESpf&mpD/
[m...b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ/
rdrdwdkYudk vufaqmifypönf; ay;MuwmawG &Sdonf/ odkYaomf
,ckvdk wpfcgrQ ydkufqHray;zl;ygbl;/
]'Dvdkygq&m? uRefawmfwdkYu tqdkawmfawGudk wpfyk'f ESpf&m
ay;&w,f/ 'gaMumifh q&m? q&mrwdkYudkvnf; ESpf&mpD ay;wmyg/
ao[Jh edEd,/
]q&m&,f ydkufqHawmh ,lvdkYraumif;bl;xifygw,f/ uRefrwdkYu
ajcaumufvdkufa[mwmrsKd; jzpfaeNyD}
rdk;rdk; pdwf½IyfaxG;[efjzifh ajymonf/
onfhaemuf rdk;rdk;a[majymyGJrvdkufawmhyg/
(wpfcgyJ e,fpyfa'o wpfae&modkY vdkufoGm;onf[k Mum;&
onf/)
aemufydkf;wGif rdk;rdk;ESifh rdrd tawGUusJoGm;onf/ rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0 r*¾Zif;udk
'kwd,tBudrf jyefvkyf&mwGif ta&SUydkif; csif;wGif;wdkufcsif;wGif;wdkufcsif;wGif;wdkufcsif;wGif;wdkufcsif;wGif;wdkufESifh ausmufajrmif;
a&Tjynfpdk;wdkufa&Tjynfpdk;wdkufa&Tjynfpdk;wdkufa&Tjynfpdk;wdkufa&Tjynfpdk;wdkufrsm;odkY a&muf&SdoGm;&m t&ifuavmuf 33 vrf;odkY ra&muf
awmh/ odkYaomf rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0twGuf pmrlawmif;vQif rdk;rdk;a&;ay;ygonf/ ]]rndKjym
aumvd,acsmif; eHab;rSmaeonf}} rSm rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0rdk;a0 r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&Snf jzpfonf/
Ä
rdk;a0udk 'kwd,tBudrf vufvTwfjyefaomtcg rdrdu 37 vrf;odkY jyef
a&mufvmonf/ odkYaomf rdk;rdk;u ausmufajrmif;odkY ajymif;oGm;onf/
ausmufajrmif;tdrfodkY rdrdd wpfacgufyJa&mufzl;onf/ rdrdwdkY
naebuf 0dkif;xdkif&ef ydkufqH r&Sdojzifh udkrsdK;nGefYu ausmufajrmif;tdrf
0ifNyD; ydkufqH,ljcif;jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk;u xHk;pHtwdkif; rdrdwdkYudk vJhvJhuav;
NyHK;um ydkufqHtdwfudkzGifhNyD; &SdorQ ydkufqHtukefay;vdkufonf/ wpf&mausmf
ESpf&mvm;yJ/
54 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rdk;rdk;ESifh rdrd aemufqHk;awGUonfrSm 1988 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv
20 &ufaeYu jzpfonf/ pmayESifh pma&;q&mtusdK; o,fydk;&ef aqG;aEG;
nd§EdIif;MupOfu jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk; wuf<uvsuf&Sdonf/ olu pmayESifh pma&;
q&mrsm; tusdK;twGuf us&mwm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef pdwftm;xufoef
vsuf &Sdonf/ rdrdwdk YESif htwl vufwGJaqmif&Guf&ef uwdjyKonf/
,if;aMumifhvnf; oluG,fvGefaomtcg wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; aESmifzGJUaejcif;
r&SdbJ? oGm;vdk&modkY vGwfvyfpGm oGm;a&mufedkif&ef rdrdwdkYu aMuuGJ0rf;enf;
pGmjzifh trdefYjyefwrf; jyefMum;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf/
oGm;vdk&modkY vGwfvyfpGm oGm;ygawmh rdk;rdk;/
rdrdwdkYuawmh &nfrSef;xm;aom pmay c&D;vrf;udk qufvuf
csDwufMu&ygOD;rnf/
wpfaeYwGif rdrdwdkY arQmfvifhxm;aom pmayyef;wdkifodkY a&muf&Sd
rnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwf rvGJyg rdk;rdk;/
rdk;rdk;udk rdrdwdkY rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/
(cs,f&D? ar? ZGef? Zlvdkif? 1990)(cs,f&D? ar? ZGef? Zlvdkif? 1990)(cs,f&D? ar? ZGef? Zlvdkif? 1990)(cs,f&D? ar? ZGef? Zlvdkif? 1990)(cs,f&D? ar? ZGef? Zlvdkif? 1990)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 55
rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef;
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 57
1/ a<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<ua<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<u/ &efukef?
yg&rDpmpOf ? 1981/ 302 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf – 143) tro –
81^147/
tcsp fa&;wGi f awGa0 rjywfom;
jzpfwwfaom rdef;uav;wpfOD; taMumif;
jzpfonf/ ESvHk;om;rS cspfoludk OD;aESmufESif h
a&G;cs,fwwf&ef rdef;uav;rsm;tm; todynm
ay;xm;onf/
rSwfcsuf/ / 'g½d kufwmBuD;jrif hu xkdtrnfESif hyif ½kyf&Sif
o½kyfaqmif &efatmif? ausmf&Jatmif? aroef;EkwdkYESifh ½kyf&Sif
½dkuful;cJhonf/
2/ a<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,fa<u&iftwlwla<ur,f/ &efukef?
Arm trsdK;orD;pmay? 1983/ 113-232 pm? 16
qifwD/
*DwtEkynm&Sifrsm;udk olwdkY\ tdrfaxmif
zufrsm;u txl;em;vnfzd k Y vk dtyfaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf/ tdrfaxmifpkwpfckwGif vifa&m?
r,m;yg tqd k ;taumi f ;u d k r Qa0c Hpm;z k d Y
vkdtyfaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/
rSwfcsuf/ / rpE´m\ *sdef;*sdef;*sKwf*sKwf
*sdef;*sKwf*sKwfESifh yl;wGJ xkwfa0onf/
58 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
3/ cHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmh/&efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm?16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 164) &wp– 8761/
ysOf;rem;aZ,s0wDoMum;pufudk trSDjyKívkyfudkif&SmazGpm;aomuf aeMuaom 0efxrf;r dom;p kr sm;taMumif ;ud k a&;z G J Uxm;onf/avmuwGif qif;&J'Pfudk raMumufbJ b0udkyifyef;pGm wnfaqmufMuol? ynmwwf jzpfvdkol?
at;aq;½dk;om;í t&SuftaMumufBuD;ol? b0udk tvG,fvrf;rS vkdufíBuD;yGm;csrf;omvd kol ponfjzif h avmuDvlom;wd k YtaMumif;ud kZmwfaumifrsm;pGmjzifh o½kyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;onf/
4/ *sdK;*s d K;*s d K;*s d K;*s d K;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 404pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 139)wAp-283077
rdrdb0\ tm;enf;csufudk rdrdbmom½dk;r,fzGJUum avvGifhcJholwpfOD; taMumif;udka&;zGJUxm;onf/ udk,hfb0udk,f aumif;atmifvkyfzdk YESifh avmu"Hudk owåd&SdpGm t"dyÜg,f&Sd&Sd&ifqdkifzdk YomvQif t"dujzpfaMumif; azmfñTef;a&;om;xm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/
58 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
3/ cHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmh/&efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm?16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 164) &wp– 8761/
ysOf;rem;aZ,s0wDoMum;pufudk trSDjyKívkyfudkif&SmazGpm;aomuf aeMuaom 0efxrf;r dom;p kr sm;taMumif ;ud k a&;z G J Uxm;onf/avmuwGif qif;&J'Pfudk raMumufbJ b0udkyifyef;pGm wnfaqmufMuol? ynmwwf jzpfvdkol?
at;aq;½dk;om;í t&SuftaMumufBuD;ol? b0udk tvG,fvrf;rS vkdufíBuD;yGm;csrf;omvd kol ponfjzif h avmuDvlom;wd k YtaMumif;ud kZmwfaumifrsm;pGmjzifh o½kyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;onf/
4/ *sdK;*s d K;*s d K;*s d K;*s d K;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 404pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 139)wAp-283077
rdrdb0\ tm;enf;csufudk rdrdbmom½dk;r,fzGJUum avvGifhcJholwpfOD; taMumif;udka&;zGJUxm;onf/ udk,hfb0udk,f aumif;atmifvkyfzdk YESifh avmu"Hudk owåd&SdpGm t"dyÜg,f&Sd&Sd&ifqdkifzdk YomvQif t"dujzpfaMumif; azmfñTef;a&;om;xm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 59
5/ iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;iyvDZmwfvrf;/ &e fuke f ? tifvsm;pmay? 1975/ 202 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 112) tro – 76^162
NrdKUaevlwef;pm;tay: aus;awmol&cd ki foluav;wpfO D;\ awG Y jrifc Hpm;&yH kud ka&;zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ½dk;om;oefYpifonfh iyvDurf;ajc\ tvStyudk tusnf;wefnpfEGrf;aponfh txufwef;pm;ESifh vlvwfwef;pm;wdkY\azmufjyefrI rrSefuefrItaxGaxGudk yDjyifatmif
a&;zGJUxm;aom 0w¬Kjzpfonf/
6/ Nidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&SufygNidrf;udk&Sufyg/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?1979/ 225 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 137) tro 79^897/
avmb a'go arm[rD;wdkYjzifh avmifNrdKufvsuf&Sdonfh rdom;pk wpfpktwGif;ü aexdkif&aom'ku©dwa0'emonf\ vlYoabm? vlYraemESif h&SufzG,f&m p½dkufvu©Prsm;udk ½IjrifoHk;oyfrdyHkESifhpdwfcHpm;csufudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
7/ nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;/&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1981/ 315 pm? 16 qifwD(pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 145) wAp-195523/
b0&nfrSef;csuf rjynfhpH kbJ tcspfudkudk;uG,f qnf;uyfrdygu b0tem*wfrvSybJpdwfa&mvlyg 'ku© a&mufwwfaMumif; rdef;uav;rsm;tm; oifcef;pmay; 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/tcspfud k ,H k Munfudk;pm;rdonfh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf taMumif;udk a&;zGJUonf/
---? 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1984/ 302 pm?pm 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 145 'k) wAp-315861/
60 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
8/ xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&SnfxdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&SnfxdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&SnfxdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&SnfxdkaeYu rD;rvmygESif h r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snf
rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif; vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/
441 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 158)
wAp-324926/
r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhaom 0w¬K&Snf (7)
yk'fudk wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf; yH kES dyfazmfjy
xm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0w¬Krsm;udk 0w¬Ktcef;u@ü
wpfyk'fcsif;pD oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;Munfh
tñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/ (131? 116? 101? 115? 78? 61? 83
udkvnf;Munfh)
9/ emrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qDemrusef;onf tdkESif;qD/ &efukef?
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1983/ 347 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 150) &wp-8762/
---/ 'kwd,wGJ/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf?
1983/ 349-678 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 150-'k) &wp-8736/
pmay0goem&Sif rdef;uav;wpfa,muf\
b0ESifh BudK;yrf;rIudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ rnfodkYaom
tajctaers d K ;r Smyif jzpfap? r dr d,H k Munf&m
pmayvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif r,drf;r,dkif razmuf
rjyef &yfwnfEdkif&ef BudK;yrf; tm;xkwfaom
pma&;q&mwd k Y\ b0ESi f h ,H k Munfcsufud k
a&;zGJUxm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 61
10/ yef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&myef;½d kif;wpf&m/ &efukef ? ynm*kPf
pmay? 1981/ 79-198 pm? 16 qifwD? wAp-
294617/
pm;aomufqdkifwGif pm;yGJxdk;vkyf&aom
rdef;uav;wdkY\ tEÅ&m,frsm;yHkudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;Mum;rS tusifhpm&dwå rysufpD;bJ
pm;aomufqdkifwGif pm;yGJxdk;vkyfí b0wufvrf;udk
vrf;rSefrS BudK;pm;&SmazGaom rdef;uav;wpfOD;\
b0ESifh tm;rmefudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
rSwfcsuf/ / armifom&\ &Gmi,fZeyk'f rD;uav;
rSdwfwkwfESifh yl;wGJxkwfa0onf/
11/ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;/
&efukef? xGef;xGef; jrefrmpmay jr§ifhwif xkwfa0a&;
Xme? 1974/ 222 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu
pmtkyftrSwf 92) wAp – 176242/
tdrfaxmifwpfckud k xlaxmif&mwGif
rde f;uav;ESif h a,musfm; av; ESpfO D;pvH k;
tcuftcJud k owå d& S dp Gm &ifqd ki fajz&Sif;&ef
vd ktyfaMumif;E Si f h cufc JusO f ;ajrmi f ;aom
NrdKUjyvlaepepfudk a&;zGJUonf/
---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmpOf? 1975/ 222 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf-92 'k) tro 75^1302/
---/ wwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? c&rf;a&mifpmpOf? 1994/ Z? 147 pm? 16
qifwD/
rSwfcsuf / /wwd,tBudrfxkwfü pma&;ol\ trSmpmyg&Sdonf/
1974 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqk&pmtkyf jzpfonf/ 'g&dkufwm
Munfpdk;xGef;u xdktrnfESifhyif &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmif rif;OD;? ZifrmOD;wdkYESifh
ADG'D,dk&dkuful;cJhonf/
62 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
12/ yGifhwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUyGif hwcsdKU a<uwcsdKU/&efukef? qdk&S,fpmtkyfwdkuf? 1975/ 315 pm 16pifwD/ wAp 250187/
b0tcuftcJtwGuf ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;Mu&mrSm avSavSm f&i f; wufus d K ; Mu&aomrdef;uav;wpfOD;taMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/taMumif;tqifroifhí a&wdrfepfMu&mwGifqif;&Jom;rsufESmrGJ rdef;uav;rsm;u ydkíepfemwwfMuaMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1977/ 315 pm? 16 qifwD/wAp-257091
13/ b,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,fb,folvmulyghr,f/ &efukef?tif;vsm;pmay? 1977/ 218 pm? 16 pifwD?wAp251750/
rdcifqHk;oGm;í tdrfaxmifwpfckvHk;udkwm0ef,l&aom rdef;u av;wpfOD;\ pGefYvTwftepfemcHrIESifh wm0efodwwfrIudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/xdkrdef;uav;rsdK;wdkY\ pdwfcHpm;csufudk tdrfom;rsm;u em;vnf*½kpdkuf zdkYvdktyfaMumif;udkvnf;a&;om;xm;onf/
14/ rok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&Drok"r®pm&D/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)pmtkyf? 1982/ 317 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 146) wAp-297550/
avmuDvlom;wd k Y\ avmb? a'go?arm[? rmeESifh tmCw w&m;wdkY\ ylavmifrIESifhAk'¨w&m;awmf&dyfatmufrS omoemjyKyk*¾dKvfwdkY\arwåm? u½kPm? rk'dwm? Nidrf;at;rIrsm;ud kEdIif;,SOfa&;zGJUxm;onf/ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; &cJvSaomoDv&SifwdkY\ a,bk,saeYpOfb0udkvnf; a&;om;
xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 63
rSwfcsuf/ /'g½dkufwmMunfpdk;xGef;u xdktrnfESifhyif
&kyf&Sif o&kyfaqmif rdk Yrdk Yjrifhatmif? ausmf&Jatmif? jrifhjrifhcdkif?
½Ir0prf;prf;at;? aZmfvif;wdkYjzifh ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;cJhonf/
15/ rD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQifrD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQif/ &efukef?
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 348 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 154)
½ky f& Si favmu\ ½Iy faxG;ayGvDaom
vlrIa&;taMumif; jzpfonf/ ½ky f& Si favmu
wpfckwnf;ü usifvnfaeMuaom vlom;wdkY\
b0 tajctae pdwfcHpm;csuf? pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI
twd ki f;twm? atmifjrifrI twuftusud k
a&;zGJUxm;onf/
16/ rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1/
&efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 248 pm?
16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 147)
wAp-300745/
1972 ckESpf pufwifbmv aiGwm&D
r* ¾Zi f ;w Gi f azm f jyyg& S donf h pma&;ol\
yxrqHk;0w¬Kwdk tdrfeD;csif;trnf&Sd0w¬KrS tpjyKí
1979 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 0gPdZÆr*¾Zif;rS aESmif;rdk;
trnf&S d 0w¬Kwd ktxd 0w¬Kwd k (14) yk'fud k
pkpnf;yHkESdyfa0jcif;jzpfonf/
yg0ifaom 0w¬Kwd krsm;udk 0w¬Krsm;tcef;u@ü wpfyk'fcsif;
oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;MunfhtñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/
(154? 72? 104? 69? 71? 95? 63? 130? 153? 138? 58? 76? 103? 53
udkvnf;Munfh)
rSwfcsuf/ / 1982 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmay0w¬Kqk&pmtkyfjzpfonf/
64 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
17/ rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 2/
&efukef? rdkk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1986/ 283
pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 162)
wAp-364023/
1980? rwfvrS 1985 Edk0ifbmvtwGif;
yH kES dyfazmfjyNyD;aom 0w¬Kwdkwpfq,fhig;yk'fudk
jyefvnfpkpnf;azmfjyxm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0w¬Kwdkrsm;udk 0w¬Krsm; tcef;
u@ü wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;
MunfhtñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/
(89? 149? 90? 92? 133? 109? 151? 111? 73? 118? 70? 97? 135?
86 udkvnf;Munfh)
rSwfcsuf/ / 1986 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmay0w¬Kwdkqk&pmtkyf
jzpfonf/
18/ rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3rdk;rd k;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 3/
&efukef? wufvrf;pmay? 1993/ 323 pm? 16
qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 198)
r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhaom 0w¬Kwdktyk'f
(30) udk wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf;jyefvnf
yHkESdyfazmfjyxm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0w¬Kwdkrsm;udk 0w¬Krsm;tcef;
u@ü wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;
Munfh tñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/
(59? 86? 68? 80? 144? 82? 102? 124?
77? 136? 67? 128? 84? 79? 134? 145? 65? 127? 96? 125? 91? 122?
57? 113? 98? 66? 150? 81? 152? 140 udkvnf;Munfh)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 65
19/ rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 4/ &efukef?
aomfupmay? 2003/ 295 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 332)
r*¾Zif;xJwGif azmfjycJhaom 0w¬Kwdk 15
yk'fudk wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; jyefvnfyHkES dyf
azmfjyxm;onf/
20/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;/
&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ p? 305 pm? 16 qifwD
(pmayavmu pmtkyf 141) wAp-283859/
r*¾Zif;rsm; azmfjycJhaom 0w¬K&Snfrsm;
wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; yHkESdyfazmfjyxm;onf/
pma&;ol\ trSmpm yg&Sdonf/
yg0ifaom0w¬Krsm;udk 0w¬Krsm;tcef;u@ü
wpfyk'fcsif; udkvnf; MunfhtñTef;jzifh azmfjyxm;
onf/
(148? 123? 120? 100? 88? 85 udkvnf;Munfh)
rSwfcsuf/ / 1980 jynfhESpftwGuf trsdK;om;pmay 0w¬Kwdkqk
&&Sdaompmtkyf jzpfonf/
21/ arwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyifarwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyif/
&efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 279 pm?
16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 156)
wAp-323684/
b0qdkonfrSm udk,farQmfvifhovdk rjzpf
wwfonfh oabmudk a&;zG J Uonf/ i,f&G,f
acsmarmonfh rkqdk;rwpfOD;\ b0ESifh tcspf
taMumif; jzpfonf/
66 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
22/ jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;jrLarSmifa0uif;/ &efukef? aomfupmay?2003/ pm 88? 11 qifwD? (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf-328)/
wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f? tcef;quf0w¬K&Snftjzpf azmfjyyg&SdNyD;onfudk vHk;csif;0w¬Ktjzpfjyefvnfxkwfa0/
aemuftdrfaxmifjyKoGm;aom zcifudkrauseyfonfhpdwfjzifh qefYusifaom rdef;uav;wpfa,muftaMumif; jzpfonf/
23/ jrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonfjrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonf/ &efukef?rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1983/ 251 pm? 16 qifwD(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 151) wAp-311793/
jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd vli,frsm;\ vIyf&Sm;½kef;uefaexdkifMu&rIudk xif[yfazmfjyEd kif&efBudK;yrf;a&;om;xm;onfh 0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/ r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjyzl;aom 0w¬K&Snf 5yk'fudk wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; azmfjy xm;onf/
yg0ifaom 0w¬Krsm;udk 0w¬Krsm;u@üwpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm; azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;MunfhtñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/
(64? 107? 108? 114? 121 udkvnf;Munfh)
24/ rSwpfqifhrSwpfqifhrSwpfqifhrSwpfqifhrSwpfqifh/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?1978/ 254 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 133) tro 78^1477/
olaX;orD;jzpfvsufESifh b0ay; tajctaetwdkif; oufaomifh oufomESifh b0udk orm;½dk;ustwdkif; roGm;vdkbJ udk,fhtBudKufoD;jcm; b0yHkpHwpf&yf wnfaqmufMunfhvdkaom rdef;uav;wpfOD;taMumif;jzpfonf/ tawG;tac: t,ltq
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 67
csif; uGm[vsuf&Sdaom rdbESifh om;orD;wdkY\ y#dyu©Mum;rS oHa,mZOfESifhcspfjcif;arwåmudk a&;zGJUxm; onf/
25/ rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyDrSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/&efukef? yg&rD pmpOf? 1978/ 241 pm? 16 qifwD(pmayavmupmtky ftr Swf 131) tro78^989/
om;orD;wdkYtay: rnfonfharQmfvifhcsufrQrxm;bJ twdkif;rod xm;&Sdtyfaom rdcifwpfOD;\arwåmESif h rdom;pkwpfpktwGif;rSmyif pdwfoabmxm; t,ltqcsif; uGm[vsuf&SdaomnDtpfudkarmifESrwpfpkwdk Y \ tjzpftysufudk
a&;zGJUxm;onf/rSwfcsuf/ / 'g½dkufwm cifarmifOD;? pdk;odrf;xG#fuxdktrnfESifhyif ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;cJh&m trsdK;orD; ZmwfydkYqkudk a':jrifhjrifhcif uvnf;aumif;? trsdK;om;Zmwfydk Yqkudk armifpdrf;atmifuvnf;aumif; 1980 ckESpftwGuf tu,f'rD &&SdcJhonf/
26/ &GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;&GufvSyef;/ &efukef ? tif;vsm;pmay? 1975/ 262 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 103) tro 75^ 1349/
vlYb0 tajymif;tvJ[lonf jrefqefvSí?vlu b0udk rzefwD;Edkif? b0uom vludk zefwD;aewwfonfh oabmudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ tcspftwGuf emusnf;jcif;? b0\ qHk;½HI;rIrsm; twGufwkefvIyfawGa0jcif;udk Mum&Snf rcHpm;oifhbJjzpfvmonfh tajctaerS tm;rmef tjynfhESifh b0
udk &ifqdkifBudK;pm;zdkYvdkaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1995/ 256 pm? 16 qifwD/
68 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
27/ a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQifa&Twd*HkudkjrifvQifa&Twd*HkudkjrifvQifa&Twd*HkudkjrifvQifa&Twd*HkudkjrifvQif/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf?1979/ 395 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 135) wAp-278231/
NrdKUjyvlaerIpepf\ usOf;ajrmif;Muyfwnf;½IyfaxG;rI? NrdKUjyvlaerI jyóemrsm;Mum;wGifMuyfwnf;rGef;epfpGm vIyf&Sm;½kef;uef aeMuonfhNrdKYjyae vlom;rsm;\ 'ku©a0'emrsm;udk pkpnf;a&;zGJUxm;onfh 0w¬K jzpfonf/
28/ a0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif ha0'emMumeDyGif h/ &efukef? rd k;rd k;(tif;vsm;)pmtkyf? 1982/ 291 pm? 16 qifwD(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 148) wAp-303747/
rdef;uav;wpfa,muf\ b0udk ½kef;uef&ifqdkif&Jonfh owådESifh qE&r®ufuif;pGm cspfwwfaom pdwfudk cHpm;em;vnfwwf&ef a&;zGJUxm;onf/ vlwd k Yonf ud k,farG;zGm;usifvnf&mywf0ef;usifrS ½kef;xGufEdkif&ef BudK;pm;Muaomfvnf;ratmifjrifbJ us&mb0wGif tqifajyovdk ae
oGm;Muonfh vlYb0avmutaMumif; jzpfonf/
29/ ork'&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,fork'&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,f/&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 370 pm? 16 qifwD(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 142) wAp-287385/
rdrdwnfrSD&mavmuwGif ae&Jonfh owådudkt&if;wnf usifvnfaeMu&onfh rdef;rom;wdkY\b0tawGUtMuHK? tjzLtrnf;? tvif;tarSmif?tH Mo0rf;ajrmufz G,f&m? 0rf;enf;emusnf;zG,f&mrsm;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 69
30/ oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;/ &efukef? rdk;rd k;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 379 pm? 16 qifwD(pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 149) &wp-8764/
rsufarSmufacwf aus;vufawm&Gmuav;wpf&GmrS awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fv,f,m0efxrf;wcsdKU\ b0udk xyf[yfEdkif&efa&;zGJUxm;onf/
31/ oaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅKoaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅK/ &efukefyg&rD pmpOf 1983/ 251 pm 16 qifwD(pmayavmupmtky ftrSwf 132) tr1-78^1991/
avmu"HtcuftcJrsm;? b0tcuftcJrsm;Mum;wGif b0wpfck &yfwnfEdkif&ef ½dk;om;pGm&SmazGvkyfudkif pm;aomufMuaom qif;&Jom;wdkYab;tEÅ&m,fudk a&Smif&Sm;wwf&ef a&;zGJUxm;onf/
32/ tcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&mtcspfqdkaomt&m/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1976/ 308 pm? 16qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 117) tro76^1507/
i,folwd k YavmuwGif jzp fwwfaomaysm f& Ti f MunfE I ; jci f ; ? aMuuG J0r f ;enf; jci f ; ?pdwfysuftm;avsmhjcif;? &Tifvef;wuf<ujcif; ponfhvli,fwdkY\ pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;ESifh rjywfom;aomtcspfpdwftaMumif;udk a&;zGJUonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 71
pmzwfolwdk Y ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rd k; (tif;vsm;)pmzwfolwdk Y ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rd k; (tif;vsm;)pmzwfolwdk Y ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rd k; (tif;vsm;)pmzwfolwdk Y ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rd k; (tif;vsm;)pmzwfolwdk Y ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rd k; (tif;vsm;)
ESif h olY0w¬Krsm;ESif h olY0w¬Krsm;ESif h olY0w¬Krsm;ESif h olY0w¬Krsm;ESif h olY0w¬Krsm;
pdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwf
(1)
1970-80 umvrsm;wGif jrefrmpmayavmuü trsdK;orD; pma&;q&mr
ESpfOD;wdkY wpfNydKifeufvdk xGufay:vmonfudk owdjyKrdonf/ olwdkYESpfOD;rSm
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ESifh rpEmjzpfMuNyD; olwdkY uavmifrsm;uvnf; olY[efESifhol
xufjrpl;&SMuonf/ vHk;csif;wpftkyfpDESifhyif udk,hfuavmifudk pmzwf
y&dowfMum; <um;<um;0ifh0ifh wifhw,fEdkifMuolcsnf; jzpfMuonf/
olwdkYESpfa,mufonf jrefrmpmayavmu\ wu,fhudk acwfNydKif
pmayol&Jaumif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tm;aumif;armif;oef uavmifrsm;yDyD
q,fpkESpf ESpfckeD;yg;rQ t&Sdeft[kef aumif;aumif; cGmoHajzmif;ajzmif;jzifh
csDwufvmMu&m ckcgwGifrl olwdkYESpfOD;xHrS rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) [laom
uavmifwpfacsmif;onf rarQmfvifhbJ ½kwfw&uf tm;vHk;udk EIwfqufum
vlYb0ESifh pmaye,frS tEdkifydkif;í xGufcGmoGm;cJhacsNyD/
72 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
(2)
ol\ yxrqHk;aom vHk;csif;0w¬KrSm ]aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;}
jzpfonf/
xdk0w¬KwGifolonf NrdKUjyrS acwfynmwwf vli,f tdrfaxmif
onfwdkY\ b0 tcuftcJudk a&;zGJUonf/ NrdKUjy vlrIpD;yGm;'ku© 0J*,ufwGif
prf;w0g;0g;jzifh avQmufvSrf;&if; vrf; b,frjrif jzpfae&onfh acwfjy
aMu;rHk wpfcsyftjzpf MunfMunfvifvif jrif&atmif a&;oGm;Edkifonf/
]'DaeYacwf trsdK;orD;awGrSm bmjyóemawG&SdaevJ} [laom
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom ol\ ar;cGef;rS tpjyKí tawG;pwdkY pD;qif;,Sufjzm
um þ0w¬Kudk a&;zGJUjzpfonf[laom 0w¬KaemufuG,frS toHudk Mum;od&
zl;onf/
xdkyGJOD;xGuf 0w¬KESifhyif olonf 1974 ckESpftwGuf trsdK;om;
pmay 0w¬K&Snfqkudk qGwfcl;&&SdoGm;onf/ xdk0w¬Kudk 1975 ckESpfwGif
'kwd,tBudrf jyef½dkuf&NyD; aemifwGif ½k&Sm;bmomjzifh jyefqdkjcif; cH&onf[k
od&onf/
onfvdkESifh olonf 0w¬Kwdk? &SnfESifh vHk;csif;0w¬Krsm;udk qufwdkuf
vdk a&;om;xkwfa0vmcJhonf/ txl;ojzifh olonf trsdK;orD;wdkY\ b0udk
ydkí em;vnfovdk pdwf0ifwpm;} a&;zGJUvmonfudk awGU&onf/
ol\ 'kwd,0w¬Kpmtkyfjzpfaom ]yGifhwcsdKU a<uwcsdKU} rSm acwf
umv\ vlrIpD;yGm;vdIif;wHydk;rsm;Mum;wGif ul;cwf½kef;uef&if; b0udk
wnfaqmufaeMu&ol trsdK;orD;i,frsm;\ b0udk zGifhqdkxm;onf/ xdk
vdIif;wHydk;rsm;Mum;wGif wcsdKUum; vef;qef;vSypGm yGifhvsuf wcsdKUum;
a<uvGifhvsuf/
olonf 0w¬Ka&; q&mrwpfOD; jzpfaomfvnf; olY,HkMunfrIESifhol
vrf;avQmufoljzpfonf/ wm0efododjzifh pma&;olwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/
ol\ 0w¬Krsm;rSm a&mif;taumif;qHk;? vlBudKuftrsm;qHk;[laom pm&if;wGif
ryg0if/ olYb0 ywf0ef;usifrS ½dkufcwfvmaom a0'emESifh cHpm;csufrsm;udk
pl;pl;epfepf azmfxkwfwifjyaom vlYb0 yef;csDum;rsm; jzpfaewwfonf/
pmzwfoltBudKufvdkufí atmifjrifrIay: arsmcdkpD;aeaom
pma&;q&mrsdK; olrjzpfcsif/ ]]pmzwfoludk tav;xm;aom? pmzwfol
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 73
uvnf; av;pm;aom pma&;q&mrsdK;om oljzpfcsifonf}} þtcsufudk
olpmaya[majymcsuf wpfckxJwGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; zGifh[xm;onf/
]jynfoltm;vHk;&JUb0? jynfoltm;vHk;&JU cHpm;rIudk azmfxkwfEdkifrS
uRefrwdkY wm0efausrSmyg/ uRefrwdkYtm;vHk; pma&;olawG? pmzwfolawG
tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f/ wcsdKUpma&;olawGuawmh pmzwfolawGtay:
vHk;vHk;vTJcswwfMuygw,f/ zwfwJholawGu 'gawGyJ zwfMuwm? 'gawGyJ
a&;&wmayghwJh? 'g[m pmzwfoludk apmfum;wmygyJ? pmzwfoludk
ckwHk;vkyfwmygyJ}
uJ...olb,favmuf wm0efausovJ...
]a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQif} wJh/ 1978 ckESpfwGif ol 0w¬Kwpfyk'f a&;xkwf
vdkufonf/ &efukefNrdKUESifh teD;rS 0ef;usiftzHkzHk? vlwef;pm; tpHkpHkwdkY\
b0udk rSefuluGufozG,f a&;jc,fxm;onf/ a'gyHkNrdKUe,f\ tedrfhqHk;aom
tvTmrS 0if'grD,mtxd vlwef;pm;aygif;pHk vkyfief;aygif;pHk? p½dkufaygif;pHk
wdkYudk olYynmjzifha&marTum ol jzwfoef;ae&aom ordkif;acwf\
yHk&dyfwdkYudk tvSyqHk;ESifh todrfarGUqHk; a&;zGJUoGm;onf/
pma&;ouf av;ESpfrQtMumwGifyif olYvuf&monf tHhMo&
avmufatmif wdk;wufvmonf/ vlYb0ESifh vlYp½dkufwdkYudk axmifhaygif;pHkrS
Munfhwwfvmonf/ b0\ toGifuGJ trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf; vwfqwfaom
a&;zGJUyHk twwfynmwdkYjzifh &uf,S,fvmonfudk awGU&onf/
1978 ckESpfonf olYb0wGif a&;tm; taumif;qHk;? t&Sdeft&
qHk;aom ESpf[k ajymvQifrSm;rnfrxif/ xdkwpfESpfwnf;wGif olonf vHk;csif;
av;tkyfwdwd a&;om;xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf/
]rSwpfyg;tjcm;r&SdNyD} ]oaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅK} ]rSwpfqifh}
ESifh ]a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQif} wdkYjzpfonf/ xdktxJwGif ]rSwpfyg;tjcm;r&SdNyD}
0w¬KrSmvnf; atmifjrifaom rdcifarwåmbGJU wpfyk'fjzpfonf/
p½dkuftrsdK;rsdK;? pdwf"gwftzHkzHkwdkUjzifhvmaom om;orD;rsm;\
aumif;usdK; qdk;usdK;trsdK;rsdK;udk ayGUydkufcHpm;&aom rkqdk;rrdcifBuD;\ arwåm
w&m;udk euf½dIif;xda&mufpGm a&;oDzGJUjyoGm;onf/ ½kyf&Siftjzpf ½dkuful;&m
wGifvnf; rxifrSwfbJ atmifjrifoGm;onf/ aemifwGif ½k&Sm;bmomjzifh
jyefqdkjcif;cH&aom 0w¬Kvnf;jzpfonf/
74 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
aemifESpf 1979 ckESpfwGifum;? olvufyef;usoGm;onfxifh/
]Nidrf;udk&Sufyg} [laom 0w¬Kav;wpftkyfom xGufvmawmhonf/ xdk0w¬K
av;rSm pmtkyftaejzifh yg;vSyfvSyfav;rQomjzpfovdk? Zmwfvrf;aMum½dk;
taeESifhvnf; bmrS BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom taMumif;t&m r[kwfaomf
vnf; ]olY0w¬KxJwGif tm;taumif;qHk; vlYp½dkufzGJU 0w¬K[k qdkcsifygonf}}
tarGudpötwGuf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; rdom;pkcsif;yif jzpfaomfvnf; oHo,?
avmb? arm[? twåESifh rmewdkYjzifh wnD;nD; awmufavmifaeol
rdom;pkrsm;udk bD;wyfvSnf;ay:rS xdkifMunfh&if; wpdrfhpdrfh&Sufaeonfh
'ku©dwrav; Nidrf;\ cHpm;csuf? a0'emwdkYudk a&;zGJUoGm;onfrSm MuufoD;
arG;nif;xavmufonfh tEkynmvuf&m[kyif ajymcsifygonf/
1980 ckESpfwGifrl r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif yg&SdcJhNyD;aom ol\ 0w¬K&Snfrsm;
udk pkaygif;í rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) \ ]r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;} [k xkwfa0&m
xdkESpftwGuf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk xyfrH&&SdcJhjyefygonf/
1981 ckESpfwGifrl olonf ]a<urvdkeJUa0? a0rvdkeJYa<u} ESifh
]nDrav;u tcspfudk udk;uG,fowJhvm;} 0w¬KwdkYudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
ESpftkyfvHk;rSm tcspfa&;ESifh ywfoufí trsdK;orD;wdkY\ b0? cHpm;csuf?
tcGifhta&; wdkYtay:xm;onfh ol\ apwemudk azmfusL;aom pmtkyfrsm;
jzpfMuygonf/
txl;ojzifh ]nDrav;u tcspfudk udk;uG,fowJhvm;} rSm
nDrav;t&G,f rdef;rysdKav;wdkYtwGuf b0 oifcef;pm,lp&m Zmwfvrf;
wpfyk'f jzpfovdk rSefuefaom apwemtavsmufvnf; atmifjrif&cJh
jyefygonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif 1983 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,tBudrf jyefvnf xyfrH
½dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJh&onf r[kwfygvm;/
1982 ckESpfwGifrl olonf tqifuGJ 0w¬KoHk;tkyfudk qufwdkuf
a&;xkwfvkdufavonf/ ]rok"r®pm&D} ]a0'em MumeDyGifh} ESifh ]oHk;vGef;wifrS
BudK;} wdkYjzpfonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm ]rok"r®pm&D} 0w¬Konf jrefrm0w¬K
avmuwGif &Sm;yg;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonfh oDv&ifwdkY\ b0udk
azmfusL;aom 0w¬Kjzpfonf/
udk,fwdkif oDv&if0wfí &&Sdonfh tawGUtBuHK cHpm;csufwdkYrS
a&;aom0w¬Kjzpf&m o½kyfyDvGef;? pdkif;eif;vGef;ojzifh q&mOD;okcwdkYvdk
pma&;q&mBuD;uyif csD;usL;&aom 0w¬Kjzpfygonf/ ]a0'emMumeDyGifh} rSmrl
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 75
vli,fav;rsm;\ b0ESifh tcspfvGef;xdk;&uf,SufrIudk zGJUonfh0w¬KjzpfNyD;?
]oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;}rSmrl jrefrmEdkifiHrS v,form;wdkY\ b0o½kyfrSef0w¬K
wpfyk'f jzpfygonf/ pifppf jrefrmpmaywGif v,form;0w¬KrSm &Sm;yg;vS
ayonf/
v,forsm; trsm;pkaexdkif&m? pdkufysdK;a&;udk tm;jyKonfh EdkifiH
wGif v,form;0w¬KrSm q&marmifxif\ ]ib}? rif;atmif\ ]rdk;atmuf
ajrjyif} ESifh q&modef;azjrifh\ ]vrf;pay:NyD} wdkY avmufom&Sdonf/
vufcsdK;a&í&onf/ aemufydkif;wGifrl wifhqef;\ ]tiwfrcH} wdkY qifjzLuRef;
atmifodef;\ ]v,form;olykef} wdkYavmufom zwf&onf/
aemufNyD; q&mwuúodkvfbkef;Edkif\ ]OD;BuD;bxdkuf (odkY) rdk;ESifh
ajrudkatmifEdkifjcif;}/ xm;ygawmhav? aocsma&MunfhrnfqdkvQifyif
vufESpfzuf rjynfhwwf/ xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ygonf/
ordkif;acwfwpfck\ ta&;BuD;aom u@udk pma&;q&mu
rarhravsmh wm0efausyGefpGmjzifh rSwfwrf;wifcJhjcif;yif r[kwfygvm;/
xdkESpfwGifyif ol\ yxrqHk;aom ]0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf pmtkyf}
xGufvmonf/ 1982 ckESpftwGuf trsdK;om;pmay0w¬Kwdk qk&onf/
wwd,tBudrfajrmuf &jcif;jzpfonf/ xdktcgolonf atmifyGJESifhtwl
BuD;rm;aom wm0efudk owdjyK tav;xm;rdonfxifh/
pma&;om;jcif;ESifhqdkifaom cdkifrmonfh ol\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk
&J&J0Hh0Hh xkwfazmfvmonfudk awGU&ygonf/
]... ... ... ...
pma&;jcif;ESifh t&Snfojzifh &yfwnfawmhr,fvdkY qHk;jzwfvdkufwJh
tcgusawmh 'DvdkusOf;ajrmif;wJh rdrdywf0ef;usif uGufuGufuav;udkyJ
a&;aevdkY rjzpfawmhbl;
emrnfav; rSefrSefyg½Hk? aiGpuav;&½HkuvGJvdk Y tjcm;bm
t"dyÜm,frsm; &SdygovJ...
'Dvdk t"dyÜm,fr&SdwJh tvkyfudk vufanmif;cHNyD; vkyfrvm;?
'grSr[kwf t"dyÜm,f&Sd&Sd? tusdK;&Sd&Sd &yfwnfzdkY b,fvdkvkyfrvJ/ pOf;pm;
vmrdw,f/
pmudk qufa&;&r,f/
BudK;pm;NyD;a&;&r,f/
76 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
usOf;ajrmif;ao;odrfwJh taMumif;awGudk z,fxkwfypfvdkuf
&r,f/ yk*¾vdu cHpm;csufawGudk arhypf&r,f/ udk,feJYtwlwl &yfwnf
aewJh omref jynfolrsm;&mpk&JU cHpm;csufawG? tjzpftysufawG?
emusifrIawGudk avhvmazmfxkwf&r,f? a&;zGJUwifjy&r,f/
'DvdkyJ qHk;jzwfrdygw,f}
(0w¬Kwdkrsm; (1) ausmzHk;trSmpmrS)
1983 ckrSmawmh vlYb0xJrSm tESpf (40) eD;yg;&SdvmNyD; pma&;
oufq,fESpfavmuf &vmwJholvm ]emrusef;onf tdkESif;qD} qdkNyD; twGJ
2 wGJyg 0w¬Kpmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhygNyD/
rdcifESifh zcif&JU tdrfaxmifa&; y#dyu©Mum;xJu pmzwf pma&;
0goemygwJh pdwful;,OfwwfwJh rdef;ri,fav; wpfa,muf&JU b0upvdkY
tao;pdwf a&;zGJUxm;onfh 0w¬Kjzpfygonf/
zwf&onfrSm wNidrfhNidrfhESifh t&om&SdvSygonf/ vlYb0c&D;\
twuftus tedrfhtjrifhwdkYudk yDjyifatmif a&;zGJUoGm;cJhonf/ tm;usp&m?
aMuuGJp&m? vGrf;qGwfp&mwdkYjzifh &oajrmufvSonfh pGJrufzG,f 0w¬Kwpfyk'f
jzpfygonf/
xdkESpfwGifyif olonf ]jrefrmjynfwGifaeMuonf} [laom
acgif;pOfjzifh r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&;cJhaom vli,fwdkY\ b0toD;oD;rS ½kef;uef
vIyf&Sm;rIwdkYudk a&;zGJUonfh 0w¬Krsm;udk pkpnf;í xkwfa0cJhygonf/
xdk0w¬Kwdkrsm;onf ,aeYacwf\ vlrIpD;yGm;b0 taxGaxGudk
vli,frsm;u ola&muf&Sd&mae&m? tvTm? tqifhwdkYrSaeí toD;oD; &ifqdkif
½kef;uef aeMu&yHkudk um;csyfi,fav;jzifh pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfh acwf\
½kyfyHkvTmwpfcsyfyif jzpfygonf/
ynmudkoifcsifvSaomfvnf; oifzd k YtcGif hta&; r&onfh
aumvd,acsmif; eHab;rS rndKjymawG&Sdovdk NrdKUawmf&efukef&JU tvkyf
vufrJh jyóemMum; acwfynmwwf vli,fawG&JU qdkYepfaMuuGJrI a0'em
awGudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh q,fhESpfvHk;wef;u &D&DrmawG ponf ponfjzifh
jrefrmjynf t&yf&yfrSm aeMuwJh vli,fawG&JU b0eJU a0'emudk olrarh/
rarh½Hkwifru a&;&wm tm;r&bl;xifonf/ bD;vif; oMum;
pufaemufcH vli,fav;awG\ b0a&mifpHkwdkYjzifh jc,frIef;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'f
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 77
udk olaemufqHk;taejzifh wm0efausyGefpGm a&;zGJUcJhonfav/ ]cHwufEkav;
awG nSdK;csdefwefawmh} wJh/
vli,fawGxJrSmyJ ynmrwwfwJhvli,f? ynmr&wJhvli,f?
ynmoifcsifwJhvli,f? ynmwwfvli,f? tvkyform;vli,f olwdkYawG&JU
b0awG[m b0ay; tajctaeawGt& rwlMuayr,fh jzwfoef;ae&wJh
ordkif;acwfuawmh wpfckwnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dordkif;acwf&JU wHkYjyef
½dkufcwfcsufawGuvnf; olwdkYav;awG&JU b0udk ½dkufcwfvmwJhtcg jzpf
ay:vmwJh tusdK;qufeJU a0'emawGudk ]cHwufEkav;awG nd§K;csdefwefawmh}
vdkY pmempdwfeJY a&;zGJUoGm;cJhao;onf r[kwfygvm;/ (cHwufEkav;awG
wJhvm; q&mr&,f)
1985-ckESpfrSmawmh ola&;wJh0w¬K ESpfyk'fvHk;u tdrfaxmifonf
trsdK;orD;awG&JU b0? tcspfeJU ½kef;uefrIawGudk zGJUwJh 0w¬KawGcsnf; jzpfae
wmudk awGU&onf/ tdrfaxmifonf ½kyf&Sifrif;orD;wpfa,muf&JU b0udk
]rD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQif} qdkwJh0w¬KeJU azmfjyNyD; udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;NyD; udk,fh
ajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfwnfcsifwJh rkqdk;r i,fi,facsmacsmav; wpf
a,muf&JU rdk;xJavxJu b0½kef;uefrIudk ppfrSefwJh tcspfoabmw&m;eJU
wnfaqmufyHkudkawmh ]arwåmurf;em; tcspfopfyif} qdkwJh 0w¬KeJU vSypGm
a&;zGJUjyoGm;onf/
xdk0w¬KESpfykpfvHk;onf b0udk ½kef;uefae&aom tdrfaxmifonf
rdef;rysdKrsm;twGuf b0tm;rmefudk ay;onfh 0w¬Krsm;jzpfovdk vSy
odrfarGUaom tcspf0w¬Krsm;vnf; jzpfygonf/
xdkESpfwGif ]0w¬K&Snfrsm; (2)} udk xkwfa0cJhNyD; aemifESpf 1986
ckESpfwGifrl ]0w¬Kwdkrsm; (2)} xGufvmNyD; pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf trsdK;om;
pmayqkudk xyfrH&&Sdjyefygonf/
78 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
(3)
olonf olYb0wpfavQmufvH k; odu©m&S daompmrsm;ud k a&;cJ h NyD;?
odu©m&Sd&Sdjzifhyif trsdK;om;pmayqkudk av;Budrfwdkifwdkif xdkufxdkufwefwef
&&SdolwpfOD;wnf;aom pma&;q&m jzpfayonf/ xdkYjyif jrefrm0w¬Krsm;udk
urÇmhpmay t0ef;t0dkif;xJodkY ajccsrd&ef olY0w¬Krsm;u pGrf;aqmifcJhNyDyJ/
w½kwf? qdkAD,uf? *syefponfh EdkifiHtoD;oD;ü ol\ 0w¬Krsm; bmomjyefNyD;
jzpf&m tm&Se,fedrdwfwGif awmufypGm xGef;ajymifcJhayNyD/
xdkrQomru tm&S tmz&du pma&;q&mrsm;toif;rS xkwfa0
aom ]Mumyef;r*¾Zif;} (Lotus)trSwf (60) (1988) wGif ol\ 0w¬Kwdk
wpfyk'fudk ]The price of peace in the family} [laom trnfjzifh jyefqdk
xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
olonf ½dk;½dk;ukwfukwfjzifh aexdkif&if; apwemygaom pmzwfol
ay: wm0efausaom pmayrsm;udk a&;om;&if; ½kwfw&uf vlYavmurS
xGufcGmoGm;NyD jzpfaomfvnf; olYpmrsm;um; pmzwfoljynfolwdkY\ ESvHk;om;
wGif xm0&&Sifoefwnf&Sdaernfum; trSefyifwnf;/
pdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwfpdk;jrifhvwf
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 79
rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif;
jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)onf 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm; a&;om;cJhNyD; vlYtzGJUtpnf;
ESifh ynm&yfqdkif&m taqmufttHkrsm;uyg todtrSwfjyKcHcJh&ol
jzpfonfomru ol\ ta&;tom; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk bmomjcm;
pm^pum;rsm;tm;jzifh jyefvnfazmfxkwf wifjyjcif;cH&onf/ pma&;om;
jcif;jzifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) &&SdcJhaom atmifjrifrIESifh todtrSwfjyK cH&rI
twGuf oHo,jzpf&ef jyufodumrQaom taMumif;r&Sd/ wpfenf;qdk&
aomf pma&;om;jcif;jzifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) u azmfxkwfwifjycJhonfrsm;rSm
pmayt&mrajrmuf[k qdk&efr&Sd/ odkYjzpf&um; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ tm;xkwf
rIrsm;udk avhvmMunfhoifhonf/
þwGif 1980 jynfhESpfESifh 1997 ckESpfwdkYwGif jyefvnf yHkESdyf xkwfa0cJh
aom rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; 1 udk tajcwnfí ta&;
tom;tcsKdUudk avhvmMunfhygrnf/ xdkpmtkyfrSm 1980 jynfhESpfwGif
trsKd;om;pmayqk (0w¬Kwdk)qkvnf; &cJhaom? [l\/ þwGif axGjym;Edkif
aom tcsufwpfckudk a&S;OD;pGm aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ pmtkyf\trnfwGif
,wdjywf ]0w¬K&Snf} [k azmfxkwfwifjyxm;jcif;ESifh ]0w¬Kwdkqk &&Sdjcif;}
wdkY\ tMum;rS axGjym;aeaom owfrSwfcsufjzpfonf/ uRefawmfhtjrif
oufouft&aomf ]0w¬Kwdk} [laom owfrSwfcsufudk trSef,lygonf/
0w¬K&Snf[k qdk&efrSm pmvHk;^pum;vHk;a& yrmPESifh pmvHk;^pum;vHk;\
twdkif;twm (tus,ft0ef;)rSm enf;vSygonf/ xdkYjyifru 0w¬K&Snf[k
owfrSwf&ef oD;jcm;txl;jyKazmfxkwfxm;rIrsm;ryg/ qifhyGm;azmfxkwfaom
taMumif;rsm; (qifhyGm;Zmwfvrf;rsm;) ryg/ Context [laom pum;vHk;
udk oHk;pGJíqdk&aomf Context is what the message is [líom
qdk&ygrnf/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; 1 wGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u
80 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
oljyqdkvdkaom taMumif;wpfpHkwpf&mudk ta&;tom; wpfckvHk; (0w¬K
wpfyk'fpDtwGif;ü) twGif;ü a&;om; azmfjycJhonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; qifhuJ
jzpfay:aom taMumif;(rsm;)udk xnfhoGif;rxm;cJh/ odkYtwGuf rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&Snfrsm; 1 wGif ]0w¬K&Snf} [k rsKd;wllpkjyKxm;onf
rSefaomfvnf; xdk0w¬K&Snf[k rsKd;wlpkudk xyfrHuefYowfxm;vdkufaom
]r*¾Zif;} [laom pmvHk;^pum;vHk;udkyg owdjyKoifhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
xkwfa0aeMuaom r*¾Zif;wdkY\ owfrSwfcsuf(pH)t& ]0w¬K&Snf} [k rsKd;wl
pkjyKxm;jcif;om jzpfzG,f&Sdonf[kom qdk&ayrnf/ pmayta&;tom;t&
0w¬Kwdk[k a,bk,sowfrSwfEdkifaom *kPf&nfwpfpHkwpf&mjzifh wdkif;wm
xm;jcif; r[kwf[k qdk&rnf xifonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap þta&;tom;awGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdk
ta&;tom;tjzpfom avhvmrnfjzpfaomfvnf; &|d trnf owfrSwf
csufESifhywfoufí t"duxm; aqG;aEG;rnfr[kwfyg/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\
0g,r pdkufxkwfxm;aom ta&;tom;tay:wGif tav;ay; avhvm
rnfjzpfygonf/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; 1 yg ta&;tom;
wcsKdUudk avhvm Munfhygrnf/
(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)
]va&mifvTrf;vnf;urf;ESifha0;cJh} udkzwf&if;? 'g pma&;wwfvdkY a&;wJh pmyJ[k
uRefawmfhbmom rSwfcsufcsrdygonf/ þodkYjrifrdonfrSm taMumif;
&Sdygonf/ pma&;jcif;udk vlwdkif;a&;Edkifaomfvnf; pmay ajrmufatmif
odkYr[kwf pmayta&;tom;wpfck[k owfrSwfcH&Edkifaom ta&;tom;
wpfckjzpf&efrSm vlwdkif;a&;Edkifonf r[kwfyg/ pma&;wwf? pmzwfwwfwdkif;
pmta&;tom;wpfck jzpfrvmyg/ wdwdususqdk&aomf ]pmayt&m
ajrmufjcif;} onf pmta&;tom;rsm;twGif;rS oD;jcm; ay:xGufvmaom
taMumif;wpfckomjzpfonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ t&yf pum;jzifhqdk&aomf
vufrSwfxdk;wwfjcif;onf pmay wnfaqmufrIwpfck r[kwfEdkifyg/
þwGif &yf&Sifpepf (yHkpH) t"duxm;aom pmayynm&Sif (RussianFormalist) wdkYwifjycJhaom ]pmayt&m ajrmufjcif;} taMumif; pOf;i,frQ
wifjyvdkygonf/ pmayESifh pmayr[kwfonfrsm;tMum;rS t"duusaom
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 81
jcm;em;csufwpfckrSm ]pmayt&majrmufjcif;} om jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg
pmayynm&Sifrsm;teufrS ½dkrmef;,muGwfqif (Roman Jacobson)url ]pmayudk odyÜHynmwpf&yftaejzifh avhvmonf[kqdk&mwGif avhvm
onfhtaMumif;rSm pmayr[kwf/ pmayt&majrmufjcif; (pmaywpf&yf
jzpfjcif;) taMumif;om jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm rnfokdY pmayt&majrmuf
aMumif; avhvmjcif;jzpfonf} [k qdkonf/ odkYjzpfí (pepf)yHkpH t"du
xm;aom ynm&Sifrsm; taejzifh rnfonfudk a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;xuf?
rnfokdYa&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;udk ydkípdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ ta&;tom;
wpfckwGif pmay[k ac:qdkavmufonfh odkYr[kwf pmaywpf&yfjzpfajrmuf
avmufonfh p½dkufvu©PmwdkYudk pdppfavhvmMuonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
pmay\ bmompum;ESifh pmayr[kwfaom aeYpOfoHk; bmom pum;wdkY\
tMum;rS rwlnDrIrsm;udk avhvmpdppfMuonf/ &yf&Sifpepf(yHkpH)t"duxm;
avhvmolrsm;tMum;ü ta&;ygaom toHk;tEIef;wpfck&Sdonf/ ¤if;udk
jrefrmbmom pum;tm;jzifhaomf ]&if;ESD;rIr&Sdxm;jcif;} [Defamiliarisa-tion (ostranenie)] (pdrf;aeatmif jyKxm;jcif;/ qef;opfaeapjcif; [k
vnf; rSwf,lEdkifonf) [k qdkEdkifonf/
xd ktoH k;tEIef;ud k ynm&Sif Acfwm&ScavmhpuD; (VictorShklovsky) u wifjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1917 ckESpf wGif xkwfa0aom
ol\ta&;tom;wpfck ("Art as Device") wGif xdkoabmudk wifjycJh
jcif;jzpfonf/ olu t"duxm; wifjyxm;aom tcsufwpf&yfrSm vl\
jrifodrIudk tEkynmu zefwD;rIenf;ynmt& tjrifopfjzpfay: vmap
onfjzpf\/ zefwD;rIonf tpOftvmodjrifrI? jrif&mrS tvdktavsmuf
odvmrI oabmrsm;udk tav;ray;[k qdkcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí &SavmhpuD;\
tvdkt& tEkokckrynm&yftm;vHk;twGuf ta&;ygqHk;rSm wu,fwrf;
jzpf&Sdaeaom taMumif;t&m tjzpftysuf ponfrsm;udk yHkzsufjyvdkufjcif;
[Deformation (Distortation r[kwf)] omjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif
]yHkzsufonf} [k qdkojzifh teuf,l rvGJMuapcsifyg/ (Dismantle,distortion udk rqdkvdkyg/) olqdkvdkonfrSm tEkynmtm;jzifh zefwD; xkwf
vkyfxm;aom wpfpHkwpf&monf jrifodESifhNyD;om; wpfpHkwpf&m r[kwfawmh
jcif;jzpfonf/ topfwpfckuJhodkY jzpfNyD; opfqef;ae&rnf/ &if;ESD;aeNyD;om;
wpfpHkwpf&m r[kwf&awmhacs/ aeYpOfb0xJwGif aeYpOfawGY-jrif-od
82 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
&onfrsm;onf xdktwdkif;om&SdaeMuojzifh xkdxkdaom t&mrsm;onf
tEkynmypönf;rsm; r[kwfacs[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/
]va&mifvTrf;vnf; urf;ESifha0;cJh} wGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u pmayt&m
0ifw,fqdkwm 'Dvdka&;&w,f[k ajymaeouhJodkYjzpfaMumif; uRefawmf
owdxm;rdvdkufonf/ taMumif;rSm Zmwfvrf; odkYr[kwf pm\ twGif;om;
(Content [k qdkvdkaomfqdkyg) rSm ajymyavmufatmif tiftm;&Sdonf
r[kwf/ aps;xJwGif? vufzuf&nfqdkifwGif? ,kwfpGtqHk; uaZmfqdkifwGifyif
Mum;&? od&Edkifaom taMumif;wpfckjzpfonf/ a&;csifvQif pmwpfaMumif;
ESpfaMumif;ESifh NyD;EdkifaomtaMumif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ajymcsifvQif wpfrdepf
avmufjzifh NyD;atmifajymjyEdkifonf/ aMu;a&wwfrdom;pktxJrSm jzpfae
Mu taMumif;wpfck/ t"duZmwfaumif rif;rif;rSm vrf;vGJvdkufrdí
aemufqHk; aooGm;&onf[k a&;vdkuf(ajymvdkuf)vQif udpöNyD;avmufonf/
xdkodkYjzifh udpöNyD;Edkifonf rSefaomfvnf; pmay ta&;tom;wpfckum;
jzpfrvmEdkif/ aeYpOfb0xJwGif jrifodyHkrsKd;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfjyjcif;jzifh
owif;wpfyk'f omjzpfvmrnf/ odkYjzpfí rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u &if;ESD;&if;pGJ&Sd
onfh taMumif;t&mwpfckudk &if;ESD;rIr&Sdxm;aom taMumif;rsm;ozG,f
wnfaqmufjyvdkufonf/ zefwD;rIonf tEkynmt&m ajrmufjcif;udk jzpf
aponfom jzpfaMumif;udk ol\ ta&;tom;jzifh jyqdkcJhonf/
]va&mifvTrf;vnf;urf;ESifha0;cJh} wGif pmaya&;om;jcif; twwfynm
twGif;rS ta&;ygaom? ajymjyraeeJY/ jy½Hkomjyvdkuf (Show; don'ttell) qdkonfudk tjynfht0 toHk;csoGm;cJhonf/ rif;rif; b0ysufoGm;&
jcif;udk pmzwfolwdkYu odcJh&onfrSefaomfvnf; bmaMumifhqdkonfudk
pma&;olu rajymjycJh/ þonfudk ol\uRrf;usifESH Ypyfaomynm&yf
(odrItajccHuRrf;usifrI)wpfck[k rqdkí rjzpf/ odkYjzpfí rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\
ta&;tom; odkYr[kwf pmvHk;pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh jyefvnfwifjyxm;jcif;
rsm;rSm wifjy½Hkoufoufr[kwfawmh/ ynm&yf (þwGif ta&;tom;)
wpfckjzifh pmayt&majrmufap&ef wnf aqmufxm;rIjzpfoGm;awmhonf/
ta&;tom; oufouf taejzifh wpfckrSwpfckodkY arsmygoGm;aom odkYr
[kwf vGifhxGufoGm;aom a&m[efjzifh a&;om;xm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'frSm
]tudkif;tcufwdkYonfvnf; twdkt&Snf&SdMuukef\} jzpfonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 83
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;ESifhywfoufíaomf? oabmayguf
avmufNyD[k ,lqí rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) wnfaqmufjyxm;cJhaom taMumif;
t&mrsm;ESifh ESD;ET,faeaom tydkif;udk qufvufaqG;aEG;ygrnf (ta&;
tom;udk vdktyfonfhae&mrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;ygrnf)/
(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)
]tcspfonf b0\ tpdwftydkif;wpfck} onf rdef;r wpfa,muf\ odrIwGif
tajccHxm;aom ]cspfjcif;}\ teuft"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/ tvm;wl
oabmaqmifaom ta&;tom; av;-ig;yk'fygonf/ ]tcspfonf b0\
tpdwftydkif;wpfck} ESifh eD;eD;pyfpyfwlonfrSm ]av;zuf eH&H}jzpfonf/ vHk;0
rwlaom taetxm;wpfckrSm ]av;zufeH&H} \ ed*Hk;jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)u ]tcspf onfb0\tpdwftydkif;wpfck}wGif ray;cJhaomtajz
odkYr[kwf ajzrcscJhaom Zmwfvrf;udk ]av;bufeH&H}wGif azmfxkwfjyvdkuf
onf/ t"du wlnDaeaomtcsufrSm rdef;rwpfa,muftjzpf wnfaqmuf
xm;jcif; cH&aom taetxm;rS a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
þae&mwGif pma&;q&mESifh ola&;om;wifjyaom taetxm; ESpfck
pvHk;udk Munfh&efvdktyfaeonf/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)rSm rdef;rpma&;q&m
jzpfonf/ ]tcspfonf b0\ tpdwftydkif;wpfck} ESifh ]av;bufeH&H} wdkYrS
t"du Zmwfaumifrsm;onf rdef;rrsm;yifjzpfMuonf/ t"du taMumif;
&if;rSm rdef;rwpfa,muf\ ]cspfjcif;} tay: vufcHem;vnfxm;aom
tjrifESifh xdktjrif\ ajymif;vJoGm;(Edkif)jcif; taMumif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpf
&um; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;Munfh&rnfh tcsufwpfckrSm rdef;rwpfa,muf\
tjrif vufcHxm;&SdrI ponfh wpfpHkwpf&mudk azmfxkwf&ef pma&;q&mu
rdef;rpma&;q&mtjzpf a&;cJhygovm;[laom tcsufwpf&yfjzpfaeonf/
þtcsufESifhpyfvsOf;í txdkuftavsmuf &Sif;jyyg&ap/
,cifu uRefawmf a&;om;cJhaom ta&;tom;tcsKdUwGif ]vl-txD;}?
]vl-tr} ponfjzifh oHk;pGJcJhzl;ygonf/ xdkodkY oHk;pGJ&mwGif jrefrmbmompum;
ESifh pm t&mwGif uRrf;usifESHYpyfMuaom bkef;BuD;? vljyefawmf? t&yfom;
ynm&SiftcsKdUESifh aqG;aEG;cJhzl;ygonf/ xdkYaemufwGifrS uRefawmfudk,fwdkif
vnf; oabmwlojzifh ]vl-txD;} [k oHk;pGJjcif;omjzpfygonf/ xdktoHk;
84 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
tEIef;rSm aus;vuftajccH jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIabmiftwGif;rS toHk;tpGJ
jzpfygonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf aus;vufrsm;wGif wpfOD;wpfavmufu rD;wGif;
0ifíuav;arG;aomf ]bmav; arG;owkef;} [k ar;Muonfhtcg ]txD;av;
[Jh} ]trav;[Jh} [k ajzwwfMuygonf/ arG;zGm;vmaom ]vl}\ jzpfjcif;rSm
txD;-tr [laom bmompum; toHk;tEIef;jzifhom qHk;jzwfMuygonf/
NrdKUjyrsm;wGifaomf ]bmav;arG;owkef;} [k ar;aomf ]a,musfm;uav;[Jh?
rdef;uav;[Jh} [k ajzwwfMuonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; ydkrdk ,Ofaus;
onf[laom rSef;q,HkMunfcsufjzifh oHk;pGJxm;aom toHk;tEIef;rQom
jzpfonf/ ]a,musfm;uav;} jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;rSm ]txD;uav;} yJ
[laomobmESifh xyfwljyKí ajymqdkMujcif;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif bmompum;\ teufazmfxkwfrIudk ydkrdk wif;usyfpGm
vufcHíoHk;pGJaomf ]vl-txD;jzpfjcif;}ESifh ]a,musfm;jzpfjcif;} wdkYrSm xyfwl
oabmraqmifyg/ ]vl-txD;} rSm obm0\ jzpfay:rItwGif;rS vdifuGJjym;
rI udk tajccHum ay:aygufaejcif;jzpfNyD; ]a,musfm;} jzpfjcif;rSm vlYtzGJU
tpnf;wpfck\ ,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmESifh ,Ofaus;rI tajccH taetxm;
rsm;t& wnfaqmufxm;jcif;wnfaqmufxm;jcif;wnfaqmufxm;jcif;wnfaqmufxm;jcif;wnfaqmufxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/ vljzpfaejcif;twGif;ü
obm0taetxm; t&m jzpf&Sdvmaom (jzpf&Sdaeaom) txD;jzpfjcif;?
trjzpfjcif;onf rnfokdYrQ rwlnDEdkifaom taetxm; wpfckjzpfNyD; xdk
rwlnDjcif;onf ]vl}tjzpf jzihf &Sdaejcif;twGif;rS 'GefwGJaeaom rwlnDrI
wpfckomjzpfygonf/ xdkrwlnDrI\ &Sdaejcif;udk rnfolurQ rjiif;Edkifyg/
]a,musfm;} ]rdef;r} [k ac:qdkowfrSwfcsufrSmrl obm0\tjzpfysuf (odkYr
[kwf? wdkufqdkifrIaMumifh ay:aygufcJhjcif;wpfpHkwpf&m) r[kwfrlí vufcHí
jiif;qdkjcif;ESifh jiif;qdkí vufcHjcif; jyKEdkifaom taetxm;&Sdygonf/
t&yfpum;jzifhqdkaomf orkwdoabmaqmifaom ynwfrsm;om jzpf
ygonf/ vl jzpfae&jcif;twGif;ü a,musfm;-rdef;r ponfjzif h
ynwfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ xd k ynwfcsufrsm;r Sm ,wdjywf
owfrSwfajymqdkí r&ojzifh orkwd oabmoufoufomjzpfygonf/
qdkvdk onfrSm a,musfm;-rdef;rrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf; rwlnDrItwGif;
uGJjym;aeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ rdef;r (rdef;uav;) qdk Adkif;aumif;?
ausmufz d xm;&w,f/ r de f ;r (r de f ;uav;) qd kwm
qifr,OfomavQmuf&w,f[k qdkaom t,ltqudk vufcHxm; aom
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 85
,Ofaus;rI (umv-a'oESifh qufpyfaeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;) twGif;rS
]rdef;r} owfrSwfac:qdkxm;aom ]vl-tr} ESifh rdef;rqdkwm a,musfm;vdkyJ/
a,mus fm ;av;vky forQ vky fE d ki fw,f[k vufc Hxm;aom
,Ofaus;rItwGif;rS ]vl-tr}wdkYrSm rwlMuyg/ xkdodkY rwl&onfrSm ,Ofaus;
rItajccH tqHk;tjzwfaMumifhomjzpfygonf/ xdktcsufrSm todtrSwfjyK
xm;&onfh tcsufvnf; jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí ]rdef;r} [k owfrSwfñTef;qdk
cH&jcif;rSeforQrSm ,Ofaus;rI? bmompum;ESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ vlrI
qufqHa&;yHkpHwdkYu wnfaqmufxm;aom xkwfukefwpf&yfom jzpfygonf
(Gender is a construct, a product of language, culture, andits institutions oabmjzpfygonf)/
þrQqdkaomf oabmaygufMuvdrfhrnf[k ,lqí rlvOD;wnfcsufodkY
jyefoGm;yg&ap/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)udk rdef;rpma&;q&m[k ac:qdk owfrSwfa&;om;
&mwGif vl+tr+pma&;q&m[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ rdef;r+pma&;q&m
oabmudkom qdkvdkygonf (tu,fí vl+tr+pma&;q&mudk &nfñTef;
vdk onf&Sdaomf pma&;q&mrudk qdkygrnf/ pma&;q&mr=pma&;q&m+tr
oabmjzpfygonf)/ wpfenf;qdk&jyefaomf rdef;rjzpfcJhNyD;jzpfaom vlwpfOD;
wpfa,mufu pma&;q&mjzpfaeonf[k ,wdjywf tcdkiftrmajymqdkjcif;
odkYr[kwf ñTefjycH&Edkifoljzpfonf/ pma&;q&mr qdkonfrSm txD;? tr
jzpfaejcif;u t"dur[kwfbJ rdef;rwpfOD;tjzpf a&;aeolomjzpfonf/
qdkvdkonfrSm pma&;om;wifjyolrSm vl+tr tjzpf a&;om;aeaom
a,musfm;aomfvnf;aumif;? rdef;r&Smaomfvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif
onf/ a&S;u&SdcJhaom? pma&;q&mr trnfcHxm;aom a,musfm;pma&;
q&mBuD;rsm;udk jyefvnf owdxm;Munfhaomf qdkvdk&if;udk oabmayguf
Murnf xifonf/ þodkYqdk&onfrSm taMumif;&Sdygonf/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)
onf uefYowfxm;aom vlYtzGJUtpnf;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;twGif; rdef;rwdkY
\taetxm;udk rnfodkY jrifcJhonf/ azmfxkwfwifjyjcif;ESifh jyefvnf
wifjyjcif;rsm;udk rnfokdYjyKcJhonfudk avhvmMunfhEdkif&efjzpfonf/
86 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)
]tcspfonfb0\tpdwftydkif;wpfck} ESifh ]av;bufeH&H} twGif;rS
t"duZmwfaumifjzpfaom rdef;rESpfOD;wdkYrSm rdrdüomwnfaom yk*¾vdu
cHpm;rI tajccH cspfjcif;udk rdrdwdk YrStyjzpfaom ya,m* (wpfpk H
wpf&m)aMumifh xdef;csKyfMu&if; NydKysufEdkiforQ NydKysufoGm;ap&ef NzdKzsuf
cJh&olrsm;jzpfonf/ vlrIqufqHa&;b0twGif;rS ½kyfydkif;tajccH cspfjcif;udk
wwfrufrIuif;yaom b0\ jzpfysufwpfcktjzpf ajymif;vJypfEdkifonfum;
rSef\/ odkY&mwGif tpGJjzpfaeaom odrItajccH cspfjcif;onf yjcKyftwGif;rS
a>ruJhodkY tjyifrS Munfh½Hkjzifh txJwGif yg;jyif;xEdkifaom a>rwpfaumif
&Sdaeao;aMumif;udk rajymEdkif/ yjcKyf\ twGif;ü touf&Sdaeao;onf/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u ]tcspfonfb0\tpdwftydkif; wpfck} wGif tpOf
tvmqdk½dk;pum;wpfcGef;udk azmfxkwfjy&if; vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;rS rdef;r
(rdef;uav;)wpfa,muf\ ae&mudkjyvdkufonf/ ]udk,fcspfudkr&SmeJY? olcspf
udk&Sm&w,forD;&,f...} (pm?34)[k tarjzpfolu orD;jzpfoludk
qHk;rvdkufaompum;udk azmfjyvdkufNyD; wpfqufwnf;rSmyif bmom
pum;\abmiftwGif;rS teufvGJt"dyÜm,foufa&mufudkjzpfapom
(Irony [k ac:vdk aomfac:yg) pum;qdkapcJhonf/ ¤if;rSm ]bmyJjzpfjzpf?
orD;pdwfwdkif;us qHk;jzwfyg/ tar tusyfrudkifcsifygbl;} (,if;/)[lí
jzpfonf/ xd k Yaemuf Zmwfvrf;\ wpfae&mwGif ]ud k,fcsp fud k
r&SmeJY....}[laomtcsufudkyif tajccHNyD; tarjzpfoluyif orD;jzpfol
udk þodkY ajymjyefonf/ ]olcspfudk&Sm&owJhorD;&,f/ rwifjr[m...
rdbay;pm;wmr,lbJ olcspf,lwm/ udkatmifoef;wdkY ESdyfpufyHkrsm; oufqdk;
r&SnfvdkYom awmfawmhw,f...} (pm? 41) ponfjzifh? ]udk,fcspf} &Smrd
onfhtwGuf aemufqufwGJ qdk;usKd;rsm;taMumif; ajymjycJhonf/ þodkYjzifh
]tcspfonfb0\tpdwftydkif;wpfck} twGif;rS t"du Zmwfaumif a0onf
tarjzpfol\ qEüwnfaom tqHk;tjzwft& cspfjcif;udk yk*¾vdu cHpm;rI
tajccHwpfcktjzpfrS vlrIqufqHa&;b0twGif;rS odrIwpfcktjzpf ajymif;vJ
vdkufcJh&onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 87
]tcspfonf b0\tpdwftydkif;wpfck} wGif rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)u vlYtzGJU
tpnf;twGif;rS tpOftvm ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkYjzifhwnfaqmufxm;
aom rdef;r\ taetxm;udk jyvdkufonf/ a,bk,susaom ]vl} [lí
jzpf-&Sd ae&jcif;twGif;rS oD;jcm;oabmudk aqmifoGm;aom ]vl-tr} (ydk
rdk usOf;ajrmif;oGm;aom vl\taetxm;wpfck)taMumif;udk wifjycJhonf
r[kwf/ tpOftvm? ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom
rdef;rwpfa,muf\ taetxm;udk jrifapcsifonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;cH&aom rdef;rwpfOD;ESifh rdef;rpma&;q&m wpfa,muf
\ae&mrS obm0 tajccHjzpfay:rI (Biologically designated [k
ac:vdkaomf ac:yg) t& jzpf-&Sd aeaom ]vl-tr} tay: xm;&Sdaom
oabmxm;udk azmfjycJhonf/ ]uRefronf rdef;rjzpf &onfhb0udk yxrqHk;
tBudrf pdwfemrdygonf} (pm?42)/ ]tcspfonfb0\tpdwftydkif;wpfck}
udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufaomtcg rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u vlrIqufqHa&;b0twGif;
rS udk,fum,jcif; ESD;aESmrIudk tajccHaom &if;ESD;rIonf vl-vlcsif;
wG,fwmrIwpf&yf jzpfvmap(Edkif)onfudk azmfxkwfjycJhonf/ odkYaomf
cspfjcif;\ taetxm;ajymif;vJrItydkif;wGif atmifjrifonf? ratmifjrif
qdkonfudk rajymcJh/ rjycJh/
]av;bufeH&H} wGifaomf tpOftvmESifh ,Ofaus;rI wdkYt& wnf
aqmufxm;aom ]rdef;r}\ cspfjcif;ESifh tcspfcH&jcif; taetxm; ESpfckpvHk;
twGif;üyif olonf wnfaqmufcHxm;&olomjzpfaMumif; ydkí ay:vGif
apcJhonf/ ol\yk*¾vdub0? jzpf-&Sd ae&jcif;rSm tjcm;ol (odkYr[kwf?
ya,m* wpfpHkwpf&m) \ wnfaqmufay;xm;rIomjzpfonfudk jycJhonf/
cifouf cspfaom udkudku olcspfaom cifoufudk olvdkcsifovdk (yHkoGif;)
wnfaqmufay;cJh&ifjzifh Zmwfvrf;qHk;oGm;onf/ cspfwwfolESifh tcspfcH&ol
cifouf\ b0taetxm;ESpfckpvHk;rSm bmrS rxl;jcm;/ taMumif;rSm
taetxm;ESpfckpvHk;ü cifoufonf vlYtzGJUtpnf; tpOftvm? bmom
pum; tp&SdonfwdkYtm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rwpfa,mufom
jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí xdkodkY wnfaqmufxm; jcif;cHae&aom rdef;rwpfa,muf
twGif;rS? obm0w&m;twGif;rS uGJjym;pGmwnf&Sdaeaom rdef;r (þwGif
]vl-tr} udk qdkvdkonf/) tay: jyefvnfoHk;oyfMunfhrdonf/ ]rdef;r
wpfa,muf[m b0tusOf;axmifxJrSm olY&JUcEmudk,fudkomru pdwfudkyg
88 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
csKyfaESmifwm;qD;xm;&r,fwJhvm;.../ pdwf&JUvGwfvyfcGifhav;udkawmif
xGufaygufay;cGifhr&Sdbl;wJhvm;} (pm?181) ponfjzifh ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfcJh
onf/
]av;bufeH&H} ed*Hk;wGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u tpOftvm? ,Ofaus;rI
ponfwdkYtm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rudk rdef;rpma&;q&m
\wpfa,mufae&mrSm todtrSwfjyK&if; oa&mfjycJhonf/ tcsuftvuf
tm;jzifhom aumif;onfr[kwfawmh/ a&SUwGif wifjycJhaom ]ta&;tom;}
tydkif;udkyif jyefí axmufjy&awmhrnf/ ]udk,fha,musfm;udk udk,fcspfvdkY
,lvmwm ckvnf; odyfcspfw,fa[h? odyfcspfw,f}[kajymzdkY 0efrav;awmh
ygNyDwnf;/} [laom pmaMumif;udk aocsmpGm zwfMunfhaomf a':cifcif
ouf\pum;onf pmzwfoltm; qefYusifbufteuf oufa&mufapvdkrI
rsm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ yg0ifaeaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ wnfhwnfha&;NyD;
qefYusifbuf teufudk jrifapcsifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkta&;tom;rsKd;onf
yif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfaom a&;om;wwf
jcif; odkYr[kwf ½dk;½dk;ta&;tom;wpfckrS pmayjzpfatmif a&;Edkifjcif; ynm
wpf&yf[k rjrifírjzpfEdkif/ xdktm;xkwfrIrsKd;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnfom
jzpfonf/
(4)(4)(4)(4)(4)
]tjyefwpf&mrdkufOD;rSm}? ]tcspfyGifhOD;} ESifh ]jynfAm&mrStpjyKí} 0w¬K
wdkrsm;onf rsKd;wlpk wpfckwnf;twGif;rS vlom;wdkY\ cspfjcif;ESifh vlYtzGJU
tpnf;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI\ xkwfukefwpf&yfjzpfaom rdef;rwdkY\yHk½kyf azmfcJhjyef
onf/ ]tcspfyGifhOD;} rSmrl rsKd;qufESpfcktMum;rS tjrifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
yxrrsKd;qufudkOD;wnfí aemufrsKd;qufwpfcku jyefvnfpdppfMunfhvdkuf
jcif;jzpfonf/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;rsm;twGif; rdrd\ yk*¾vducspfjcif;udk
rdrdbmom csKd;ESdrfypf&jcif;twGuf ya,m*wpfckck&Sdaeonfcsnf;jzpfonf/
wpfqifhwufíqdk&aomf rdrd\cspfjcif;udk rdrdrSty jzpfaomtaMumif;
wpfaMumif;aMumif;aMumifh taetxm;ajymif;vdkuf&olrsm;rSm rdef;rrsm;
omjzpfMuonf/ qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;\
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 89
azmfxkwfay;vdkufaom yHk½kyfwGif rdef;rwdkYonf ]rdef;rqdk? 'Dvdkjzpf&r,f}
[laom yHkpHatmufodkY a&muf&Sdaeum cspfjcif;ESifhywfoufí uefYowf
ay;xm;aom twdkif;twmxuf rvGefEdkifMu/ odkY &mwGif ]tcspfyGifhOD;}ürl
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u rdef;rwpfa,mufwGif uefYowfcH&aom taetxm;
wpfpHkwpf&monf rdrdrStyjzpfaom ya,m* wpfpHkwpf&maMumifh r[kwfbJ
rdrd\ tqHk;tjzwfaMumifhjzpfcJhaomf...[laom tcsufjyóemudk wifjy
vmcJhonf/ xdktcsufrSm tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tcsuf
jzpfonf/ a0a0EG,f\ tar (a':) cufcufEG,fonf rdrdtqHk;tjzwfjzifh
rdrd\ cspfjcif;udk xdef;uGyfí tpG,fcsKd;um okwfoifEdkif&ef tm;xkwfcJhol
jzpfonf/
odkYaomf þta&;tom;rSm cspfjcif;twGuf pGefYvTwfonf[laom
t,ltqudk axmufcHxm;aom ta&;tom;wpf&yfr[kwf/ (a':)cuf
cufEG,fonf ol\ atmifjrifrItwGuf &nf&G,fí ol\cspfjcif;udk tvTJ
tajymif; vkyfvdkufjcif;omjzpfonf/ qm;ay;-qD,l oabmom jzpfonf/
atmifjrifrIESifh cspfjcif;wdkYonf ol\b0 (jzpf-&SdaerI)twGuf rnfonfu
ydkí ta&;ygonf/ rnfonfudk a&SUwef;wif&rnf ponfwdkYudk ol hbmom
a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ (a':)cufcufEG,fbufrSMunfhaomf ol&,l
vdkaom atmifjrifrIudk &,lcJhojzifh ol\pGefYvTwf&jcif;rSm tjynfhr[kwf/
xuf0uf (ig;q,f&mcdkifEIef;)omjzpfonf/ pmzwfoltaejzifh qifjcif
Munfh&rnfh taetxm;wpfckrSm tu,fíESifh tu,fíomvQif (a':)
cufcufEG,ftaejzifh vHk;0 odkYr[kwf qdka,mifrQaom atmifjrifrI&cJhonf
&Sdaomf ol\ pGefYvTwfcJh&jcif;onf tcsnf;tESD;rQomjzpfrnf/ tcsnf;tESD;
jzpfcJhyg\avm qdkonfrSm qifjcifMunfh&rnfh taetxm;wpfckjzpfonf/
(a':)cufcufEG,fonf cspfjcif;tygt0ifjzpfaom ol\ b0ESifhqdkifaom
tqHk;tjzwfwdkYudk vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fcGifh &SdchJoljzpfonf/ vlrIqufqHa&;
b0? ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkY\ uefYowfrIrsm; twGif;üyif vGwfvyfaom
a&G;cs,frI &cJholjzpfonf/ xdk &&SdcJhaom a&G;cs,fcGifhudk oHk;pGJí olYtwGuf
tusKd;&Sdrnfjzpfaom odkYr[kwf ydkrdkí wefzdk;xm;p&m[k olu jrif-od-
vufcHxm;aom ]atmifjrifrI}udkom a&G;cs,fcJhonf/ a&G;cs,fcJhonfhtwdkif;
vnf; atmifjrifcJhonf/ odkYtwGuf ol\a&G;cs,frIonf tcsnf;tESD;
90 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
r[kwf/ rSm;cJhonfr[kwf/ a&G;cs,f jcif;rS&&SdcJhaom tusKd;w&m;\ tusKd;
qufuom olYudk a0'em wpfpHkwpf&mjzpfapcJhonf/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)onf xdka0'emudk a&;om;í azmfjycJhonfr[kwf/
jy½HkomjycJhonf/ (a':)cufcufEG,f\ cHpm;aeonfhtydkif;udk olYorD;xH
rSom pmzwfolu odvdkuf&onf/ (a':)cufcufEG,fxHrS wdkuf½dkufod&
aom taMumif;wpfckr[kwf/ orD; a0a0EG,fu jyefvnfwifjyíomvQif
pmzwfolwdkYu od&onf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSm yif orD;jzpfolu tarjzpfolESifh
tajccHtm;jzifh vHk;0rwlaom taetxm; ESpfck&Sdaeonf/ xdktaetxm;
wdkY rSm ]tcspfyGifhOD;} \ t"duusawmh tcsufrsm;jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
u xdktcsufwdkYwGif tajcwnfíom Zmwfvrf;wpfckudk jzpfvmapchJojzifh
(þae&mwGifvnf; ol\ta&;tom;aumif;aMumif;? a&;wwfaMumif;
ay:vGifvmjyefonf/) ol a&;om;wifjycsifonfrSm]cspfjcif;}udk tajccH
aom jyóemtaMumif; rnfumrwå r[kwfawmh/ rdef;r[laom rsKd;wlpk
wpfckwnf;twGif;ü jzpf-&SdaeMuaomfvnf; yk*¾vdutajccH tjrifrwlnD
ol ESpfOD;teuf wpfOD;u tjcm;wpfOD;udkjrifaom tjrifjzpfonf/ ]uRefru
awmh tarhvdk tqdkawmfwpfa,muf b0rsKd;udk wpfcgrQ pGJvrf;cHkrifjcif;
rjzpfcJh/ tazhvdk ynmwwfwpfa,mufjzpfzdkYudkom tmoDo &Sdaeonf}
(pm? 186) [laom pmaMumif;jzifh rwlnDaom tajccHtjrifudk jycJhonf/
jrifaomolESifh tjrifcH&olwdkY\tMum;u umvw&m; rwlnDrIudk tajccH
aom rsKd;qufuGm[rI tjrifrSm ajymyavmufaom tcsufwpfck r[kwf
onfrSm rSefaomfvnf; rodBudK;<uHjyKí&avmufaom taetxm; wpfck
r[kwf/ xdktcsufudk rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u udkapmndef;a&;aom oDcsif;oDqdkol
ESpfOD;udktoHk;jyKí vSypGm a&;om; jyoxm;cJhonf/ (zwfyg/ pm? 187-
90)/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u rdef;rpma&;q&m wpfa,muf\ ae&mudk,lum
&,lxm;aom taetxm;twGif;rSom ]tcspfyGifhOD;}udk a&;om;cJhaMumif;udk
OD;xifausmfudk toHk;jyKí jyoxm;cJhonf/ OD;xifausmfudk b,folb,f
0g[k a&;om;jycJhonfrSm rSef\/ xdkYxufydkíaomf bmudkrQ a&;vnf;rjy/
ñTef;jyívnf;rqdk/ OD;xifausmf\ a0'emudk cufcufEG,fu rodEdkif/
cufcufEG,fudk rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)u todray;/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf rdk;rdk;(tif;
vsm;)onf rdef;rpma&;q&mtjzpfESifh ol\pnf;udkrausmfbJ olYabmif
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 91
twGif;rSomae&if; ta&;tom;wpf&yfudk jyKcJhonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
pma&;q&mr wpfa,mufae&mrSaeí a,musfm;wpfa,muf\ cHpm;csuf
a0'em ponfwdkYudk razmfusL;cJh/ þta&;tom;wGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u
vlYtzGJUtpnf;u wnfaqmufxm;aom taetxm;ESifh obm0w&m;
t& jzpfwnfaeaom taetxm;ESpfckudk wpfckwnf;aom ]rdef;r} tjzpf
aygif;pnf;xm;aom taetxm;twGif;rS a&;om;cJhonf[líyif qdkEdkif
onf/ xdktcsufrSm tvGef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tcsufwpfckvnf;
jzpfonf/
(5)(5)(5)(5)(5)
ynm&Sif [,fvD;em; pD,k(Z)onf rdef;rpma&;q&m wpfa,mufu
a&;om;&mwGif rdrdodrIomru rdrd\ jzpfwnf&Sdaeaom taetxm;
twGif;rS cHpm;EdkifrI twdkif; twmrsm;jzifh a&;aMumif; erlemwpf&yfjzifh
jyqdkcJhonf/
wpfcgwav EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtaMumif; pdwful;eJYzGJUpyf wifjywwfw,f/
Oyrm-uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH qdkygpdk Y/ zwf&wm? odxm;&wmawGeJY
uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH taMumif; pdwful;NyD; a&;om;cJhw,f/ 'gayr,fh
wu,fwrf; udk,fwdkifudk,fusa&mufNyD;? ezl;awGU 'l;awGU awGUNyD;
udk,fwdkifudk,fus awGUBuHKcHpm;&wmeJYawmh rwlbl;/
þwGif pD,k(Z)u t"duxm; azmfxkwfjyvdkonfrSm rdef;rwpfa,muf
u rdef;rwpfa,muf\ cHpm;csuf? tawGUtBuHK? todtjrif ponfwdkYudk
udk,fwdkifudk,fus odolomjzpfonf/ rdef;r r[kwfol (wdkY) taejzifh pdwf
ul;jzifh BuHqazmfxkwfjcif;om jzpfonf[k qdkvdkvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
xdktcsufrSm (txl;ojzifh? ,aeYacwf umvBuD;twGif;) jiif;qdk&efrvG,f
vS/ taMumif;wpfcsufrSm ,aeYumvwGif rdef;rrsm;onf rdef;rpma&;q&m
jzpfjcif;udk &J&Jwif;wif; &yfwnfvmaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf;
rdef;rpma&;q&mwdkY\ rdef;rtjzpf yHkazmfxm;jcif;cH&aom olwdkY\taMumif;
ta&;tom;rsm;rSm ,cifu xifrSwfcsuf? wGufqcsufrsm;jzifh tiSm;
cHpm; zefwD;a&;om;yHkrsKd;ESifh rwlMuawmh/
pD,k(Z)u þodkY qdkjyefonf/
92 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
wu,fvdkY ordkif;tajccH 0w¬Kwpfyk'f a&;r,fqdk&if a,musfm;jzpfjzpf?
rdef;rjzpfjzpf? bmjzpfjzpf ta&;rBuD;bl;/ 'gayr,fh tcspftaMumif;
a&;r,fqdk&ifawmh ta&;BuD;w,f/ a&;yHkrwlbl;/ rdef;rwpfa,muf&JU
udk,feJY cHpm;&wJhtwdkif;a&;awmh a&;yHkjcif;[m rwlEdkifawmhbl;/
xdktqdkudk taxmuftuljyK&ef rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ ]tjyefwpf&m
rdkufOD;rSm}udk Munfhapcsifonf/ ]tjyefwpf&mrdkufOD;rSm}onf rdef;rwpf
a,mufu oljzpf&Sdaom rdef;rjzpfaejcif;udk tajccHíom a&;Edkifaom
ta&;tom;rsKd; jzpfonf/ 'kwd,pmaMumif;rSmyif xdktcsuf ay:vGifvm
onf/ ]bmtaMumif;aMumifhvnf;rod pdwfaumufMuw,f}[laom tcsuf
onf rdef;r-rdef;rcsif; ydkí em;vnfEdkifaom tcsufjzpfonf/ pdwfaumuf
jcif;udk vlYtzGJUtpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif rdef;rwdkY\ tjyKtrlwpf&yf[k
todtrSwfjyK vufcHxm;ouJhodkY pdwfaumufjcif;onfyif rdef;rwdkY\
tpOftvmwpfck[k trsm;u vufcHxm;ESifhcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xdktcsufrSm
vlYtzGJUtpnf;(rsm;)u wnfaqmufay;xm;aom rdef;r\ yHk½kyfwpfck jzpfae
onf/ odkYaomf ]tjyefwpf&mrdkufOD;rSm}wGif xGufay:vmaom toHrSm
wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;r\ toHr[kwf/ a,bk,semrfwpfcktjzpf
ajymqdkEdkifaom ]vl}txJrS rwlnDaom tajccHjzifh oD;jcm;jzpfoGm;aom
vl+tr\ toH jzpfonf/ olu wnfaqmufxm;jcif;cH&aom rdef;r
taMumif; ajymjyaejcif;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf taMumif;odu
ajymaeaom taMumif;wpfck[k qdk&ayawmhrnf/ pD,k(Z)\ pum;jzifh
qdkaomf ]...uarÇm'D;,m; EdkifiHodkY wu,fa&mufNyD; a&;aom ta&;
tom;rsKd;}? ]....rdef;rwpfa,muf&JU udk,feJYcHpm;&wJhtwdkif; a&;aom
ta&;tom;rsKd;}[k qdk&rnf/
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odkYr[kwf tajccHonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf taMumif;jyKíom ay:ayguf
vm&onf[k qdkaomfvnf; tcsKdUrSm odrI\a&&mrI? cHpm;EdkifrI ponfwdkYudk
ta&;ygonf[kxnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;bJ wu,fhb0udk yHkwlul;jyxm;aom
taMumif;rsm;jzpfaeMuonf/ a,musfm;om;rsm;u rdef;rrsm;\ae&mudk
,lum? rdef;rrsm;taMumif; ajym&eftwGuf teD;pyfqHk;ajymEdkifolrSm rD;,yf
ESifh om;zGm;bufqdkif&mwGif yg&*lq&m0efrsm;omjzpfonf[líyif ajym
prwf&Sdaeonf/ xdkokdYqdkonfhwdkif rdef;rwpfa,mufu ol jzpf-&Sdaeaom
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 93
udk,fum,? vdif ponfrsm;udk tajccHí cHpm;odjrifaom twdkif;twmudk
rl rdef;ru ]omvQif} azmfjyEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif tu,fí
rSefuefrI? wu,fhb0ESifh eD;pyfrIwdkYrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;aomf zefwD;
wifjyyHkwGif &oajrmufjcif;? rajrmufjcif;udkyift&moGif;í aqG;aEG;awmh
rnfr[kwf/ taMumif;rSm wu,fhodrIudk tajccHí wifjyazmfxkwfjcif;
rsm;wGif wifjyyHkonf tom;r[kwfawmh/
]tjyefwpf&mrdkufOD;rSm} wGifaomf rdef;rwpfa,mufu olESifhtwlwl
trsKd;tpm;jzpfaom rdef;rwpfa,muftay: cifwG,frI? wG,fwmrIESifh
rsKd;wlpkwpfckwnf;r[kwfaom? a,musfm;uav;rsm;tay:üwnfchJaom
qefYusifbuf wpfcktay: wwfrufrI? wG,fwmrI wdkYudk jycJhonf/
taMumif;t&mrSm ½dk;½dk;yif jzpfonf/ ausmif;olb0rS tdrfaxmifonfb0
a&mufvmaom rdef;rwpfa,mufu oluJhodkYrdef;rjzpfaeolwpfOD;udk
jyefvnfwifjyaeaom yHkpHrsKd;jzifh a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif wifjy
aeaom rdef;rESifh OD;wnfíwifjycHae&aom rdef;rwdkYtMum;ü tae
txm;rsm;onf rwlnDMu/ rdef;r jzpfae&jcif;twGif;üyif rwlnDaom
tjrif&Sdaeonf/ wpfenf;qdkaomf rdrdk;onf tpOftvmyHkazmfxm;jcif;
cH&aom rdef;r? zefqif;wnfaqmufjyxm;jcif;cH&aom rdef;rb0udk
ausmfvTm;um wu,fhrdef;rwpfa,muftaMumif; ajymjyaecJhonf/tqHk;
wGifaomf tu,fí rdef;rwpfa,muftaejzifh ]wpfcgyJ rSm;&r,fvdkY
b,foluajymovJ} [laomtcsufudk jyóemwpf&yf (þwGif jyóem
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ta&;tom;udk NyD;qHk;xm;cJhonf/ pifppf xdkaemufqHk; wifjycsufonf
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jzpf&um; rdef;ronf vljzpfí tb,faMumifh (rdef;rrsm;wGif) wpfBudrfom
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(6)(6)(6)(6)(6)
94 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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onfrsm;vnf;ygonf/ i,fb0odkY tvGrf;rsm;udkvnf; yHkzGJUjycJhonf/
ayghayghyg;yg;[k qdkojzifh ayghayghwefwefESifh ra&maxG;apcsifyg/ pmzwfol
udk olYtvGrf; a0rQonfhoabmrQjzifh a&;om;jyjcif;udk &nf&G,fí
ayghayghyg;yg;[k qdk&jcif;omjzpfonf/ ]uGJaMuoGm;aom rSefprsm;}?
]jynfAm&mrStpjyKí}wdkYrSm i,fb0udkjyefvnfwrf;waom tvGrf;uav;
rsm;jzpfonf/
xdkta&;tom;rsm;üyif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u wnfaqmufjyxm;aom
rdef;rwkdY\ taetxm;rsm;udk jyefvnf yHkazmfjycJhjyefonf/ tu,fí
xdkta&;tom;rsm;udk eD;eD;uyfuyf aphaphpyfpyfzwfMunfhaomf rdef;uav;
rsm;\ b0tjzpftysufrsm;onf olwdkY\ qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;
(Oyrm ]tcspfyGifhOD;} rS (a':) cufcufEG,fuhJhodkY udk,fydkifa&G;cs,frIaMumifh
pGefYvTwfcJhjcif;rsm;) r&Sd/ ya,m* wpfckckaMumifh b0taetxm; ajymif;vJ
oGm;Mu&onfcsnf;jzpfonf/ olwdkY\ b0rsm; atmifjrifjcif;? ratmifjrif
jcif;rsm;onf olwdkYudk,fwdkif ra&G;cs,fcJh&aom a&G;cs,frIrsm;aMumifhom
jzpfonf/ wpfenf;qdk&aomf rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;rsm;wGif
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jyxm;aom rdef;r\ yHk½kyfESifhtNydKif yHk½kyfrsm;azmfjycJhonf/ xdkodkYaom wnf
aqmufcH yHk½kyfrsm;rSm tb,fhaMumifh yHkay:vm&onfudk jyqdkcJhonf/
wnfaqmufcHxm;&aom yHk½kyfwdkY\ taMumif;&if;rsm;ay:vmapcJhonf/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; 1 wGif wnf
aqmufjyjcif; cHxm;&aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif; jyefvnfwifjycJhonf/
olu wnfaqmufrjy/ olonf wnfaqmufxm;jcif;cH&aom ]rdef;r}rsm;
teuf wpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; odaeaom wu,fh ]rdef;r} jzpfaeaMumif;
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 95
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onfrSm rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) u rdef;rpma&;q&m wpfa,muftjzpf omru
pma&;q&mr (pma&;q&m+tr) ae&muyg Munfhojzifh ]rwlnDrItwGif;rS
wlnDrI} ESifh ]wlnDrItwGif;rSrwlnDrI} udk jrifcJhonf/ xdktjrifu vlYtzGJU
tpnf; ,Ofaus;rI? xHk;"avh ponfrsm;ESifh wGJpyfMunfh&ef owdudkay;cJh
onf/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;
0w¬K&Snfrsm; 1 wGif wifjyxm;cJhaom ta&;tom;rsm;rSm qdkcJhNyD;onfh
twdkif; pdefac:wdkufcdkufjcif;rsKd;r[kwf/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;r[kwf/ olod
onfh twdkif; ajymjy (a&;jy) aecJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí rdk;rdk;
(tif;vsm;)\rdef;rrsm;onf a,musfm;pma&;q&mrsm;\ tpOftvm
twdkif; wnfaqmufjycJhaom rdef;rrsm;ESifh rwlonfudk apm'u wufrnf
qdkaomf [,fvDem pD,k(Z)\ pum;jzifhyif tajzay;yg&ap/
]vGefcJhaom ESpf 200 ausmfu av,mOfysHtaMumif;udk vlawG
a&;cJhyHkrsKd;? ckawmh a&;vdkY rjzpfawmhbl;/
jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;jrifhoef;
tñTef;ESifhpmudk;tñTef;ESifhpmudk;tñTef;ESifhpmudk;tñTef;ESifhpmudk;tñTef;ESifhpmudk;
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) - r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;-1/
tif;vsm;pmay? &efukef/
1997/
*sL; - cspfola&;wJh uRefr&JUnawG/
Owå&vrif;? jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU/
2000/
Butler, Judith P - Gender Trouble: Feminismand the Subversion of Identity.London: Routledge. 1990
Cixous, H - Writing Differences:Reading from the Seminarof Helene Cixiuos, ed. SusanSellers, Milton Keyenes,Milton Keynes:
Open University. 1988Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky-Epistemology of the Closet.
London: Harvester Wheat-s h e a f .1991
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 97
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olwdkYuvnf; t&dyftuJMunfhí ta0;rSom tuJcyfaeMu[efwlojzifh
olpdrf;rsm;ozG,f jzpfaeMu&ao;\/ wu,fawmh uRefronf ta&mw0if
pyfpyfpkpkaewwfolrsm;udk ESpfoufolr[kwfay/ onfvdk&yfuGufrsdK;wGif
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cyfrSefrSefaeonfu aumif;rnf[k ,lqrdonf/ odkYaomf vlY0wå&m;t&
oma&;emrIudkawmh yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ayrnf/
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wpfa,mufu Mum;jzwfar;vdkuf\/ uRefru tvdkufoifh
jyefajz ae&onf/ rsufESmudkvnf; tcsdKqHk; NyHK;xm;rd\/ onfvlawGu
t&Snf ojzifh qufqH&rnfholrsm; r[kwfvm;/
]]NrdKUxJrSmaewmu vufxyfNyD; tdrf&Smvdk Yr&ao;wmeJU
cPaewmyg}}
]]todtdrfvm;}}
]]r[kwfygbl;? uRefr...tJ-uRefr a,mu©rawG tdrfyg}}
]][kwfvm;...[dkrSm bmvdkY raewmvJ? a,mu©reJU rwJhvdkYvm;}}
bk&m;a&/ onfvdk'Jh'dk;BuD;ar;vdkufvdrfhrnf[k uRefr rxif/
trSwfwrJh taMumif;wdkufqdkifívnf; uRefrrsufESmysufoGm;rdonf/
]]r-r[kwfygbl;? [dkrSmu vlrsm;vdkYyg? udk,fhtdrfeJYudk,fvJ oyfoyf
aecsifwmeJU}}
onfrQ pyfpkvmMuNyDrdkY uRefr MumMumraecsifawmhyg/ rHkYpm;NyD;
]]tdrfrSm uav;ti,f&SdaevdkY}} [k EIwfqufum jrefjref jyefvmcJh& awmh
onf/
onfvdk pyfpyfpkpk vlawGESifh Mum&SnfaevdkYrS jzpfyghrvm;[k
uRefr pdwfylrd\/ rjzpfaomfvnf; jzpfatmifBudK;pm;í ae&ayrnf/
&e fu ke f Nr d K Ur Sm tdr f& Sm&onfu tcufom;/ uRe frwd k Y
vufrxyfcifuwnf;u tdrf&SmMuonfrSm ,ck uav;wpfa,muf&NyD;
om;av; 4-v&rSyif pdwfwdkif;us tdrfudk&awmh\/ vrf;yef;tquftoG,f
raumif;í? &yfuGufroefYí? tdrfu raumif;í ponfjzifh armifu
pdwfwdkif;ruscJhovdk a&&Sm;í? tdrfomudkESpfcef;wGJ oHk;&í? tdrfa&SUrSm
a&csdK;&rnf jzpfí ponfjzifh uRefru *sD;rsm;cJhonf/
tdrf&SifawGuvnf; vlwdkif;udk tdrfiSm;rwifcsifMu/ vlrsm;
ovm;? b,fESpfa,mufvJ? uav;ygovm; ponfjzifh jyefvnfppfaq;
ao;\/ tdrfvcrSefrSefr&rSmpdk;íxifh/ a,mufsm;u bmvkyfovJ[kvnf;
ar;wwfao;onf/ ,ckrSpdwfwdkkif;us 'Dtdrfuav;udk awGUcJhonf/ tdrfajc
pdwfaomfvnf; uRefrwdkYtdrfu oD;oefYtdrfvHk;jzpf\/ tdrf&Sifu wpfvrf;
wnf;rSm tdrfwvHk; oyfoyfaeonf/ olwdkYurl at;aq;yHk&\/ uRefrwdkY
uvnf; om;trdoHk;a,muf? tdrfazmfa':BuD;ESifhrS 4-a,mufrdkY vlrsm;
vSonf[k rqdkom/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 99
]]nDra&...? 'Du nDr&Sdovm;}}
tdrfa&SUrS ac:oHMum;í xGufMunfhrd&m tdrfwGif ]a,mu©reJU
rwJhvdkYvm;} [k wdwdusus ar;cJhaom ta':BuD;udk awGU&onf/ ta':BuD;
qdkaomfvnf; jyKjyKjyifjyif EkEkysdKysdKyifjzpf\/ olu NyHK;í tdrfay:wuf
vm&if;...
]]bavmufpf tusÐyHkqef;av;rsm;&Sd&if cPavmufuG,f? tdrfu
orD;u csKyfcsifvdkYwJhav}}
]][kwfuJh &ygw,f a':a':? vmav xdkifygtHk;}}
uRefr 0wfaus0wfukefom ac:vdkufaomfvnf; olu
wu,fyif wufvmNyD; tdrfa&SUcef;wGifyifrxdkif? uRefr0ifcJ h&m
tdyfcef;xJtxd vdkufvm awmhonf/ uRefru jrefjrefudpöNyD;ap&ef
aowåmxJrS tusÐ 3-4 xnf xkwfay;vdkufonf/ olu tusÐrsm;udk
a&G;[efjyK&if; tdyfcef;udk rsufpda0hí tuJcyf\/ uRefrwdkYrSm tdrfaxmifopf
xlaxmifprdkY tdrfaxmif y&dabm* r&Sdao;ay/ ckwiftyfxm;onfyif
ra&G;&onfrdkY Murf;ay:cif;í tdyfMu onf/ olYtMunfhaMumifh uRefryif
rdef;rNyD NyD &SufoGm;rd\/ bmrQawmh rajymrday/ olESpfouf&m
tusÐwpfxnfa&G;NyD; tdrfa&SUjyefxGufvmum xdkifvdkufao;onf/
jyefrnfhyHkray:ao;ojzifh uRefru tdrf&SifNyDNyD pum;&Sm ajym&jyefonf/
]]a':a':wdkYtdrfu b,fem;rSmvJ}}
]]'Dacgif;&if; tdrfavuG,f}}
onfawmhrSyif reufrdk;vif;vQif uav;awGudk atmfaiguf qlyl
aeonfrSm olyifjzpfrnf[k awG;vdkufrd\/
]]uav;u b,fESpfv&SdNyDvJ}}
uav;udk jr§L&if; olru ar;onf/
]]4-vyg}}
]]tif;...xGm;om;bJ? olYtazu bmvkyfvJ}}
vmacsNyD/ olYvrf;pOfjzifh olcsDwufvmacsNyD/
]]pmyHkESdyfwdkufrSm vkyfygw,f}}
]]aMomf...puform;vm;}}
]]r[kwfygbl;? pmjyifyg}}
]]bm&,f? pmpDorm;vm;}}
100 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
]]r[kwfygbl;? pmjyifyg}}
]pmjyif} qdkonfudk olaumif;aumif;odyHk ray:yg/ uRefrwdkYtdrf
tajctaeudk Munfhívnf; txifao;aeyHk&\/ wu,fawmh uRefrwdkY
tdrfwGif armifht&nftjcif;udk odEdkifaom armifhpmtkyfpifBuD;u xD;xD;
rm;rm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; olu pdwf0ifpm;yHkr&yg/ armifonf rdbydkif
yHkESdyfwdkufwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0tvkyfudk OD;pD;vkyfudkifaeonf[kvnf; uRefru
rajymrd/
]]vkyfief;[m rdbydkifbJ? udk,fwdkYeJY bmrSrqdkifbl;? udk,fu omref
tvkyform;bJ? 'gudk at;em;vnfxm;&r,f}}
armifu onfodkYyif rMumcP ajymcJhonf/ NyD; <um;0gonfudk
vnf; armifu rkef;onf/ rdef;rayr,fh rdef;reJYrwlap&[k armifu oif
onf/ uRefru armifhr,m;wnf;/
]]vliSm;u vcb,favmufay;&vJ}}
uRefru armifhvcudk wdkuf½dkufar;vmvdrfhrnf [kxifaomfvnf;
jrm;OD;u wnfhwnfhrvm? wpfbufrS auGUvmonf/
]]40-yg}}
]]tif;...ay;&wmayghav? udk,fcGJr&SdawmhvJ xm;&rSmaygh? 'geJU
tJ...nDremrnfu b,fol}}
]]at;at;yg...}}
]]at;at; a,musfm;u 0ifaiGawmh taumif;om;rdkYvm;}}
]][kwfuJh? rqdk;vSygbl;}}
]]olu pma&;q&mvm;}}
apmapmu pum;udk b0ifusyHkray:/ olodvdkonfudk xyfar;
jyefonf/
]][kwfuJh? pmvJ eJeJyg;yg;a&;ygw,f}}
olonf qufar;&rnfudk raumif;awmhrSef; odvmyHk&\/
uav;udkom jr§Laeonf/ cPMumvQif wpfrsdK;wpfzHk pvmOD;rnfudk uRefr
odaeonf/ pdwfvJysuf? &,fvJ&,fcsifaerd\/ xdktcdkuf rD;zdkaqmifrS
a':i,fu ]]at;at;a&? ig;u 'Dtwdkif;csufrSmvm;? aMumfNyD;rS
csufrSmvm;}} [k vSrf;ar;ojzifh ]]cPaemf}} [k qdkum rD;zdkxJ 0ifvmcJhonf/
uRefr awmfawmfESifh jyefxGufroGm;bJ aerS ]]jyeftHk;r,fa[h}}[kqdkum
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 101
oljyefoGm;\/ rD;zdkxJ 0ifvdkufrvmonfrSm awmfao;&JU[k oufjyif;csrd
onf/
]]arsmufvufeJY aomhcavmufav; 0,fcJhygtHk; armifa&}}
]]bmvkyfzdkYvJ at;&JU}}
]]tdrfa&SU zdeyfcRwf wHcg;cwfzdkYav}}
]]at;u &efukefNrdKUv,fu wdkufcef;vdk aomhtjrJ cwfxm;
rvdkYvm;? 'Dvdkae&mrSm 'Dvdk oD;oefYBuD; vkyfaevdkY b,faumif;rvJ at;&JU?
tm;vHk;u 'DvdkbJ wHcg;zGifhNyD; aeMuwmbJ? 'g&yfuGufav? tvdkuftxdkuf
ae&r,f}}
uRefru a':pyfpkBuD;taMumif;ajymjyvQifvnf; armifu 'DvdkyJ
tvdkuftxdkufae&r,f[k ajymtHk;rSmrdkY aemufxyfbmrS rajymrdawmhyg/
wwfEdkiforQom cyfat;at;ESifh pum;enf;enf;aecJhrdonf/ tdrfeD;em;csif;
rSeforQ NyHK;wefNyHK;? ajymwefajymí armifajymovdk tvdkuftxdkuf
aevdkuf\/ odkYaomf tvdkuftxdkufae&onfrSmvnf; rvG,fygay/
]]at;at;a&...aps;udkvm;}}
]][kwfuJh rrEk}}
aps;jcif;awmif;qGJí xGufcJhNyD; ESpftdrfausmf ta&mufwGif
a':EkEku EIwfquf\/ a':EkEkqdkaomfvnf; ½kyfu olYavmufrEk[k wzuf
rS a':pyfpkajymjyí emrnfodxm;&onf/ a':pyfpkrSm uRefruay;aom
emrnfjzpfí olYtrnfu r,Ofjrifhjzpfonf/ olYudk,fol rrjrifh[k ajymí
,ckawmh uRefruvnf; rrjrifh[k EIwfusdK;ae&ayNyD/
]]aps;roGm;EdkifvdkY at;&,f? EkEkbdkY Muufwjcrf;avmuf 0,fcJh
prf;yg}}
uRefru acgif;ndwfjyNyD; tdrfbufjyefvSnfh&jyefonf/ uRefr
aps;oGm;vQif ydkufqHudk 0,favmuf½Hkom uefYowfí xnfhoGm;avh&Sdojzifh
tydkrygay/ ydkufqHay;vdkufrnfhyHkvnf;ray:? awmif;&rSmvnf; raumif;
wwfí ydkufqHjyef,l&jyefonf/
uRefru rrEkac:aomfvnf; olYudk,fol EkEk[komajymaom
a':EkEkonf Muufwjcrf;udkom apmifh,lí ydkufqHay;&efudkrl owd&yHkr&/
aemufaeYrsm;wGifvnf;ray;/ xyfyifrSmvdkufao;onf/ aemifMumrS
102 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
]]aMomf...arYvdkY? at;udk aps;bdk;ay;&OD;r,f}} [k qkdum 5d wefw&Guf
xkwfay;\/ olrSmonfu 5d zkd;ruawmhaomfvnf; uRefru tm;emí
bmrQrajymrd/ oluvnf; b,fa&GUb,frQusonfvJ[k rar;acs/
aemufxyf aps;rSmonfhtcgwGifrl ]]r&cJhbl;EkEka&}}? ]]a[mawmh arhvm
cJhNyD}}ponfjzifh uRefru ajAmifvdrfawmhonf/ ,ckawmh uRefronf trl
t&myif aumif;aumif;vkyfwwfayNyD/
]]at;a&...bm[if;awGrsm;csufaevJ}}
ajymajymqdkqdkESifh aemufaz;xd0ifvmaom rjroef;udk awGU&
onf/ olu uRefrESifh &G,fwljzpfí onfem;w0dkufwGifawmh oli,fcsif;vdk
aygif;ae&onf/ qefoGm;xkwfvnf; twlwl? EdkYrIefYoGm;xkwfvnf;twlwl
tazmfjyKae&oljzpfonf/ uRefrESifh&G,fwl qdkaomfvnf; olYrSmu uav;
ig;a,muftarjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; olvmvQif olYaemufu uav;
awG wNyHKwrBuD; ygvmwwfonf/ aqmholuaqmh? uRefrom;av;udk
csDolucsD? pmtkyfawGzGoluzGjzifh olwdkYvmvQif wpfrsKd;pdwfnpf&jyefonf/
]]bmrSrcsufygbl;? a':i,f vkyfaewmyg? vmvm tdrfa&SU
oGm;r,f}}
uRefru olYuav;awGyg ygatmif odrf;usKH;ac:&if; tdrfa&SU
odkYjrefjrefxGufcJhrd\/
]]c&pfpwpfp olrsm;vmjyvdkY? at;udkvmpyf&wmav? wpf*dkufp
qdkawmh tukefvJr,lcsifygbl;? a&mif;wJholuvJ wpf*dkufvHk;,lrSwJh?
at;eJYudk,feJY vufjywfwpfxnfpD pyfcsKyf&atmif}}
olu c&pfvdkif;BuD; tpdrf;&ifhav;udkxkwfjy\/
]]aps;u 37d –wJh? v[mjyifrSm 40d-r[kwfvm;}}
]]b,favmufrsm;uGmvdkYvJ rjroef;&,f? NyD; at;eJY 'Dta&mifeJYvJ
rvdkufygbl;? vufjywfvJ at;r0wfwwfygbl;? vuf&Snfqdk&ifvJ r0,fEdkif
ao;ygbl;uG,f}}
]]tdk... udk,fwdkUuawmh vkdufvkduf rvdkufvdkuf 0wfvkdufwmbJ?
uRwfuswmrSwfvdkY? NyD; udk,fu tusÐqdk a&mifpHkrS? ta&mifpHk&Sdxm;rS
pdwfxJu auseyfwm}}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 103
olY 0goemtwdkif; cyf<um;<um; ajym&if; tjzLwpfxnfwnf;
ESifhBuJaeaom uRefrudkvnf;csdwfvkdufao;\/ olYa,musfm;u vc 185d–
cefY &onfqdkayrifh olYrSm wufx&GefvHkcsnf a&mifpHk? c&pfvdIif;BuD; a&mifpHk
0wfEdkif\/ uRefrwdkYrSm armifhudkvctjzpf axmufyHhaom 250d–cefYudk
tdrfvc? rD;c? owif;pmc? armifhpmtkyfzdk;? tdrfpm;p&dwf ponfwdkYjzifh
tH0if*Gifus wpfjym;rSrydkay/ uRefr rawmufwacguf a&;aom pmrlcav;
rsm;jzifh a':i,fhvcay;onf/ wcgw&HydkvQif t0wftpm;0,fonf/
uRefrvnf; tazmf&atmif wpfa,mufwnf; uav;wzufESif hrd k Y
tdrftvkyfvnf; rEdkifreif;rjzpf&atmif armifu tdrfazmf iSm;ay;aomf
vnf; xkdtwGuf p&dwfudkrl uRefrujyefjznfhay;&\/
]]at;wdkYrsm; cav;wa,mufxJ&Sdao;? r0wfEdkif rpm;Edkif
&Sdvdkufwm? udk,fwdkYrsm; ckrS cav;awGrsm;vmvdkY? t&if vifr,m;
ESpfa,mufxJwkef;uqdk topftqef;ay:NyDa[hqdk cg;ay:wif&rS? ckawmif
vcxkwf&if azmhc&pf 0,f0wfrvdkY}}
]]t0wfomr0wfEdkif&Sd&r,f rpm;Edkifawmhr&Sdygbl; rjroef;&,f?
armifu t0wfxuf tpm;udk ydkrufw,f? aumif;aumif;pm;rS usef;rm
rSmwJh? pmtkyfzdk;qdkvJ rESajrmbl;}}
uRefru ydefvSDao;auG;vSaom olYuav;rsm;udk Munfh&if;
jyefajymrdonf/ ajymrnfhom ajym&onf/ uRefrwdkYt,ltqu olwdkY
0g'ESifhudkufcsifrS udkufayrnf/ ,HkMunfcsufcsif;uvnf; wlonfr[kwf/
0goemcsif;uvnf; bmrQrqdkif/ todcsif;uvnf; wrsKd;pD/
onf0ef;usifMum;wGif tm;vHk;ESifhwnfhatmif ae&onfh uRefr
tcuftcJ/ 'gawGtm;vHk; armifhudk ajymjyvQifvnf;...
]]vlawGeJY ae&if'DvdkbJaygh? 'gtqef;r[kwfygbl;? at;&JU
jyóemawG[m tao;tzGJyJ? armifhrSm onfhxuf OD;aESmuf toHk;jyKp&m
tvkyfawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f}} [k jyóemawGudk olYqD o,frvmap
csif[ef wm;jrpfwwf\/
]]armifajymwm [kwfom;bJ? 'gawG[m tao;tzGJawGbJ}} [k
udk,fhudk,fudk owday;&onf/ Mumawmhvnf; onfvlawG Mum;xJrSm
udk,fyg ao;odrfjrKyfuG,foGm;rSm pdk;rdonf/ vlqdkonfrSm cufonf/ NyD;awmh
rdef;rrdkY ydkqdk;onf/ olrsm;u twif;ajymvQif udk,fuyg 0ifajymcsif\/
104 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
oluNydKifvQif udk,fuyg jyefNydKifrdwwf\/ odkYaMumifhvnf; ]rdef;rayr,fh
rdef;reYJrwlap&} [k qHk;r&onf/ odkYqHk;raeonfh Mum;uyif tvGefnhHzsif;
onfh tjyKtrlwckudk uRefrjyKrdonf/ uRefr tvGef&Suf&GHUcJ haom
&efjzpfjcif; wnf;/
ajc&if;tdrfrS rwifvIdifudkawmh cyfat;at; aewwfojzifh
uRefrucifonf/ olronf [dktdrfonftdrf ul;wm oef;wm rawGU&?
atmfus,f[pfus,f pum;ajymwmvnf; wpfcgrQ rMum;rd? uRefrvdkyif
uav;wpfa,mufESifh cyfat;at; aeoljzpf\/
olu uRefrwdkYtdrfrvmwwfaomfvnf; uRefru olYtdrfodkY
ul;oGm; jcif;jzpf\/ olYtdrfwGif tyfcsKyfpuf&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ uRefr
csKyfvdkorQ tusÐpav;rsm;udk udkufn§yfNyD; tyfcsnfvHk;yg,lí olYtdrfwGif
oGm;csKyf&onf/ oluvnf; MunfMunf jzLjzLvufcHygonf/ a':pyfpk
tdrfwGif puf&Sdaomfvnf; olYtdrfodkYrlroGm;0Hh/
rwifwifvIdifudk at;onf[k ,lqcJhaom uRefronf eD;eD;
uyfuyfqufqH&rS pum;tawmfajymaom rdef;rjzpfaMumif; tHhMopGm
od&awmhonf/ olb,ftdrfrS rul;roef; aomfvnf; tdrftoD;oD;rS
twGif;a&;aygif;pHkudk olodae\/ olrrSm t&yfxJrS ykqdk;av;tp? uav;
tusÐav;tp tyfcsKyfvufcHwwfojzifh xkdolwdkYxHrS owif;pHk pkaqmif;
&rd[efwlonf/ oluvnf; jyefíar;wwf ajymwwfyHk&\/
]][dk...rvIdifwdkY ajc&if;tdrfu rdef;racsmacsm[mav...}
uRefru pufcsKyf&if;? olu uav;ykcufvTJ&if; pum;ajymrd
Muonf/
]]rrEkvm;...}
]]r[kwfygbl;? oluwtdrfausmf[mbJ? 'DtdrfeJYuyfvsuf ajc&if;
tdrfu ydefao;ao;av;udk ajymwm}}
uRefru ajc&if;tdrfudk vSrf;Munfhrd&m jyLwif;aygufrS wdkufwdkuf
qdkifqdkif xdktrsKd;orD;udk vSrf;jrifvdkuf&í rvHkrvJ jzpfoGm;rdonf/
]]olYa,musfm;u tdrfrSmr&Sddbl;}} rvIdifu qufajym\/
]]e,frSm tvkyfvkyfvdkYvm;}}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 105
uRefru wpfzufrSMum;oGm;rnfpdk;í wdk;wdk;jyefar;&onf/
rwifvIdifuvnf; pum;udk cyfat;at; ajymwwfojzifh olYtoHu
odyfrus,fay/ odkYaomf oluvnf; aysmhaysmhESifheHaom aMumifcsD;wnf;/
]]b,fuvm e,frSmtvkyfvkyf&rSmvJ? r,m;i,f ,lxm;w,f
av? r,m;i,ftdrfrSmbJ tNrJaewm? olYqDwpfcgwpfcgrS vmwm? vm&ifvJ
cPav;? ydkufqHawmif rSefrSefay;wm r[kwfbl;}}
]]tdk-[kwfvm;? olYMunfh&wm cspfp&mav;yg? olYa,musfm;uvJ
bmaMumifhrsm; 'Dvdk vkyf&ygvdrfh}}
uRefru wu,fyif rdef;rcsif;pmemí pdwfraumif;pGm ajymrd
onf/
]]aMomf-at;at;uvJ vSwmvSwmwjcm; olYrSm t½dk;csnf;&Sdwm?
[dkrdef;ru cyfawmifhawmifh&,f}}
olYajymvdkufyHkaMumifh uRefrrSm &,f&rvdk? vefY&rvdkjzpfoGm;um
armifajymbl;aom pum;wpfcGef;udkvnf; oGm;owd&rdí wu,frsm;vm;
[k pdwfyloGm;rdonf/
]]at;ckwavm odyfydefwmbJ? usef;rma&; *½kpd kuftH k;?
ydefcsnfhcsnfhav;eJY rvSawmh&if armifu ypfoGm;rSm}}
xdkpOfuawmh armif aemufajymonf[k *½krxm;rd/ ,ckrS
]]tif;-aemufudk½kyfus roGm;atmif *½kpdkufrS}} [k awG;vdkufrdao;\/
]]at;&JU rrEkBuD;uawmhav...olYa,mufsm;udk at; jrifbl;
vm;}}
]][ifhtif;-rjrifzl;bl;}}
]][dk...olYom;avmuft&G,f i,fi,fav;[mayghat;&JU?
'gaMumifh oluvJ olYudk,folEkatmif tjrJjyifqifae&wm...}}
uRe frtus Ðc s Ky f Ny D ;í jye fvmc J hv d k Yom? qufaevQi f
rnfrQowif;pHkpHk Mum;&tHk;rnfrodacs/
aemuf 2 -&ufcefYtMum rjroef;ESifhuRefr tdrfa&SUwGif
xdkifaeMu &if; uRefru tdrfa&SUBuD;rSm &Sufp&m[k twif;jiif;aomfvnf;
rjroef;u uRefracgif;udk twif;qGJí oef;&Smay;aepOf a':EkEkwa,muf
106 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
tdrfay: wufvm\/ olYrsufESmxm;u cyfwif;wif;rdkY uRefrpdwfxJwpfrsdK;
jzpfoGm; rdonf/
]]xdkifav...rrEk}}
]]rxdkifygbl;...ajymp&m&SdvdkY}}
uRefru tHhtm;oifhaepOf oluyif qufajym\/ vufwzuf
udkvnf; cg;wGif axmufxm;vdkufao;onf/ vufnd§K;waigufaiguf
rxdk;½Hkwr,f/
]]'DrSm at;at;u ajymw,fqdk? EkEkudk wlavmuf om;avmuf
t&G,f vifvkyfaewJh rdef;rvdkY}}
½kwfw&uf uRefr bmjyefajym&rnfrod/
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rvJ? EkEkwdkYu'DrSm udk,fydkiftdrfeJYajreJY tajcwusaeMuwm? rvdkwrm
oykyfavvGifhrajymygeJY? udk,feJYrqdkifwm udk,fhzmom at;at;aeayghath?
EkEkwdkY taMumif; rodao;vkdY xifw,f [if;[if;}}
]]aeygtHk; rr? tJ...EkEk&JU? at;u EkEkwdkY taMumif; bmrS
odwm r[kwfygbl;? rvIdifu ajymjy&if; pum;pyfrdvdkY wlvm;-om;vm;
xifrdw,fvdkY ajymrdwm? at;xifxmudk trSeftwdkif; ajymwm bmjzpf
ovJ}}
yxru at;at;aq;aq;ajymrnf pdwful;aomfvnf; ajym&if;
a'gojzpfvmojzifh &efawGUovdkyif atmfajymrdonf/ rjroef;uavnf;rcH
csif[efjzifh 0ifajym\/
]tdk...ajym...ajym w,faygh? bmjzpfao;vJ? [kwfwm
ajymwJhOpöm}}
onfaemufwGif &efyGJonf a':EkEkESifhrjroef;wdk Y\ &efyGJ
jzpfoGm;awmhonf/ b,fwkef;u rsufrkef;usKd;aeMuonfrod? i,fusKd;
i,femawG az:í atmfMu[pfMuawmhonf/ wpfzuftdrfrS rvIdifonf
rsufaph tjyL;om;ESifhMunfhae\/ a':pyfpku vma&mufzsefajzonf/
olYa,musfm; r,m;i,f,lonfqdkaom trsKd;orD;u rsufaxmifheDeDjzifh
tdrfa&SUrS vm&yfMunfhaeonfudkvnf; awGUvkduf&onf/ aemufrSod&onf
rSm xd ktrsK d ;orD;u uRefrESif h rvI di fajymorQud k em;yg;yg;ESi f h
acsmif;em;axmif NyD; wpfzufrS a':EkEkwdkYudk vTwfvdkufjcif;wnf;/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 107
]]&Sufw,f...odyf&Sufw,f? raecsifbl;? 'D&yfuGufrSm raecsif
awmhbl;? vlnHhawGMum;xJ ae&wm udk,fyg vlnHhjzpf&w,f? wpfoufeJY
wpfudk,f &efjzpfbl;wm r[kwf? ckawmh &Sufp&m}}
xdkaeYrSpí armifjyefvmwdkif; uRefr\ wwGwfwGwf nnf;nLoH
yif jzpfonf/ armif aemufaeYreuf tvkyfroGm;rDtxd uRefronf tdrf
ajymif;&ef tdrf&SmzdkYtaMumif;udkvnf; tNrJ em;ylaerd\/ wpfcgwpf&H
armifu pdwfr&Snfí jyefatmfvQi f vifr,m;uawmufuq
jzpf&ao;onf/ ,ck wavm armifonf naeaemufuRe fr S
jye fvmwwfawmhí reuftapmBuD; jye fxGufoGm;avh & S d\/
uRefrem;ylem;qm vkyfí[k odaomfvnf; uRefru ravQmh/
tdrfxyf&Sm&ef armifhudk em;ylNrJ ylae\/ 'Dtdrfu tdrfvc
aps;BuD;onf? aEGqdkvQif rD;aMumuf&onf ponfjzifhvnf; trsKd;rsKd;
taMumif;jy\/ Mumawmh r,m;pum;ygíbJvm;? em;ylrcHEdkifíbJvm;
rod/ tdrfajymif;rnf[k armifu ajymvmawmhonf/
,ckajymif;&onfhtdrfu NrdKUv,faumifr[kwfaomfvnf; NrdKUESifh
eD;aom ae&m? tdrfuvnf; wdkufcHtdrf oD;oefYcef; jzpf\/ udk,hftdrfwHcg;
udk,fydwfí oD;jcm;aeEdkif\/ bmbJjzpfjzpf tdrfajymif;&í uRefr aysmfvdkuf
onfhhjzpfjcif;/
,cktdrfwGif armiftvkyfoGm;vQif tdrfwHcg;ydwfí uRefrwdkY
om;trdESpfa,mufwnf; aevdkuf\/ a':i,fuvnf; ajrmif;jr&Sd olYorD;
xHwGif oGm;vnfaeonf/ om;uawmh tdrfvnf rxGuf&ojzifh ysif;ae
[ef wlonf/ uRefrem;om tNrJ uyfae\/ ,ciftdrfwGifawmh tdrfeD;csif;
rsm;u (txl;ojzifh a':pyfpk)u ulnDxdef;ay;í om;\wm0ef uRefrrSm
r&SdvS/ ,ckawmh uRefrrSm pma&;bkdY a0;pG? tdrftvkyfyif aumif;aumif;
rvkyf&awmhacs/
aeYpOf armiftvkyfroGm;rD aps;odkY ajy;xm;ESifh &onf/ ,ck
tdrfeD;csif;awGujzifh uav;tyfxm;cJhvdkYvnf; pdwfcs&rnfhyHk ray:acs/
uRefrwdkYudkvnf; vHk;0pdwf0ifpm;yHk r&Sdacs/ 'Dwcgawmh cyfwnfwnfaernf
[k uRefru MuHK;0g;xm;aomfvnf; olwdk Yu uRefrxuf q,fq
108 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
wif;ESifhonf/ tdrfajymif;cgp o,fMucsMupOfuyif rnfolrQ jyLíyif
rMunhf/ taeMum vmonfhwdkif rnfolESifhrQ EIwfrqufrdbl;acs/
vrf;awGUvQifvnf; cyfwnf wnf rodovkdomyif/
wpfaeY-aeUv,fbufuRefrrSm ½kwfw&ufudk,fylí aeraumif;
jzpfvmrdonf/ wpfa,mufwnf; uav;uvnf; wzufESifhrdkY armifhudk
zkef;qufac:rS[k w,fvDzkef;&Sd&m pOf;pm;aomfvnf; trsm;oHk;zkef;u
teD;tem;wGif r&Sdacs/ wpfzufcef;rSmawmh w,fvDzkef;&Sd[efwlonf/
uRefrwpfzufcef;udk vlac: bJvfav;ESdyfvdkufpOf txJrS
acsmif;MunhfNyD; wHcg;awmh zGifhay;ygonf/
ta&; Bu D ;v d k Y quf&onf h taMumi f ;uRe fru
awmif;awmif;yefyef ajymvdkufaomfvnf; tdrf&Sif ta':BuD;u
½kwfw&ufpum;rjyefbJ taMumifom; jyefMunfhae\/ uRefru
bmvkyf&rSef;rod? &Sufovdk jzpfoGm; rdonf/ twefMumrS ]]qufav}}
[k pdwfryghwygajzonf/ a&mufrdvufprdk Y zkef;udk jrefjrefajymNyD;
vkd&r,f&,lvmaom rwfaphwaphudkvnf; xm;cJ h& aumif;Ed k;Ed k;
jzpfrdao;onf/ aemufqHk; ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f}} [laom pum;
wpfcGef;udkom cyf½dkU½dkYajymí jyefxGufvm&m aemufrS oHwHcg;udk cyfaqmifh
aqmifh qGJydwfvdkufoHudk pdwfrcsrf;ompGm Mum;vdkuf&ao;\/
onfae&ma&mufrS uRefr tvGefNiD;aiGUvmrdonf/ rjroef;udk
vnf; atmufarhovkdvdk&Sdonf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf aeraumif;bl;qdkvQif
ysmysmovJ vmjyKpkaz:&\/ a':pyfpkBuD;onfyif qefjyKwfwcGufawmh
vmwdkufwwfao;onf/ ,ckawmh uRefrrSm taz:rJhae&acsNyD/
uav;wpfzufESifh tjyifvnf;rxGufwwfaom uRefrtzdkY
tjcm; oGm;p&mvrf ;r& S d / tvSLtwef ; oma&;ema&;vnf;
rnfolr Qvmrz dw fac s/ wavmu tay:xyfwGi f {nf hc Hy G J
wpfckckvkyf[efwl\/ um;BuD;um;i,f awG vmvdkufMuonfrSm
uRe frwd k Yt dr fa& S Uyi f jynf husy fo Gm;\/ pm; Mu aomuf Mu
aysm f Muonfr Smvnf; nO f heufoe f ;acgi fw d ki fyi f / rnfonf h
txdrf;trSwfyGJudk rnfolawGu usif;yonfudkyif uRefrwdkY rodacs/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 109
we*FaEGaeY armiftvkyfroGm;&í uRefrwdkY om;trdoHk;a,muf
at;at;vlvl xkdifaeMupOf vlac:bJvfudk wtm;ESdyfvdkufoHMum;&\/
wHcg;zGif hvd kufvQif awmrSuRefr\ a':BuD;awmfol a':Nidrf;u
olYxHk;pHtwdkif; pum;udk atmfBuD;[pfus,f ajymqdkvsuf 0ifvmawmhonf/
]]wuwJawmf...nnf;wdkYtdrf&Sm&wmuvJ acwfysufBuD;
vlaysmuf&Sm&wm usaewmbJ? iguvJ tdrfeHygwfarhoGm;vdkY atmifoajy
pmtkyfwdkufu OD;armifarmiftdrfvdkY vkdufar;wm b,folrSrodbl;wJhat?
igtHhMowmu nnf;wdkY[kdbufcef;uawmif rodbl;wJh? tHha&m... ar;wJh
vludkawmif pm;awmh0g;awmhrvdk jyefMunfhvdkufao;w,f wuwJ}}
a':BuD;u olYxHk;pHtwdkif; ]wuwJ}[laom pum;udkoHk;í oHk;í
ajymae\/
]]aeygtHk;...'geJY t&iftdrfubmjzpfvdkYvJ}}
]]t&iftdrfuvm;...[dk...tif;...cktdrfu ydkaumif;vdkYaygh
a':BuD;&JU? &yfuGufuvJ 'Duydkaumif;w,fav? [dkrSmu vlawGuvJ
pyfpyfpkpk ½Iyf½Iyf&Suf&Suf &efjzpfMubmMueJY? pdwf½IyfvdkY raecsifwmeJY}}
]]tr,fav;awmf...wuwJ...'DvdkbJ aygh? wpfa,mufeJY
wpfa,muf tcefYroifh&if jzpfwmbJ/ NyD;awmh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; ½dkif;yif;ulnDvdkY?
ta&;& S d&i f tm;vJud k ;&ao;? c kae&mujzi f h wuwJ ?
wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf [dkbuf'Dbuf tdrfcsif;uyfaewmawmif
todvkyfaz:r&? 'grsKd;awGaygh? NrdKUv,facgif aeYcif;aMumifawmif
vlowfrIawG? 'jrwd kufrIawG jzpfvd k Y awmif b,folrSrodwm?
aMumufp&mat...wuwJ}}
a':BuD;uajym&if; armif hbufodk Yvnf;vSnfhí uRefrudk
ar;aighjy um ajymvkdufao;onf/
]]olujzifh 'DvdkygbJ? [dkrSmraecsifbl;? 'DrSm raecsifbl;eJY tawmf
*sD;xlwJhaumifr}}
uRefru bmrQjyefrajymrd/ wu,fawmh aemufxyf b,fvdk
ae&mrsKd;rSm aecsifygonf[k *sD;xl&rnfudkyif uRefrrodawmhygacs/
rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)rdk;rd k; (tif;vsm;)
(aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? pufwifbm? 1972)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 111
odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;
uRefrESifh nDrav; olZmwdkYonf wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf tvGefcspfMu
ygonf/ txufatmuf wpfESpfom uGmjcm;NyD; nDtpfr ESpfa,mufwnf;
om&Sdojzifh wjcm;armifESrawG cspfMuwmxuf ydkonf/ pm;vnf; twlwl?
upm;vnf; twlwl? ausmif;oGm;awmhvnf; twlwl tNrJwrf; rcGJrcGm
&SdaeMuonf/
½kyfcsif;uvnf; wllojzifh tjrTmnDtpfr[kyif xifMuygonf/
tjrTmawGvm;[k ar;vQif uRefrwdkYuvnf; jiif;qef raeawmh? &,fppESifh
acgif;ndwfjyvkdufMuonfom jzpfonf/ araruvnf; uRefrwdk Y
ESpfa,mufudk t0wftpm; qifwlcsKyfay;onf/ nDrav;u xGm;ojzifh
udk,fvHk;udk,fxnfcsif;vnf; twlwlavmufyif jzpfaeonf/
olpdrf;rsm;u uRefrwdkY nDtpfrudk ½kwfw&uf rcGJjcm;wwf/
odkYaomf azaz ararESifh &if;ESD;aom aqGrsKd; rdwfaqGrsm;uawmh
aumif;aumif;BuD; cGJjcm;wwfygonf/
uRefrESifh nDrav; olZm\ tBudKufESifh p½dkufuawmh ta&SUESifh
taemufvdk vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;í aeygonf/ uRefru tpdrf;a&mif BudKuf
vQif nDrav;u teDa&mif BudKufonf/ araru onfwpfcg uRefr
BudKufonfh tqif taoG;udk tusÐcsKyfay;vQif aemufwpfcg nDrav;
BudKufonfh tqifudk csKyfay;&onf/
tpm pm;onfhtcg uRefru csOfcsOfpyfpyf BudKufonf/
nDrav;u csKdcsKdqdrfhqdrfh BudKufonf/ ig;wpfrsKd;wnf;udk araru nDrav;
twGuf aMumfay;&NyD; uRefrtwGuf csOf&nfcsufay;&onf/ uRefru
wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf aewwfonf/ nDrav;u oGufoGufvufvuf oGm;
vmvIyf&Sm;aewwfonf/ uRefru onf;cHonf/ odkYaomf pdwfBuD;onf/
nDrav;u pGmonf/ odkYaomf taw;trSwf rxm;wwf/ uRefru odrf;
112 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
odrf; qnf;qnf; aeonf/ nDrav;u jzpfuwwfqef; aeonf/ odkYaomf
uRefrwdkYESpfa,muf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf cspfMuonfhtwGuf
tqifawmh ajyygonf/
uRefrrdkY olrsm;u tEkdifusifhcH&NyD qdkvQif nDrav;u ododcsif;
oGm;NyD; &efawGUwwfonf/ olYudk aMumufojzifh uRefrudk rxd&JMu/
nDrav; olYtcef;xJrSm zGxm;orQawGudkawmh uRefru arar rodatmif
odrf;qnf;ay;&wwfygonf/
araruawmh uRefrwdkY ESpfa,mufudk b,favmuf a0;a0;u
jrif&onfjzpfap b,f[m olZmyJ? b,f[m eE´myJ qdkwm t&dyfjrif½Hkjzifh
odonf[k qdkygonf/
uRefrwdkYESpfa,muf t&G,fa&mufonfhtcg toGifoP²mefcsif;
u ydkí uGJjym; jcm;em;vmonf/ nDrav;u tusÐ qifwl0wfzdk Y
jiif;qefwwfvmonf/ ausmif;udk olYoli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh ol oGm;onf/
ol BudKufonfh [if;udk olYbmom 0ifcsufNyD; wpfa,mufwnf; pm;av
onf/ olYtcef;xJudk uRefr 0ifa&muf &Sif;vif;ay;wmudkvnf; rBudKuf
awmh/ uRefr &Sif;vdkufvQif ol rSwfom;xm;onfh ypönf;awG ae&m a&GUoGm;
onf[k tqdk&Sdavonf/
½kyf&SifMunhfvQifvnf; olESifh uRefr tBudKufcsif;rwl/ wDADG Munfh
vQifvnf; uRefr ESpfoufonfh Zmwfvrf;rsKd;udk olu NiD;aiGY oef;a0um
xoGm;wwfonf/ uRefrwdkY nDtpfrESpfa,muf wpfpwpfp uif;uGm
vmum wGJí rjzpfawmh/ odkYaomf tcspfawmh rjy,fMuyg/
azazu oGufvufNyD; pmawmfaom nDrav;udk cspfovdk
araru pOf;pm; awG;ac:wwfaom uRefrudkom tm;udk;um tpp
t&m&m wdkifyifygonf/
uRefr q,fwef;rSm wpfESpfusojzifh uRefrESifh nDrav;
wuúodkvfokdY twlwl wuf&onf/ ,lonfh bmom&yfcsif;awmh rwlMuyg/
uRefrwdkY nDtpfrudkvnf; tjrTmnDtpfr[k b,folurS rxifawmh/ uRefr
ausmif;wufonfh ae&modkY nDrav; vmonfhtcdkuf uRefru oli,fcsif;
rsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;onf/ ]nDtpfr wpf0rf;uGJvm;}[k oli,fcsif;rsm;u
ar;onf/
]r[kwfygbl;? nDtpfr t&if;yg? ½kyfcsif; 'gavmuf wlwmudk}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 113
]rwlygbl;}
oli,fcsif;rsm;u NydKifwl atmfMuonf/
]wjcm;pDyJ}
aemufwpfa,mufu jznfhpGufonf/
nDrav;ESifh twl ygvmaom oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf; odyfrwl
bl;[k rSwfcsufay;Muonf/ uRefrwdkY nDtpfr NyHK;aevdkuf&onf/ xkdYxuf
qdk;wmu uRefrESifh nDrav; toufwpfESpfom uGmygonf qdkwmudk
vnf; b,folurS r,HkMu/
]udk,fu odyf&ifhaew,f xifw,f}
uRefruajymawmh ]r[kwfygbl;? wpfa,muf wpfrsKd;awmh
vSwmygyJ}[k ESpfodrfhay;Muygonf/
]rif;nDrav;u vSvJvSw,f? EkvJEkw,f? uav;av;vdkyJ?
wuúodkvfausmif;olvdkYawmif rxif&bl;? 'gayr,fh rif;urS &ifhusufNyD;
at;at;csrf;csrf;eJY vSwmyguGm}
onfpum;udkawmh oli,fcsif;rsm;u nDrav; uG,f&musrS
ajymjcif; jzpfygonf/
nDrav;&JU oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf; uRefr uG,f&mrSm ajymMu
onfwJh/
]rif;tpfru rif;eJY wpfESpfyJuGmw,fom qdkw,f? rif;eJY ,SOfvdkuf
awmh tbGm;BuD;av; usaewmyJ} wJhav/
Ä Ä Ä
uRefrESifh nDrav; wpfESpfwnf; twlwl bGJU&Muonf/ uRefru
uRefr 0goemygaom ausmif;q&mrtvkyfudk 0ifvkyfygonf/ nDrav;
udkvnf; azazESifh araru ½Hk;wpf½Hk;rSm 0ifvkyfapcsifygonf/ nDrav;u
cg;onf;pGm jiif;qefonf/
]vcpm;awmh rvkyfyg&apeJY? b,fawmhrS BuD;yGm;rSm r[kwfygbl;}
]'gqkd&if orD;u bmvkyfcsifvdkYvJ? azazwdkYrSm t&if;tESD;awmh
rsm;rsm; r&Sdbl;uG,f}
114 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
azazuawmh 0efxrf;b0ESifh usifvnfvmcJh&olygyJ/ odkYaomf
nDrav;u xufjrufol jzpfavawmh nDrav;\ tvkdqE´udk azazu
uefYuGufvdkpdwf r&Sd/
]orD;u ukeful;csifw,f azaz? t&if;tESD; odyfrvdkygbl;?
armfvNrdKifrSm orD; oli,fcsif;awG &Sdw,f? olwdkYuvJ ac:aewm? orD;
wpfacguf oGm;csifw,f}
]'gawmh rvkyfygeJY orD;&,f? tonf; wxdwfxdwfeJY vkyf&r,fh
tvkyfrsKd;awmh rvkyfygeJY? orD; vkyfcsif&if qdkifzGifh&if zGifh twnfwus
a&mif;0,fwmrsKd; vkyfyg? ararwdkY wwfEdkifoavmuf rwnfay;yghr,f}
uRefrwdkY rdom;pktm;vHk;u nDrav;udk i,fi,f&G,f&G,f vSvS
yyESifh [dkonf ul;oef;&aom tvkyfudk vHk;0 rvkyfapcsifMuyg/ 'gudkawmh
azazuvnf; oabmrwl/ aemufqHk;awmh &Sd&SdorQ aygifESH a&mif;csum
nDrav;twGuf tvSukefqdkifav; wpfqdkif zGifhay;Muygonf/
oGufoGufvufvuf zswfzswfvwfvwf&Sdaom nDrav;\ qkdif
uav;u wpfESpftwGif;rSm om;om;em;em; jzpfvmonf/ uRefruawmh
jcif;av;wpfvHk; vufqGJum rlvwef;jy q&mrav; b0u rwufcJhyg/
odkYaomf olYenf; olY[efawmh uRefrwdkY ESpfa,mufvHk; pdwfcsrf;omrI udk,fpD
&SdMuygonf/ uRefru wynfhwyef; uav;i,fawGESifh axG;a&m,Sufwif
jzpfum aysmfydkufaeouJhodkY nDrav;uvnf; olY tvSukef ypönf;awG?
tjrwft½IH; pm&if;Z,m;awGESifh rtm;rvyfonfhMum;u wpfaeYwpfjcm;
vSy pdkjynfí aeygonf/
b0qdkwm udk,fhb0udk,f auseyfESpfodrfhzdkY ta&;BuD;onf[k
yxrqHk;taejzifh oHk;oyfrdonf/ uRefruvnf; nDrav;udk bmrQ a0zef
raeouJhodkY nDrav;uvnf; uRefrudk ESdrfcsjcif;rsKd; r&SdcJh/ wpfckawmh
&Sd&JU/ azazwdkY ararwdkY taeESifhawmh nDrav;&JU 0ifaiGudk ydkNyD; tm;xm;
vm&onfh tajctaerSm &SdcJh&avonf/
Ä Ä Ä
nDrav;onf uRefrxuf wpfESpfapmí vufxyfygonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 115
azazESifh araronf orD;ESpfa,muf\ tdrfaxmifa&;udkvnf;
pdwfwdkif;us jzpfapcJhygonf/ ]orD; ESpfa,mufu wpfa,muf wpfrsKd;pD
vdr®mwmygyJ? 'Davmufqdk&if azazwdkY auseyfw,f}[k azazu zGifh[
onf/ odkYaomf nDrav; wpfa,muf tdrfaxmifjyKNyD; tdrfu cGJxGufoGm;
onfhtwGufawmh uRefrwdkY rdom;pk pdwfraumif; jzpfcJh&onf/
eudkurS vlenf;&onfhtxJ nDrav; r&Sdawmh uRefrwdkY
wpftdrfvHk; ajcmufaoGUoGm;ygonf/ nDrav;ESifh pmvQif uRefr r&SdwmurS
tdrfrSm odyfNyD; xl;jcm;rnf r[kwf/ txl;ojzifh nDrav;udk tcspfydkaom
azazwpfa,muf Nidrfoufwdwfqdwfí oGm;onf/ nDrav;\ pwdk;qdkif
av;vnf; r&Sdawmh/ nDrav;u cifyGef;avmif;udkvnf; pepfwus
a&G;cs,fwwfonf/
olYcifyGef;u atmifjrifaom pD;yGm;a&;orm; wpfa,mufayyJ/
vifr,m; ESpfa,mufvHk; wufnDvufnD pD;yGm;&SmMuavonf/ wpfESpf
twGif;rSm nDrav;u jcHESifh tdrfESifh um;ESifh wifhawmifhwifhw,f jzpfí
aeonf/
nDrav;onf tdrfudk rMumrMumawmh a&mufí vmygonf/
azazESifh ararwkdY BudKufwwfaom tpm;taomuf t0wftxnfav;
awG tNrJ ygvmonf/ vpOfvnf; axmufyHhygonf/ odkYaomf nDrav;
onf tdrfrSm MumMum raeEdkkif/
]oGm;rS jzpfr,f azaz? olZm r&Sd&if rjzpfbl;? MumMumaevkdY
rjzpfbl;? azaz vdkwm&Sd zkef;qufaemf? oGm;r,f rr? oGm;r,f arar}
nDrav;onf uaomuarsm EIwfqufum jyefoGm;&NrJ
jzpfonf/ nDrav;wdkYu vrf;rBuD;wpfckay:rSm jynfy ypönf;tpHk&aom
rDeDrm;uwf qdkifBuD;wpfqdkifvnf; zGifhxm;onf/ ½kyf&Sifvkyfief; wpfck
rSmvnf; &S,f,mygonf/ wu,fh pD;yGm;a&;orm;BuD; jzpfaeonf/ odkYaomf
nDrav;udk Munfh&onfrSm ,cifvdk oufawmifhoufom r&SdvS/ tvSty
onfyif uydku½dk jzpfaeNyD/
]wpfcgwav at;at;aq;aq; xrif;av;bmav; pm;oGm;
prf;yg orD;&,f}
araru ajymvQif rD;zdkxJ 0ifum uref;uwef; vSefavSm
pm;oGm;onf/
116 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
]olZmhudk Munfh&wm arar armvdkufwmuG,f}
araru oufjyif;csí nnf;avonf/ NyD;awmh araru
uRefrudk ajymonf/
]orD; tdrfaxmifjyK&ifawmh tdrfu cGJroGm;ygeJY}wJh/
uRefrujzifh ararwdkYudk nDrav;uJhodkY jynfhjynfhpHkpHk axmufyHh
Edkifonf r[kwfyg/ odkYaomf uRefru aEG;axG;aom ,k,rIjzifh jyKpkEdkifzdkY
BudK;pm;&ygrnf/ toufBuD;vmaom azaz ararwdkYtwGuf xkdt&mav;
awG vdktyfaeonf[k uRefr jrifvmonf/
Ä Ä Ä
uRefr udkvGifESifh vufxyfonfhtwGuf azaz ararwdkYu ydkNyD; auseyf
aysmf&TifaeMuygonf/ t"du tcsufuawmh uRefr tdrfu cGJroGm;&
vdkYygyJ/ udkvGifuvnf; azazhvdk ½dk;½dk;at;at;orm; ½Hk;0efxrf; wpfOD;/
nDrav; r&Sdawmhonfh aemufydkif; yifpifpm; tbkd;BuD;wpfa,muftjzpf
NiD;aiGY xkdif;rIdif;aeaom azazonf ajymumqdkum &,fumarmumjzifh
usef;usef;rmrm jzpfvmonfhtwGuf uRefr 0rf;om&ygonf/
nDrav;&JU a,musfm;ESifhqdkvQif 0g0if0gxGuf ypönf;awG
wpfyHkwpfyifESifh vmuefawmhonfhtcdkuf rmaMumif;omaMumif;avmuf
om ajymMuonf/ azazu om;rufjzpfol pD;yGm;&SmawmfaMumif; csD;usL;
wwfaomfvnf; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;awmh r&SdcJh/
udkvGifhudkawmh om;wpfa,mufvdkyJ cspf&Smonf/ uRefrwdkY
ESpfa,mufvHk; tvkyfoGm;onfhtcdkuf araronf rnnf;rñl csufjyKwf
auR;arG;&Smygonf/ om;rufudkvnf; cifyGef;ESifhwef;wl tcGifhta&;ay;
auR;arG; jyKpkonf/ uRefrrSmawmh ESpfa,mufaygif; vcudk toHk;p&dwfawG
EkwfNyD; tyf&wdkif; rsufESmyl&onf/ nDrav;vdk raxmufyHhEkdifonfhjyif
ararhudkyg 'ku©ay;ae&onfrdkY awmif;yefaerdonf/
]ararwdkY udkodkvfaumif;ygw,fuG,f? toufBuD;vmwJh tcsdef
rSm orD;i,fu jynfhpHkatmif axmufyHhovdk orD;BuD;uvJ pdwfusef;rm
atmif? touf&Snfatmif axmufyHhwmygyJ? jynfhpHk½HkeJYvJ rNyD;ao;bl;?
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 117
pdwfusef;rmzdkYvJ vkdao;w,f orD;&JU? orD;azazqdk Munfh? ck b,favmuf
usef;rmaeovJ? ajr;rsm; csD&&if ydkNyD; usef;rmrSm jrifa,mifao;}
araru ajymrS nDrav;rSm uav;r&ao;wm owd&onf/
aMomf nDrav; wpfa,mufaum pdwfusef;rmygavp/ olYcifyGef;
taomuftpm;rsm;wm ararwdkYudk ajymrjyrd/ uRefrb0rSm nDrav;udk
MunfhNyD; udk,fhudkudk,f tm;r&cJhwmudk ajzodrfhvdkuf&onf/ b0&JU NyD;jynfhpHk
jcif;udk uRefr qef;ppfaerdonf/
Ä Ä Ä
]rru pma&;w,f [kwfvm;? pma&;q&mrBuD;aygh? nDrav;jzifh odawmif
rodbl;? wpfaeUurS rr oli,fcsif; aps;vm0,fvdkY ajymrS od&wm? rr
bmawG a&;vJ? nDrav;vJ zwfMunfhOD;r,f}
xHk;pHtwdkif; nDrav;u tdrfudk 0guRwf vmuefawmh&if;
a[ma[m'dkif;'dkif; ajymaeygonf/ nDrav;wdkYu um;udk wpfESpf wpfpD;
vJpD;onf/ ydkNyD;awmhvnf; vSvmonf/ olYcifyGef;uvnf; ydk0 ykdcefY
aeonf/
]rru ckrS wpfyk'fp ESpfyk'fp prf;a&;wmyguG,f? emrnf rBuD;
ao;ygbl;}
uRefruawmh ckwavmrS pdwful;,Of tdyfrufav;awGudk
taumiftxnfazmfaerdonf/ &ifhusufvmonfh umvrS pma&;rnf[k
uRefr &nf&G,fcJhonfhtwkdif; 0w¬Kwdkav;awG pa&;jzpfonf/ ,ckrS
atmifjrifrI vrf;pav;u a&;aw;aw;/
]rruvJ 'Dt&G,fusrS pma&;NyD; ckrS twdkav; ESpfyk'foHk;yk'f
qdkawmh bmvkyf&rSmvJ? vkyfraeprf;ygeJY rr&,f? vHk;csif; xkwfvdkufprf;yg?
nDrav;wdkYawmif ck ½kyf&Sifu r[efvdkY xkwfa0a&; vkyfrvdkY? rrpmtkyf
nDrav; xkwfay;&rvm;}
]rru pmtkyfxkwfvdkY&wJh tqifh r[kwfao;ygbl;uG,f}
][m rruvJ tJ'gawG cufwmyJ? nDrav;awmif xkwfrvdkY?
emrnfvSvS wpfck a&G;NyD; xkwf½HkyJ? udk,fwdkifvJ a&;zdkY rvdkygbl;? [kwfw,f
r[kwfvm;[if udkudk}
118 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
olYcifyGef;buf vSnfhajymawmh &,fNyD; acgif;ndwfonf/
]olZmu bmrqdk ol vkyf&if jzpfr,f xifaewmcifAs}
olu rsufESmysufaom uRefrudk MunhfNyD; ajzí ajymygonf/
]tdk jzpf&rSmaygh? ckcsdefxd olZm vkyfwm rjzpfwm bm&Sdao;vJ?
Munfhaemf? pma&;q&mvJjzpfatmif vkyfOD;r,f? 'gyJaemf rr? vHk;csif;0w¬Ka&;
odvm;? q,ftkyfavmuf a&;xm;odvm;? awmfMum nDrav;u rrt&if
pma&;q&m jzpfoGm;OD;r,f [if;[if;}
cspfvSpGmaom nDrav; jyefoGm;awmh uRefr awGa0 Nidrfoufí
usef&pfonf/ tNrJwrf; nDrav;udk txifBuD; tm;uscJhaom uRefr/
,aeYtzdkYawmh b0ifrusEdkifyg/ 0w¬Kwdkav;awG ygaom r*¾Zif;av;
okH;av;tkyfudk xm;p&m r&Sdatmif jzpfaeaom uRefr/ yef;csDo½kyfazmf
av;udk Munfhvdkuf? zwfNyD;om; yHkESdyfpmvHk;av;awGudk jyefzwfvdkufESifh
toufoHk;q,fausmfrS uav;wpfa,mufvdk ½l;aeaom uRefr/ nDr
av;twGuf jyuf&,fjyKp&m jzpfaeNyDvm;/ nDrav;u uRefr&JU uavmif
emrnfav;udkrS ar;oGm;azmf r&ay/
Ä Ä Ä
raeYu om;OD;av;&JU arG;aeY/ uRefrwdkYtdrfrSm rkefY[if;cg;csufNyD;
&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGawGudk auR;onf/ nDrav;wdkY rdom;pkvnf; vmonf/
tJ rdom;pk qkdayr,fh olwdkY ZeD;armifESH ESpfa,mufwnf;yg/
nDrav;u wefzdk;BuD; arG;aeYvufaqmifawG 0,fvmonf/
vGefcJhaom wpfESpfu ajymcJhonfhtwdkif; nDrav;onf wu,fhudk pma&;
q&mrBuD; jzpfíaeNyD/ olbmawG a&;ovJ uRefr rzwf/ uRefruawmh
0w¬Kwdkav;awGjzifh emrnf&pjyKNyD[k qdk&rnf/ vHk;csif;xkwfzdk Yawmh
pdwfrul;&Jao;/ odkYaomf r*¾Zif;BuD; wpftkyfrSm a0zefa&;q&mBuD; wpfOD;u
tm;ay; csD;usL;jcif; cH&ojzifh xkdaeYu uRefr taysmfqHk;aeY jzpfcJh&onf/
nDrav;uvnf; uRefr0w¬K wpfyk'fwavudkaomffrS pdwf0ifwpm; zwf½I
[ef rwlyg/
rkefY[if;cg;0dkif;rSm uRefrausmif;rS rdwfaqGrsm;u uRefr 0w¬Kav;
wpfyk'ftaMumif; pum;a&mufNyD; ajympOf nDrav;u rkefY[if;cg;pm;&if;
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 119
rsufpdapGMunfhonf/ uRefru nDrav; pma&;onfhtaMumif; onfae&m
rSm rajymcsif/ nDrav; udk,fwdkifuaum ajymapcsif&JUvm; uRefr rod/
0w¬KtaMumif; ajymNyD;awmh rkefY[if;cg;buf a&mufoGm;onf/
]pm;vdkY aumif;w,fAsm? rkefY[if;cg;u awmfawmf aumif;w,f?
pm;zl;orQxJrSm taumif;qHk;yJ? ajr§mufajymwm r[kwfygbl;? wu,f
ajymwm? odu©m&Sd&SdeJY aumif;wJh rkefY[if;cg;}
]ajymawmhr,f? ausmif;q&myDyD pum;wwfw,f? rkefY[if;cg;yJ
odu©m&Sd&w,fvdkY}
nDrav;u apmif;iJhí em;axmifaeonf/
][m &SdwmayghAsm? b,ft&mrqdk odu©mqdkwm &SdwmyJ?
rkefY[if;cg;qdkayr,fh tcsKdrIefYawG trsm;BuD; ulNyD; csufwm? wcsKdU
aq;oMum;awG xnfhwm? tJovdk csKdwm aumif;wm r[kwfbl;? pepf
wus csufxm;rSef; pm;wmeJY odw,f? tJ'gaMumifh odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;vdkY
ajym&wm}
uRefrwdkYtm;vHk; &,fMu&onf/ nDrav;u olY0kdif;u xoGm;
onf/
xdkaeYu nDrav; apmapm jyefoGm;ygonf/ aemufawmh nDr
av; pmtkyfrxkwfawmh/ wjcm; uefx½dkuftvkyfwpfck ajymif;vkyfae
onf[k od&onf/
Ä Ä Ä
touf oHk;q,fausmfrS pm pa&;cJhaom uRefronf ,ck touf ig;q,f
ausmfrSm r*¾Zif; wpfapmifudk OD;pD;í vkyfudkif ae&ygonf/
uRefronf nDrav;vdk pD;yGm;a&;rSm atmifjrifol r[kwf/
odkYaomf uRefr\ &nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifcJhonf[k qdk&rnf/
uRefrvkyfaeaom r*¾Zif;av;udk atmifvnf; atmifjrif
apcsifygonf/
NyD;awmh odu©mvnf; &Sdapcsifygonf/
(pHy,fjzL/(pHy,fjzL/(pHy,fjzL/(pHy,fjzL/(pHy,fjzL/ /rwfv? 1990)/rwfv? 1990)/rwfv? 1990)/rwfv? 1990)/rwfv? 1990)
120 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 121
vGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacGvGrf;pmacG
122 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 123
]]rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;) arG;aeYESpfywfvnf trSwfw&}}]]rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;) arG;aeYESpfywfvnf trSwfw&}}]]rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;) arG;aeYESpfywfvnf trSwfw&}}]]rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;) arG;aeYESpfywfvnf trSwfw&}}]]rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;) arG;aeYESpfywfvnf trSwfw&}}
cifaqGOD;cifaqGOD;cifaqGOD;cifaqGOD;cifaqGOD;
atmufwdkbm 24&ufaeY...
ukvor*¾ jzpfay:wnf&SdvmwJhaeYeJY rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)arG;aeY
wpfaeYwnf; wkdufqdkifvmrI[m tifrwefxl;jcm;ygw,f/ vlom;awG
twGuf ppfrufray:aygufa&;eJ Y Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk aqmif&GufcJ hwJh
ukvor*¾vdk rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)[mvJ jrefrmjynfolawG&JU aumif;usKd;csrf;om
udk aemufqHk;xGufouftxd aqmuf&GufcJhygw,f/ ol...uRefrwdkY
pmzwfolawGtwGuf pmayzefwD;rIawG xm;cJhw,f/ pmzwfolawG&JU
&ifxJrSm rkd;rdk;pmawG &Sdaew,f/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)vJ &Sdw,f/ olpmawGeJYtwl
olYudk tNrJwrf; owd&aeMurSmyg/ rn§dK;yef;wpfyGifhvkd ol&JUpdwf0dnmOf[m
xm0& &SifoefaeqJygyJ/
rkd;rdk;ucspfNyD; rdk;rdk;udkcspfwJh
(rrOD;)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 125
0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;0rf;enf;rSwfwrf;
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
(1944-1990)(1944-1990)(1944-1990)(1944-1990)(1944-1990)
olrudk yJcl;wdkif;? 'dkufOD;NrdKUe,fwGif tz OD;xGef;? trd a':jr&Sif
wdkYrS 1944ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (24)&uf t*FgaeYü zGm;jrifcJhonf/
trnf&if;rSm a':pef;pef; jzpfonf/
'dkufOD;NrdKU tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGif (7)wef; ausmif;ol
b0rS pwifí uAsmudk arGUavsmfcJhonf/ 1965ckESpfwGif &efukef 0dZÆm^odyÜH
wuúodkvfwGif ynmoifMum;&if; olraexdkif&m taqmiftrnfudk tpGJ
jyKí rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)[laom uavmiftrnfjzifh uAsm? 0w¬KESifh aqmif;yg;
rsm;udk pwifa&;om;cJhonf/
olr\ yxrqHk; yHkESdyfcJhaom 0w¬KwdkrSm 1972ck? pufwifbmv
xkwf aiGwm&D r*¾Zif;yg ]]tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;tdrfeD;csif;}}jzpfNyD; ruG,fvGefrD txd aemufqHk;
a&;om; azmfjycJhaom 0w¬KwdkrSm 1990jynfhESpf rwfvxkwf pHy,fjzL
r*¾Zif;yg ]]odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;}} jzpfygonf/
olr\ yxrqHk;aom vHk;csif;0w¬K&SnfrSm 1974ckESpfwGif
trsKd;om;pmayqk &&SdcJhonfh ]]aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;}} jzpfNyD;
aemufqHk;xkwfa0cJhonfh vHk;csif; 0w¬K&SnfrSm 1987ckESpf {NyDvü xkwfa0
onfh ]]cHwufEkav;awG ñId;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkav;awG ñId;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkav;awG ñId;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkav;awG ñId;csdefwefawmhcHwufEkav;awG ñId;csdefwefawmh}} pmtkyf jzpfygonf/
olronf 1974ckESpfrS 1987ckESpftxd vHk;csif;? 0w¬K twkd?
t&Snfaygif; (29)tkyfwdwd a&;om;xkwfa0cJhNyD; trsKd;om;pmayqkudk
(4)Budrfwdkifwdkif qGwfcl;EkdifcJhygonf/
acwfNydKifcHpm;rI b0o½kyfudk zGJUqdkcJhonfh olr\ tEkynm
vuf&mrsm;rSm jynfwGif;üomru jynfyEdkifiHrsm;jzpfaom ½k&Sm;ESifh*syefwdkY
txd pdrfh0ifxdk;azmuf EdkifcJhygonf/
olronf pmzwfy&dowfESifh jrefrmpmayavmuudk 0w¬K[laom
tEkynmjzifh tvkyftauR;jyK½HkrQ tm;r&ao;bJ pepf&Sdaom? wdus
aocsmaom? vrf;ñTefrIajzmifhrSefaom wm0efcHpmwnf;b0jzifh pHy,fjzL
r*¾Zif;udk oHa,mZOfNidwG,fpGm pdwftiftm;xufoefpGmjzifh 1989ckESpf?
Mo*kwfvrS ruG,fvGefrD aemufqHk;aeY (12-3-90)txd yg0ifaqmif&Guf
EdkifcJhygonf/
126 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
xdkaus;Zl;w&m;rsm;udk atmufarhwopGmjzifh (13-3-90)aeY
eHeuf 7;00em&DwGif uG,fvGef tedpöa&mufcJhaom...
pma&;q&m...
wm0efcHpmwnf;...
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)tm; pHy,fjzKr*¾Zif; pmwnf;tzGJUrS tpm;xkd;
r&aom qHk;½IH;rIrsKd;jzifh 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;wiftyf
ygonf/
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)...
aumif;&m ok*wdbHkodkY vm;ygapownf;/
pmwnf;tzGJU
pHy,fjzL r*¾Zif;
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 127
rdk;rdk;[m pma&;ouf 18 ESpftwGif;rS 0w¬Kwdk 0w¬K&Snf tyk'f
100ausmf vHk;csif;0w¬K 22 yk'feJY aqmif;yg;yk'fa& 60 eD;yg; a&;oGm;cJhw,f/
trsKd;om;pmayqkudk av;Budrfwdkifwdkif qGwfcl;cJhw,f/
olYpmuav;awGudk tNrJwrf; apmifhzwfvmMuwJh pmzwf
y&dowftzdkY uavmifuav;u a&;ouf&vmwmeJYtrQ tawGUtBuHKawG
&vmwmeJYtrQ toufuav;u pum;ajymvmwmeJYtrQ &ifhusuf
vmw,fqdkwmudk owdxm;rdMuwmcsnf;ygyJ/
'gaMumifh uRefrorD;BuD;eJYrS &G,fwlavmuf&Sdao;wJh rdef;uav;
udk ]rdk;rkd;&,f ta<uapmvdkY tarESarsmvSw,f/ ighorD;[m wdkYacwf
jrefrmpmayo&zl&JU pdefwpfyGif hyguG,f}vdk Y olqHk;wJhaeYu a&;rdwJh
pmwdkuav;xJrSm xnfha&;rdw,f/
rdk;rdk;a&...acwfwpfacwfudk xif[yfjyaer,fh rifhpmuav;
awG t"GefY&SnfvdkY wnfaerSmyguG,f/
ighorD; jzpfav&mb0rSm udk,fpdwfcsrf;omNrJNyD; owå0gawG
tusKd;udk qxufxrf;ydk; o,fydk;Edkifygap/
vlxka':trmvlxka':trmvlxka':trmvlxka':trmvlxka':trm
128 pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
olrudk crf;em;BuD;us,fpGm aumufcsuf qGJ Munfh&vQif
trsKd;om;pmay\ orkdif;ay;wm0efudk olYt&G,f? olYtod? olYtbd"r®mjzifh
wuf<uxufoefpGm o,f,lxrf;aqmifaejcif;jzpfonf[k qdkMu&ygrnf/
olr\wpfoufwm b0c&D;rS tEkynmwefzdk;udk rnfonfh ]]pH}}?
rnfonfh rSwfausmufESifh tuJjzwfoifhygoenf;/
aumufumiifum pOf;pm;í&onfrSm...
jynfolcspfaom pma&;q&m? t,f'Dwm? tbd"r®mynm&Sif
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