myers’ psychology (6th ed) chapter 7 states of consciousness james a. mccubbin, phd clemson...
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 7
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
States of Consciousness
Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and
our environmentsFantasy Prone Personality
imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness
spends considerable time fantasizing
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur
on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature
Premenstrual Syndrome
Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phaseActual Recalled mood
3
2
1
Negative moodscore
Recalled mood isworse than
earlier reported
Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Sleep and DreamsMeasuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves slow waves of a
relaxed, awake brainDelta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations false sensory
experiences
Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration immune suppression irritability slowed performance
accidents•planes•autos and trucks
Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying
asleepNarcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacksSleep Apnea
cessation of breathing often associated with snoring repeatedly awakes sufferer
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors occur within 2 or
3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal- appearance of being terrified
Nightmares occur towards
morning during REM sleep
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Dreams- Freud
Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelingsManifest Content
remembered story lineLatent Content
underlying, uncensored meaning
Dreams
As Information Processing helps consolidate day’s
memories stimulates neural development
REM Rebound REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation
Sleep Patterns and Age
Hypnosis
Hypnosis a social interaction in which one
person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnotic Suggestibility related to subject’s openness to
suggestion ability to focus attention inwardly ability to become imaginatively absorbed
Hypnosis
Unhypnotized persons can also do this
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the
same acts as the hypnotized onesPosthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis and Pain
Dissociation a split in consciousness allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with othersHidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Hypnosis
Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon?
Social Influencetheory:
the subject is so caughtup in the hypnotized role that she ignores
the odor
Attention is divertedfrom an aversive odor.
How?
Divided-consciousnesstheory:
hypnosis has caused asplit in awareness
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and alters mood
Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence
Tolerance need for
progressively larger doses to achieve same effect
Withdrawal discomfort and
distress with discontinued use
Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body function
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body function
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-
manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory inputLSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines drugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
Psychoactive Drugs
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC the major active ingredient in
marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including
mild hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from tars) of well-being
Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke
Trends in Drug Use
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
80%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High schoolseniors
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine
Perceived Marijuana Risk
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentof
twelfthgraders
Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use
Used marijuana
Near Death Experiences
Near Death Experience an altered state of
consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Near Death Experiences
Dualism the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities that interact
Monism the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of the same thing
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