nehru’s india part ii lecture 5 prof prerna singh
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Nehru’s IndiaPart IILecture 5
Prof Prerna Singh
The Constituent Assembly of India
Nehru’s India Structure of the Indian State: Federalism Establishment of Democracy Routinization of Democracy Foreign Affairs
Assessing Nehru Nehru’s Legacy
Administrative divisions in British India
Languages of India
Link between Language & Nationalism… German Romanticism of the Late 18th-Early 19th Centuries
Johann Gottfried Herder
Wilhelm von Humboldt
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
“Has a nationality anything dearer than the speech of its fathers? … A nation without its own language ‘is an absurdity, a contradiction in terms” ”
Language is the “spiritual exhalation” of the nation
“Its language is its spirit and its spirit is its language”
“Men are formed by language far more than language is formed by men”
Language 83%
Religious12%
Race6%
"Ethnonationalist" Groups in the Minorities at Risk
(MAR) Project
Agitation for Linguistic States in India 1950s-
Potti Sriramulu: Fast unto death for the creation of Andhra Pradesh
Administrative divisions prior to 1956
Agitation for Linguistic States in India 1950s-
Potti Sriramulu
States Reorganization Commission
States Reorganization Commission
The States Reorganisation Commission held its first meeting on February 12, 1954.
States Reorganization Commission
The States Reorganisation Commission held its first meeting on February 12, 1954.
1954-55: • visited 104 towns and cities
• interviewed more than 9000 people • received over 150,000 written submissions
States Reorganization Commission
The States Reorganisation Commission held its first meeting on February 12, 1954.
Linguistic Reorganization of Indian States
“Rules” for States Reorganization:
No secessionist demand would be entertained.
No automatic granting of statehood on the basis of language – there needed to exist substantial popular demand.
Only demands for linguistic states. No other ethnic basis. Specially not religion.
How States Strengthen… through pressure, persuasion and at
times, coercion
through concessions Concession from position of power Concession from position of vulnerability
Establishment of Democracy
Election Commission of India
176 million Indians;
85% cannot read or write;
Spread over 1 million square miles
Elections in 12 months!!
Voter Registration
Educating the Public
Design of Party Symbols, Ballot papers, Ballot Boxes for a mostly illiterate population
India circa 1950:Tasks before a New Democracy
Election Symbols: India
India circa 1950:Tasks before a New Democracy
Voter Registration
Educating the Public
Design of Party Symbols, Ballot papers, Ballot Boxes for a mostly illiterate population
Polling Booths Polling Officers
Security
Voter Fraud Election Commissioners
Afghanistan, Iraq, circa 2010:Tasks before a New Democracy
Voter Registration
Educating the Public
Design of Party Symbols, Ballot papers, Ballot Boxes for a mostly illiterate population
Polling Booths Polling Officers
Security
Voter Fraud Election Commissioners
Election Symbols: India
Election Symbols: Afghanistan, 2009
Routinization of Democracy Founding elections worked Extent of Official Commitment Extent of Popular Commitment Turnout
Nehru with Jackie Kennedy Nehru with Eisenhower
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Affairs Nehru retained Foreign Affairs portfolio Making India’s presence felt in the world Independent Foreign Policy
Non-Aligned Movement
Nehru with Tito and Nasser at Non-Aligned Movement Meeting, 1955
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Affairs Nehru retained Foreign Affairs portfolio Making India’s presence felt in the world Independent Foreign Policy
Non-Aligned Movement Asian Resurgence
Foreign Affairs Nehru retained Foreign Affairs portfolio Making India’s presence felt in the world Independent Foreign Policy
Non-Aligned Movement Asian Resurgence
Support people’s struggle across the world “People of Africa deserve our special
consideration for probably no other people in the world have suffered so much and have been exploited so much”.
Foreign Affairs Nehru retained Foreign Affairs portfolio Making India’s presence felt in the world Independent Foreign Policy
Non-Aligned Movement Asian Resurgence
Support people’s struggle across the world “People of Africa deserve our special consideration
for probably no other people in the world have suffered so much and have been exploited so much”.
Tibet
Assessing Nehru Nehru as Architect of Modern India State-led Economic Development
Focus on Industry, Science & Technology Neglect of Agriculture Focus on Higher Education Neglect of Primary Education
Neglect of Social Development
India’s prominence in Global Politics Greatest Failure: Defeat in Sino-Indian War Domestic Implications: Guns over Butter
Nehru’s Legacy Established State at Core of Indian
Society Accommodated ethnic diversity and
demands but crucially, without sacrificing a centralized national state.
Molded key institutions – legislative, executive, judiciary.
Establishment and Routinization of Democracy
Nehru’s Legacy
Great leader…But… too great?
Nehru vs. Gandhi
Nehru with daughter, Indira Gandhi and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi
Nehru as human
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