organizational behavior powerpoint by prof. jahanzaib yousaf 12th edition by stephen robbins...

Organizational Behavior

PowerPoint byProf. Jahanzaib Yousaf

12th Editionby

Stephen Robbins

Reference Book: Organizational Behavior

by- Fred Luthans

Foundations of Individual Behavior

Chapter# 2

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 3

Chapter # 2

Chapter Outline

Contrast the two types of Ability. Define intellectual ability and demonstrate its

relevance to OB. Identify the key biographical characteristics

and describe how they are relevant to OB. Define learning and outline the principles of

the three major theories of learning. Define Shaping Behavior, and how it can be

used in OB.

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 4

Individual Behavior Variables

Ability Biographical characteristics Learning Personality Emotions Values Attitudes Perception Motivation Individual decision making

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 5

Ability

“An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job”

An assessment of What a person can do.

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 6

Ability Made up of two sets of factors:

Intellectual Abilities The abilities needed to perform mental activities. Thinking, Reasoning and Problem Solving. General Mental Ability (GMA) is a measure of overall

intelligence.

Physical Abilities The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina,

strength, and physical exertion.

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 7

Dimensions of Intellectual Ability

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 8

Biographical Characteristics Objective and easily obtained personal

characteristics. Such as, Age

Older workers bring experience, judgment, a strong work ethic, and commitment to quality.

Gender Few differences between men and women that affect job

performance. Race

Natural orientation among people with similar races. Tenure

People with job tenure (seniority at a job) are more productive, absent less frequently, have lower turnover, and are more satisfied.

Religion Education

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Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that

occurs as a result of experience.

Learning components:

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Theories of Learning Classical Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.

Operant Conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired

voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.

Social-Learning Theory People can learn through observation and

direct experience.

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 11

Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Dog Experiment. Key Concepts:

Unconditioned stimulus A naturally occurring phenomenon.

Unconditioned response The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus.

Conditioned stimulus An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation.

Conditioned response The response to the artificial stimulus.

This is a passive form of learning. It is reflexive and not voluntary – not the best theory for OB learning.

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 12

Operant Conditioning Behavior is a function of it’s consequences. Operant Behavior means Voluntary and Learned

behavior. People learn to behave to get something they

want or to avoid something they don’t want. Behavior is influenced through Reinforcement or

Punishment Pleasing consequences increase likelihood of

repetition and Unrewarded/punished behavior is unlikely to be repeated.

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 13

Social-Learning Theory Based on the idea that people can also learn indirectly: by

observation, reading, or just hearing about someone else’s experiences. Attentional processes

Must recognize and pay attention to critical features to learn.

Retention processes Model’s actions must be remembered to be learned.

Motor reproduction processes Watching the model’s behavior must be converted to

doing.

Reinforcement processes Positive incentives motivate learners.

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 14

Shaping behavior: A Managerial Tool Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves

an individual closer to the desired response. Four Methods of Shaping Behavior:

Positive reinforcement Providing a reward for a desired behavior (learning)

Negative reinforcement Removing an unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior

occurs (learning)

Punishment Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable

behavior (“unlearning”)

Extinction Eliminating any reinforcement of a behavior to stop it’s repetition.

(“unlearning”)

Prof. Jahanzaib Yousaf, PCIT 15

Behavior Modification (OB Mod) The application of reinforcement concepts to

individuals in the work settings.

Steps of OB Mod program:

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Applying Behavior Modification

Well Pay Vs Sick Pay Employee Discipline Developing Training Programs Self- Management

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Exercise to Apply OB ModIn groups of Four, spend15 minutes brainstorming to identify specific situations where students Behavior is negative and for any one situation develop a strategy to influence the students to modify their behavior. Best way is where students would not realize that they are being influenced.

Consider the topics: Learning Shaping Behavior Behavior Modification