orthographic drawings lecture

Design Communication Lecture:Design Communication, Lecture:

Orthographic projections

Plans Sections and ElevationsPlans, Sections and Elevations

Introduction to Architectural Drawings

S l• Scale• Line weights & types• Lettering• Title blockTitle block• Architectural symbols

O th hi P j tiOrthographic Projections• Plans

A

• Sections & Elevations• Perspectives• Perspectives

Line weights & typesLine weights & types

Letteringg

Title blockTitle block

Architectural SymbolsArchitectural Symbols

Architectural ScaleArchitectural Scale

1 : 11 201 : 201 : 501 : 751 : 1001 : 1001 : 2001 : 500

•Determine the scale of the drawing; this will usually be located near the title of the drawing 1 : 500•Find the corresponding scale on your architect scale. If the scale factor on the drawing indicates " 1/8" = 1'-0" " you will locate the 1/8 on the 1/8 1 0 , you will locate the 1/8 on the scale.

Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections

Orthographic

• Orthographic projection is a means of representing a three-dimensional object i t di iin two dimensions.

• The observer’s line of sight is perpendicular to both the picture planeperpendicular to both the picture plane and the principal surfaces of the building viewed.

• Conversely, the drawing surface is parallel to the major surfaces of the buildingbuilding.

• Abstract method to represent reality.

(Ching 1996, p. 58)

Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections

Orthographicg p

• The relationship between plan, section and elevation is criticalsection and elevation is critical for the comprehension of what we are drawing.we are drawing.

Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections

Plan

H i t l t t b t 4 f t b th fl• Horizontal cut at about 4 feet above the floor

Show what is enclosed and what is not• Show what is enclosed and what is not

• Show spatial relationships• Show spatial relationships

(Ching 1996, p. 19)

Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections

D i lDrawing a plan

• Draw major lines and lines that regulate the position of j g pstructural elements and walls.

• Give these elements proper thickness• Give these elements proper thickness.

• Draw elements such as windows, doorways, stairways.

• Draw details such as fixtures, doors and door swings, and stair threadsand stair threads.

(Ching 1996, p. 20)

(Ching 1996, p. 21)

(Chi 1996 22)(Ching 1996, p. 22)

Line weight: Things that are cut are outlined in heavy weight lines. Things that can be seen below the place are indicated in lighter lineThings that can be seen below the place are indicated in lighter line weight. Things that are above the level of the cut can be shown with a heavy dashed line if desired.

Orthographic ProjectionsOrthographic Projections

Elevation• The exterior of buildings from a horizontal point of view.

• Orthographic projections of a building interior vertical surfaces asOrthographic projections of a building interior vertical surfaces, as seen in building sections, are interior elevations

• Elevations convey a structure’s form and massing, door andElevations convey a structure s form and massing, door and window openings, material, texture and context.

• In pure line drawing without shades/shadows, discernable p g ,difference in line weight suggests depths of planes. The heavier the line-weight, the nearer it is; the lighter the line-weight, the further it is

• Indicate ground plane where the building sits, and floor levels.

Th l b l d di t th i t ( th l ti• They are labeled according to the compass point (north elevation, south elevation, etc)

Picture plane

Ground plane

(Ching 1996, p. 40)

Orthographic Projections: SectionsWhat is a section? Orthographic Projections: Sections

• Vertical cut through the building• Vertical cut through the building

• Section expresses the vertical relationship of spaces [interior + exterior]relationship of spaces [interior + exterior], volumes, heights and structure

• Usually needs more than one section toUsually needs more than one section to illustrate the relationships between spaces.

• Can be used in conjunction with paraline drawing (for example axonometric) and sectional perspective to provide a 3-dimentional view of space

(Ching 1996, p. 34)

Orthographic Projections: SectionsTypes of section drawings Orthographic Projections: Sectionsyp g

• Design drawing

• Construction drawing

Orthographic Projections: SectionsPoints to consider when drawing a section for design drawing Orthographic Projections: Sectionsg g

Line ThicknessLine Thickness

St t lStructural elements

Sectional elevation

Human: Scale

Ground line

(Ching 1996, p. 35)

Orthographic Projections: SectionsDrawing a section Orthographic Projections: Sections

1. Identify section cut on plan

g

2. Construct from elevations and plans

a. Project lines from the section cut: Draw major lines and lines that fregulate the position of structural elements and walls.

b. Measure vertical heights: Draw ground line and indicate with dotted line the different floor levels. Indicate and draw vertical heights of openings g p getc.

3. Draw sectional elevation (elements beyond the section cut). Draw elements such as windows doorways stairwayselements such as windows, doorways, stairways.

4. Give sectional cuts and sectional elevation proper thicknesses.

5 Draw details such as furniture fixtures frames balustrade etc5. Draw details such as furniture, fixtures, frames, balustrade etc.

6. Add human to provide the architectural space with a sense of scale.

7. Draw setting (exterior)

2a. Structural elements

1 Identify section cut1. Identify section cut.2b. Vertical

heights3. Sectional elevation

2b Ground lineYou need to cross reference the section cut to the plan by

using tabs/markers to both sides of the section line on

your plan drawing

2b. Ground line and floor levels

*Indicating section cut on plan:•Consider where the section cut is located on plan

Consider the position where the viewer is standing

your plan drawing.

•Consider the position where the viewer is standing

Orthographic Projections: SectionsDrawing a section Orthographic Projections: Sections

1. Construct from elevations and plans

g

a. Project lines from the section cut: Draw major lines and lines that regulate the position of structural elements and walls.

b. Measure vertical heights: Draw ground line and indicate with dotted line the different floor levels. Indicate and draw vertical heights of openings etc.

3. Draw sectional elevation (elements beyond the section cut). Draw elements such as windows, doorways, stairways.

4. Give sectional cuts and sectional elevation proper thicknesses.

5 Draw details such as furniture fixtures frames balustrade etc5. Draw details such as furniture, fixtures, frames, balustrade etc.

6. Add human to provide the architectural space with a sense of scale.

7. Draw setting (exterior)

Structural elements: Think lines

Sectional elevation

Window/opening: Thinner lines

Furniture/fixture

(Ching 1996, p. 36)

Furniture/fixture

Orthographic Projections: SectionsDrawing a section Orthographic Projections: Sections

1. Construct from elevations and plans

g

a. Project lines from the section cut: Draw major lines and lines that regulate the position of structural elements and walls.

b. Measure vertical heights: Draw ground line and indicate with dotted line the different floor levels. Indicate and draw vertical heights of openings etc.

3. Draw sectional elevation (elements beyond the section cut). Draw elements such as windows, doorways, stairways.

4. Give sectional cuts and sectional elevation proper thicknesses.

5 Draw details such as furniture fixtures frames balustrade etc5. Draw details such as furniture, fixtures, frames, balustrade etc.

6. Add human to provide the architectural space with a sense of scale.

7. Draw setting (exterior)

Human to provide scale and habitation

Give context: Exterior setting

Orthographic Projections: SectionsCheck-list Orthographic Projections: Sections

Indicate section on pland cate sect o o p a

Title section and label spaces

Indicate scale

Show ground line and floor levels

I t l d t ilInternal room details

Background and foreground detail considered GivingBackground and foreground detail considered. Giving context