populaon)geography) - mrs. albahae · pdf filepopulaon)geography) • elements)of)populaon)...

Popula'on  Geography  

•  Elements  of  Popula'on  Geography  (focuses  on  spa'al  aspects  of  demography)    

•  Demography  (study  of  popula'on)    •  Popula'on  Distribu'on  •  Popula'on  Density  •  Arithme'c  Popula'on  Density    •  Physiologic  Density  •  Rate  of  Natural  Increase  (the  excess  of  births  of  deaths  –  omiBng  migra'on)    

•  Growth  Rate  (Natural  increase  +  Net  Migra'on)    

Popula'on  Terms  

• Demography - the study of population characteristics

• Overpopulation- when the available resources cannot support the number of people

• Density - How many? The total number of people

Demography  

•  The  study  of  human  popula'ons,  par'cularly  the  size,  distribu'on,  and  characteris'cs  of  members  of  popula'on  groups.  

Popula'on  Growth  

•  0 AD 250 Million People •  1803 AD 1 Billion People •  1903 AD 1.6 Billion People •  1950 AD 3.0 Billion People •  1987 AD 5.0 Billion People •  1998 AD 6.0 Billion People

•  World       6,602,224,175          TODAY  

•  China       1,321,851,888  •  India       1,129,866,154  •  United  States     301,139,947  •  Indonesia       234,693,997  •  Brazil       190,010,647  •  Pakistan       164,741,924  •  Bangladesh     150,448,339  •  Russia       141,377,752  •  Nigeria       138,898,084    •  Japan       127,690,000    

The  World  and  the  Top  10  

Dot Map of World Population – On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people

Population Distribution – Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live.

Countries  are  displayed  by  size  of  popula'on  rather  than  land  area.  Countries  named  have  at  least  50  million  people.  

World  Popula'on  Clusters  • Two-­‐thirds  of  the  world’s  popula'on  are  concentrated  in  four  regions:    1.  East  Asia  (East  China,  Japan,  S.  Korea,  Taiwan)    

    -­‐  ¼  of  world  popula'on  here  2.  South  Asia  1.5  billion  people  (India,  Pakistan,  Bangladesh)    

     -­‐  Ganges  River,  North  India  3.  Europe  

    -­‐  popula'on  is  concentrated  in  ci'es  4.  North  America  

    -­‐  megalopolis  (Boston-­‐Washington  D.C.)  

Ecumene  

•  The  por'on  of  the  Earth’s  surface  occupied  by  permanent  human  seclement  

•  Increased  over  'me  

•  ¾  of  world  popula'on  lives  on  only  5%  of  the  Earth’s  surface  

Popula'on  Distribu'on  

•  Densely populated regions – Low lands – Fertile soil – Temperate climate

•  Sparsely Populated Regions – dry lands – wet lands – high lands – cold lands

Density  

• Arithmetic Density • Physiological Density • Agricultural Density

Arithmetic Density: The total number of people divided by the total land area.

 Arithmetic Density: The  total  number  of  people  /  area  of  land  measured  in  km²  or  mi²    

Crude density, also called arithmetic density, is the total number of people divided by the total land area.

 Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

 Physiological Density: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Physiologic Population Density

Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley.

Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

• Arithmetic Density= 192/ sq.mi.

• Physiological Density= 6,682 /sq. mi.

Egypt’s population distribution is closely linked to the proximity of water. In the north, the population clusters along the Mediterranean

and in the interior, along the banks of the Nile River. (2004)

•  Agricultural Density: The number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  

World Population Growth Birth  rate  (b)  −  death  rate  (d)  =  rate  of  natural  increase  (r)  

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  

•  Crude  Birth  Rate  (CBR)  •  Crude  Death  Rate  (CDR)  •  Natural  Increase  Rate  (NIR)  •  Doubling  Time  

•  Total  Fer'lity  Rate  (TFR)  •  Infant  Mortality  Rate  (IMR)  

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  

• Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. – Crude  Birth  Rate  =    Births  in  a  year                                                                                1000  people

 Crude Birth Rate : The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  

• Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. – Crude  Death  Rate  =    Deaths  in  a  year                                                                                1000  people

 Crude Death Rate : The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  

• Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. – not including migration – usually measured in percentages (out of 100) – Rate  of  Natural  Increase  =  Natural  Increase                                                                                                            Popula'on   x  100  

 Natural Increase: The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Natural Increase

•  USA  Popula'on  RNI  – 0.6%  

•  Nepal's  Popula'on  RNI  – 2.4%  

• What  do  these  numbers  imply?  

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  

• Doubling Time: The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  

•  Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

•  Infant Mortality Rate: annual number of deaths of infants under age 1, compared to total live births – IMR  =  Infant(less  than  1  year)  deaths                                                      1000  live  births

 Infant Mortality Rate: - the number of deaths of children under the age of 1, per thousand of the general population.      

Popula'on  Characteris'cs  •  Life Expectancy : The average number of

years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Life  Expectancy  at  Birth  in  2003       Men          Women  US        74       80    Japan        78       85    Nepal      59       58    Kenya    46       46    France    76         83  

Why does Population Composition Matter?

Key  Ques(on:  

Population Composition

Population Composition is concerned with:

– Gender distribution

– Age distribution within a country, region, or place.

THE  POWER  OF  THE  PYRAMID  

-­‐    A  POPULATION  PYRAMID  is  a  graphic  device  that  allows  Demographers  to  look  at  how  events  affect  popula(ons  of  countries.  

-­‐    What  are  the  ages  of  the  people?  

-­‐    How  many  are  men?  -­‐    How  many  are  women?  

 -­‐  Graphs  show  a  breakdown  of  a  country’s  popula(on  and  how  economic,  poli(cal,  and  natural  events  over  70  –  80  years  can  impact  different  age  groups.    The  graphs  can  help  predict  future  popula(on  tends.  

Popula(on  Pyramids  –

Graphs  that  show  the  percentages  of  each  age  group  in  the  total  popula'on,  divided  by  gender.  

For  poorer  countries,  the  chart  is  shaped  like  a  pyramid.  Infant  mortality  rates  are  high,  life  expectancy  is  shorter.    

Examples of population pyramids and their meaning  

A typical example of a high birth rate and high death rate pyramid. Life expectancy is low. "

An even more extreme example of high birth and death rates."

China’s pyramid shows the results of the single child policy."

The US pyramid shows the results of the baby boom (1946-66) and maybe the “baby bounce” 25-30 years

later "

The  Classic  Stages  of  Demographic  Transi'on  

Time

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Natural increase

Birth rate

Death rate

Note: Natural increase is produced from the excess of births over deaths.

Lesson Plan: The Demographic Transition, Activity One

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Demographic  Transi'on  -­‐    the  change  in  popula'on  characteris'cs  of  a  country  to  reflect  medical  technology  or  economic  and  social  development.  

Why  use  it?  • Good  indicator  of  what  will  happen  to  a  society  or  country’s  popula'on  

• Based  on  three  primary  factors:  – Birth  Rate  – Death  Rate  – Total  Popula'on  

• Does  not  go  backward  unless  a  country  suffers  a  nuclear  acack  or  catastrophic  event  on  the  landscape  

Stage  1:  Hun'ng  and  Gathering  Socie'es  •  Low  total  popula'on  

– Food  sources  are  not  reliable  – Don’t  have  many  children  for  fear  of  starva'on  

•  When  birth  rates  are  high,  death  rate  is  low  •  When  death  rates  are  high,  birth  rates  are  low  •  Natural  occurrence  

•  No  countries  currently  in  stage1  

Stage  2:  Agricultural  Socie'es  -­‐  Unprecedented  popula'on  growth  

-­‐  Birth  rates  stay  high  

-­‐  Death  rates  sharply  decline  

-­‐  More  stability  of  food  source  -­‐  Availability  of  medicines  

-­‐  (life  expectancy  is  s'll  low)  -­‐  High  infant  mortality  rate  

-­‐  Majority  of  people  involved  in  farming  

-­‐  Economy:  Basic    -­‐  Mostly  subsistence  farming  

-­‐  Use  licle  technology  

-­‐  Large  families  (many  children)  

-­‐  8-­‐10  children!  (high  fer'lity  rate)  -­‐  Labor  force  

-­‐  Sanita'on  and  educa'on  rarely  provided  

• World  average  birth  rate:  21  

• World  average  death  rate:  9  

• Stage  2  countries  have  both  the  birth  rate  and  death  rate  above  the  world  average  

• Current  Examples:  Afghanistan,  Many  Sub-­‐Saharan  African  countries  

Stage  2:  Agricultural  Socie'es  

Stage  3:  Industrial  Socie'es  

•  Declining  Birth  Rates  (Starts  high,  then  drops  sharply)    – Women  also  in  workforce  (reduces  fer'lity  rate)  

•  Death  Rates  con'nue  to  fall  •  Industrial  Revolu'on,  mid  1700s  in  Europe  

•  Economy  develops  – More  people  off  the  farm  into  urban  areas  for  jobs  – More  people  involved  in  produc'on  of  goods  

– Increased  pay  for  workers  

 Low  to  average  death  rates  indicates  some  development  within  the  country  

 Low  birth  rate  indicates  an  urbanized  and  industrialized  society  

 Many  countries  in  La'n  America  and  Asia  

 Current  Examples:  Bolivia  (BR  31,  DR  8)  is  at  the  beginning  of  stage  3,  Argen'na  (BR  18,  DR  8)  is  a  well  established  stage  3  

Stage  3:  Industrial  Socie'es  

Stage  4:  Ter'ary  Socie'es  

•  Ter'ary  or  service-­‐based  economy  •  Popula'on  level  is  high,  but  growth  has  flacened  •  Birth  rates  and  death  rates  almost  equal  

– (Zero  popula'on  growth  if  they  are  equal)  •  Move  away  from  reliance  on  industry  and  move  towards  a  service-­‐

based  economy  – More  people  involved  in  selling  products,  than  producing  the  products  

•  Total  Fer'lity  Rates  are  at  or  below  2  – When  below  2,  country  experiences  a  loss  of  popula'on  – May  have  incen'ves  to  have  children  

• Fear  of  country’s  future  •  This  stage  reflects  a  highly  industrialized,  educated  society.  

 Current  Examples:  – Many  European  countries  (Italy,  France)  

– United  States  – Japan  

Demographic  Transi'on  -­‐  Stage  4