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Quarterly Market ReportQ1 2020
2
The Purpose of this Quarterly Market Report is to give an European overview of key trends and metrics
around the European Workforce, from both the overall Employment numbers, and the Employment Outlook,
based upon research and analysis conducted within ManpowerGroup.
It should not be interpreted as legal advice. Please consult with legal counsel to ensure that you are in
compliance with all applicable laws.
3
This report is intended to provide an overview of general business information relative to global employment conditions and considerations. It should not be interpreted as legal advice. Please consult with legal counsel to ensure that you are in compliance with all applicable laws.
Global Workforce Trends
5
Global Workforce Shift in Response to Covid-19
Comparative Rate of Infection as of March 18th, 2020
✓ 83% Shift to Remote Workforce Models
- Immediate need for Network
Engineering and Systems
Administrators to support increased
server/system capacity requirements
✓ 58% Increase to Unemployment in Food
Service, Hospitality, and Retail Workers
- These workers could be redeployed to
Warehouse, Logistics, Stockroom, and
other Operations roles with minimal
upskilling
✓ Despite URGENT Need for Cyber
Security Skills, hiring of Cyber Security
Roles has dropped by 46% between
February 18th and March 18th
>200,000 Cases, >80,000 Recovered, >8,000 Deceased
6
Baseline Skills and Employment Remain intact, with Some Exceptions
✓ MANUFACTURING/PRODUCTION
- Large facilities making non-essential items
have had to shut down to contain the spread
of the virus, however many critical production
facilities are still required to operated and
need additional resources. Demand in this
area for all but small manufacturers is
expected to return post-pandemic
✓ LOGISTICS/WAREHOUSE
- Demand anticipated to increase due to
ongoing operations and need
✓ SERVICES/HOSPITALITY/TRAVEL
- Demand in this area is expected to return to
80% capacity as smaller employers may not
resume post-pandemic
✓ FINANCE/INSURANCE/IT/BUSINESS SERVICES
- Demand in this area is expected to remain steady
as over 95% of work transitioned to remote
7
Future State Contains a Number of Critical Workforce Assumptions
✓ PAID LEAVE
- Expectation is that higher % of employees will use paid leave during
pandemic, creating immediate need for contingent workers to
augment workforce and maintain business continuity
✓ TOTAL WORKFORCE
- Expectation is that Procurement and HR will coordinate more closely
during pandemic to maintain effective workforce strategies and future
workforce planning will encompass employees and contingent
workers
✓ REMOTE WORKFORCE
- Expectation is that higher % of workforce will remain remote post-
pandemic
✓ LOCATION and REAL ESTATE
- This time and remote deployment of staff allows for evaluation to
determine which facilities will no longer be required post-pandemic
8
Flexibility in labor law, but these
countries require dedicated programs
More innovative models not restricted
to contingent labor are necessary
Flexible legislation and abundant
workers enable MSP delivery in these
markets – usually leveraged on price
An established partner is required in
these markets to manage labor legislation and
achieve flexibility and efficiency
1 Relative rank calculated based on
active regulations related to contractual
terms, costs or labor and termination,
hiring and firing restrictions, and
enforced consequences
2 Relative rank determined by MSP
awareness, knowledge, and adoption
Source: TAPFIN Total Workforce Index
9
Global Parity Tracker:
Argentina
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
China
Croatia
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Honduras
Hungary
India
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Korea (South)
Latvia
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Norway
Peru
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Taiwan
United Kingdom
Uruguay
Venezuela
Colombia
Croatia
India
Lithuania
Romania
Russia
Switzerland
Turkey
Vietnam
Canada
Hong Kong
Japan
Mexico
Australia
Bahrain
Belarus
Bolivia
Chile
Costa Rica
Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Israel
Macau
Monaco
Morocco
New Zealand
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Puerto Rico
Serbia
Singapore
Thailand
Tunisia
UAE
Ukraine
No Parity Required
Just Benefit Parity
Just Pay Parity
Full Pay & Benefit Parity
USA*
USA* Full benefit parity is not required but the Healthcare Reform Bill is moving the USA in this direction
Source: TAPFIN Total Workforce Index
10ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Europe Q1 2020 Overview
12
Total Workforce
451.9mFull Time Employees
351.4mContingent Workforce
65.3mUnemployed
35.2m
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.06%UW% Change to PQ
14.24%CW% of TWF
-4.72%CW% Change to PQ
6.81%UW% of TWF
Europe, Middle East, and Africa Q1 2020
13ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Europe, Middle East, and Africa Q2 2020
14
Strategic Update on EMEA
Eastern Europe
• Bulgaria has the lowest gross minimum wage in the
European Union, at the equivalent of 312 euro before
taxes are deducted. Nine eastern EU countries,
followed with minimum wages between 400 euro and
slightly more than 600 euro a month: Latvia (430 euro),
Romania (466 euro), Hungary (487 euro), Croatia (546
euro), Czech Republic (575 euro), Slovakia (580
euro), Estonia (584 euro), Lithuania (607 euro) and
Poland (611 euro).
• Russia increased its minimum rate of labor payment to
12,130 rubles ($195.50) starting January 1st, 2020. The
previous minimum wage amount was 11,280 rubles
($181.80). However as local governments can set their
own minimum wages, minimum wage levels in cities like
Moscow and St Petersburg are considerably higher than
other regions. The minimum wage in Moscow is 18,781
rubles ($303.00) and in St.Petersburg 17,000 rubles
($275.00).
Western Europe
• Greece retains the highest youth unemployment rate in
Europe despite decreases compared to previous years. In
December 2019, Greece recorded the highest youth
unemployment at 35.6% followed by Spain (30.0%) and
Italy (28.9%). The lowest rates were recorded in Germany
(5.8%) and the Netherlands (6.7%).
• Three western EU member states have minimum wages
between 700 euro and slightly more than 1,000 euro a
month: Portugal (741 euro), Greece (758 euro) and Spain
(1,050 euro).
• Six western member states have minimum wages above
1,500 euro a month: France (1,539 euro), Germany (1,584
euro), Belgium (1,594 euro), the Netherlands (1,636 euro),
Ireland (1,656 euro) and Luxembourg (2,142 euro).
• Germany’s jobless rate climbed above 5% pushed higher
largely by seasonal factors while also reflecting slower
growth in Europe’s biggest economy. January’s unadjusted
unemployment rate rose to 5.3% from 4.9% in December. In
seasonally adjusted terms, Germany’s unemployment rate
was static in January at 5.0%, where it has stood for
months. Germany’s economy has grown for 10 consecutive
years but last year’s 0.6% growth was the weakest since
2013.
Q1 2020 Legal Overview
Legal Q1 OverviewGermany: German Consumer Morale Weakest Since May 2009 (Source: Trading Economics)
The GfK consumer sentiment indicator for Germany plunged 5.6 points to 2.7 heading into April 2020, the lowest reading since May 2009 and well below market consensus of 7.1. There was a sharp deterioration in consumers'
expectations regarding their personal income (-13.4 points to 27.8, the lowest since March 2013) as well as the overall economic development (-20.4 points to -19.2, the lowest since August 2012) amid fears over a recession
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The gauge measuring propensity to buy was also down sharply, falling 22.2 points to 31.4, the lowest since June 2013.
https://tradingeconomics.com/germany/consumer-confidence
EU: 612 700 first-time asylum seekers registered in 2019, up by 12% compared with 2018 (Source: Eurostat)
In 2019, 612 700 first-time asylum seekers applied for international protection in the 27 Member States of the European Union (EU), up by 12% compared with 2018 (549 000), but around half of the number recorded in thepeak year 2015 when 1 216 900 first-time asylum applicants were registered. Syrian (74 400 first-time applicants) and Afghan (52 500) continued to be the main citizenship of people seeking international protection in the EU Member States in 2019, followed by Venezuelan (44 800), which moved up from fifth place in 2018 to third in 2019, together accounting for 28% of all first-time applicants. With 142 400 first-time applicants registered in 2019, Germany accounted for 23% of all first-time applicants in the EU Member States. It was closely followed by France (119 900, or 20%) and Spain (115 200, or 19%), ahead of Greece (74 900, or 12%) and Italy (35 000, or 6%).
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10554400/3-20032020-AP-EN.pdf/6ee052a9-ffb8-d170-e994-9d5107def1a8
EU: Production in construction up by 3.6% in euro area (Source: Eurostat)
In January 2020 compared with December 2019, seasonally adjusted production in the construction sector increased by 3.6% in the euro area (EA19) and by 3.9% in the EU27, according to first estimates from Eurostat,the statistical office of the European Union. In December 2019, production in construction fell by 1.8% in the euro area and by 1.7% in the EU27. In January 2020 compared with January 2019, production in construction increased by 6.0% in the euro area and by 6.2% in the EU27.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10565736/4-19032020-AP-EN.pdf/8745f282-a4e1-8791-3f00-56db3f92dc86
EU: Euro area international trade in goods surplus €1.3 bn (Source: Eurostat)
The first estimate for euro area (EA19) exports of goods to the rest of the world in January 2020 was €184.0 billion, an increase of 0.2% compared with January 2019 (€183.7 bn). Imports from the rest of the world stood at€182.7 bn, a fall of 0.2% compared with January 2019 (€183.0 bn). As a result, the euro area recorded a €1.3 bn surplus in trade in goods with the rest of the world in January 2020, compared with +€0.6 bn in January 2019.Intra-euro area trade fell to €164.2 bn in January 2020, down by 1.6% compared with January 2019.
In January to December 2019, euro area exports of goods to the rest of the world rose to €2 345.8 bn (an increase of 2.8% compared with January-December 2018), and imports rose to €2 120.2 bn (an increase of 1.5% compared with January-December 2018). As a result the euro area recorded a surplus of €225.5 bn, compared with +€194.7 bn in January-December 2018. Intra-euro area trade rose to €1 967.1 bn in January-December 2019, up by 1.0% compared with January-December 2018
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10294552/6-18032020-BP-EN.pdf/cea9c3ed-6d85-81a5-55b8-698c88f2c129
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Legal Q1 OverviewIreland: COVID-19 Emergency legislation proposes changes to redundancy law (Source: DLA Piper)
The Emergency Measures in the Public Interest (Covid-19) Bill 2020 (the “Bill”) is before the Irish parliament today for debate and is expected to be enacted shortly. In addition to introducing the new wage subsidy scheme
(outlined in yesterday’s update), it will introduce amendments to redundancy payments legislation in relation to lay off and short time.
Under Irish law, employers may place employees on short time or lay off where there is a temporary cessation or reduction in the work normally carried out by those employees. An employee can issue notice to their
employer of their intention to claim a redundancy payment if they have been placed on short time or lay off for four consecutive weeks or six weeks in any thirteen week period. An employer can only issue a counter notice
and refuse redundancy payment if it reasonably expects that within four weeks of the date the employee’s notice, the employee will be able to return to their normal working pattern for an uninterrupted period of at least 13
weeks.
Due to the uncertainty related to the current pandemic and its impact on businesses, it may prove difficult for many employers to determine when in the future its employees will return to work. In recognition of this difficulty,
the Bill provides that employees on lay off or short time will not be able to claim a redundancy payment in circumstances where the lay off or short time is due to the effects of measures taken by the employer to comply with
Government policy to limit the spread of Covid-19. This is welcome news for employers adversely affected by COVID-19. This measure will be in place for the “emergency period” which is currently set for the period from 13
March 2020 to 31 May 2020. The emergency period may be extended.
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/ireland-covid-19-emergency-legislation-proposes-changes-to-redundancy-law
UK: Government suspends gender pay gap reporting requirement for this reporting year (Source: DLA Piper)
The Government Equalities Office (GEO) and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) announced yesterday, 24th March, that they have taken the decision to suspend enforcement of the gender pay gap deadlines
for this reporting year (2019/20).
The decision means that employers will not be required to report their 2019 data by the 30 March public sector deadline and 4 April private sector deadline.
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-government-suspends-gender-pay-gap-reporting-requirement-for-this-reporting-year
Poland: Key components of the anti-crisis package relevant to employers (Source: DLA Piper)
Last week the Polish Government announced details of the anti-crisis package. Among other things, a bill amending some Polish legal acts, including the Act on Special Arrangements for the Protection of Jobs, was presented.
This is still a draft law, but may come into force next week. These are the main components of the bill relevant to employers.
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/poland-key-components-of-the-anti-crisis-package-relevant-to-employers
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Legal Q1 OverviewUK: Coronavirus (COVID-19): Government measures to protect jobs and incomes (Source: DLA Piper)
On 20 March 2020, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced details of a package of measure to protect jobs and incomes against the negative economic impacts of the Coronavirus pandemic.
The Government is implementing a “Coronavirus job-retention scheme” under which the Government will help to pay staff wages. According to the Chancellor’s announcement –
Any employer will be eligible to access the scheme, Employers should contact HMRC to apply for a grant, Grants will be paid to cover the wages of individuals placed on furlough but not “laid off” (by which we assume the
Chancellor means not made redundant) and kept on the payroll as a result of the Coronavirus crisis, The Government funding will cover 80% of an employee’s salary up to a maximum of £ 2,500 per person per month, The
scheme will be backdated to cover wages from 1 March 2020, The scheme will remain open for an initial 3 months at which point it will be reviewed. HMRC expect to be able to pay out the first grants within a matter of weeks.
The Chancellor has urged business to look at the support available under this scheme before making any decisions to make staff redundant.
At this stage, full details of the scheme are not available including in relation to the crucial aspect of which businesses and which employees will be covered by the scheme. We will provide further detail as soon as it is
available.
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/uk-coronavirus-covid-19-government-measures-to-protect-jobs-and-incomes
Ukraine: New whistleblowing law (Source: DLA Piper)
On 1 January 2020 a new whistleblowing law came into effect. The law introduces to the Ukrainian legal landscape the concept of whistleblowing as well as defining the legal status (rights and guaranteed protections) of
individuals who blow the whistle in relation to corruption. It also specifies the conditions which must be satisfied for the disclosure of corruption.
The law is relevant for a special category of business entities in Ukraine - namely legal entities which take part in public procurement projects valued at more than UAH 20 m (approx. USD 800 000). Under the law such entities
are obliged to create secure anonymous communication channels (online communication channels, anonymous hotlines, e-mails, etc.), as notifications under the law of possible cases of corruption may be made by an
employee anonymously.
The law requires that upon receipt of a notification, a preliminary check in respect of the notification must be carried out. Such a check should be carried out by a specially authorized department or responsible individual
within the company. Based on the results of the preliminary check, the responsible individual must either initiate an internal investigation, notify law enforcement agencies, or close the case if it is groundless.
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/ukraine-new-whistleblowing-law
Spain: Royal Decree increases national minimum wage (Source: DLA Piper)
For 2020, the national minimum wage in Spain has been fixed at EUR 1,108.30 per month, that is EUR 13,300 per year, on the basis of 12 payments per year. This means that the national minimum wage has been raised EUR
58.30 per month from the previous year (5.55%).
https://knowledge.dlapiper.com/dlapiperknowledge/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments/spain-royal-decree-increases-national-minimum-wage
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | QMR Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
Regional Q1, 2020 Breakdowns
20
Total Workforce
14.8mFull Time Employees
12.0mContingent Workforce
2.2mUnemployed
587.3k
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
-0.29%UW% Change to PQ
14.83%CW% of TWF
-0.36%CW% Change to PQ
3.98%UW% of TWF
Benelux Q1 2020
21
Belgium Employment Outlook, Q2 2020
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
22ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.00%UW% Change to PQ
11.80%CW% of TWF
-1.11%CW% Change to PQ
4.96%UW% of TWF
Eastern Europe Q1 2020
Total Workforce
160.0mFull Time Employees
133.2mContingent Workforce
18.9mUnemployed
7.9m
23
Slovenia Employment Outlook, Q2 2020
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
24ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.00%UW% Change to PQ
10.60%CW% of TWF
-0.09%CW% Change to PQ
8.60%UW% of TWF
France Q1 2020
Total Workforce
29.6mFull Time Employees
23.9mContingent Workforce
3.1mUnemployed
2.6m
25
France Employment Outlook, Q2 2020
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
26ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.27%UW% Change to PQ
10.02%CW% of TWF
-0.54%CW% Change to PQ
3.62%UW% of TWF
Germany Q1 2020
Total Workforce
53.4mFull Time Employees
46.1mContingent Workforce
5.4mUnemployed
1.9m
27
Germany Employment Outlook, Q2 2020
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
28ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
-0.32%UW% Change to PQ
21.99%CW% of TWF
-0.69%CW% Change to PQ
15.63%UW% of TWF
Middle East Q1 2020
Total Workforce
84.5mFull Time Employees
52.7mContingent Workforce
18.6mUnemployed
13.2m
29
Turkey Employment Outlook, Q2 2020
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
30ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.08%UW% Change to PQ
8.79%CW% of TWF
-0.67%CW% Change to PQ
5.11%UW% of TWF
Nordics Q1 2020
Total Workforce
14.2mFull Time Employees
12.3mContingent Workforce
1.3mUnemployed
727.0k
31
Sweden Employment Outlook, Q1 2020
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
32ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
-0.05%UW% Change to PQ
18.05%CW% of TWF
-0.56%CW% Change to PQ
11.63%UW% of TWF
Southern Europe Q1 2020
Total Workforce
58.9mFull Time Employees
41.5mContingent Workforce
10.6mUnemployed
6.9m
33
Italy Employment Outlook, Q2 2020
ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | MEOS Q1, 2020| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
34ManpowerGroup Solutions TAPFIN | CWI Data| ManpowerGroup Proprietary & Confidential
CONTINGENT WORKFORCE UNEMPLOYED WORKFORCE
0.00%UW% Change to PQ
14.40%CW% of TWF
-0.37%CW% Change to PQ
3.87%UW% of TWF
UK and Ireland Q1 2020
Total Workforce
36.5mFull Time Employees
29.8mContingent Workforce
5.3mUnemployed
1.4m
Appendix
Detailed Country Analysis
Europe, Middle East, and Africa
37
Austria Agriculture 3% Services 71% Industry 25%
8% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 4,595,000
Permanent Employees 3,700,197
Non Standard Workforce 495,038
Unemployed Workers 399,765
41%
51%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
9%
54%
37%
13%
51%
36%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
8.5%
3.4%
2.8%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
48%
68%
77%
30%
60%
77%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
10.4%
1,387,000 Core
Working Age
11.7%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 1.8 million
Germany 15%
Serbia 13%
Turkey 12%
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10%
Romania 5%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 576 thousand
Germany 41%
Switzerland 11%
United States 10%
United Kingdom 5%
Turkey 3%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
6.1%
6.9%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
38
Bahrain Agriculture 1% Services 64% Industry 35%
17% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 977,302
Permanent Employees 940,742
Non Standard Workforce 27,100
Unemployed Workers 9,460
25%
51%
24%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
34%
55%
11% 12%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
7.5%
676,000 Core
Working Age
1.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 741 thousand
India 43%
Egypt 11%
Bangladesh 11%
Pakistan 11%
Philippines 7%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 60 thousand
Bangladesh 51%
State of Palestine 14%
United Kingdom 12%
Canada 4%
Australia 3%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
9.5%
31.0%
Male
Female
Male Female
2012 data – Gender breakdown not available
0.1%
0.7%
1.1%
1.8%
Primary
LowerSecond.
Secondary
Bachelor'sDegree
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
48%
96%
68%
42%
26%
55%
24%
7%
15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Gender
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Distribution of Labor Force by Educational Level (25 years+)
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
39
Belarus Agriculture 11% Services 59% Industry 30%
8% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 4,582,807
Permanent Employees 4,377,158
Non Standard Workforce 191,900
Unemployed Workers 13,748
40%
52%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
2%
53%
45%
1%
34%
65%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
9.9%
7.5%
3.4%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Labor Force by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
44%
95%
66%
3%
42%
95%
39%
1%15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Gender
4.8%
776,000 Core
Working Age
22.6%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 1.1 million
Russia 63%
Ukraine 21%
Kazakhstan 6%
Lithuania 2%
Uzbekistan 1%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 1.5 million
Russia 52%
Ukraine 17%
Poland 5%
Kazakhstan 5%
United States 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
11.2%
13.0%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
40
Belgium Agriculture 1% Services 78% Industry 21%
10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 5,137,700
Permanent Employees 4,189,111
Non Standard Workforce 676,291
Unemployed Workers 272,298
47%
43%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
1%
15%
42% 42%
1% 11%
34%
54%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
9.4%
4.8%
2.9%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
29%35%
66%
76%
12%
21%
53%
75%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
11.4%
1,491,000 Core
Working Age
13.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2 million
Morocco 11%
France 10%
Netherlands 7%
Italy 6%
Turkey 5%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 582 thousand
France 28%
Netherlands 10%
Spain 8%
Italy 8%
United States 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
9.9%
8.2%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
41
Bulgaria Agriculture 6% Services 64% Industry 30%
13% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 3,424,600
Permanent Employees 2,855,178
Non Standard Workforce 367,371
Unemployed Workers 202,051
33%
56%
11%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
12%
62%
25%
9%
50%
41%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
10.5%
2.7%
1.7%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
34% 36%
69%
77%
17% 19%
53%
73%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
32.9%
89,000 Core
Working Age
14.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 169 thousand
Russia 19%
Syrian Arab Republic 8%
Turkey 7%
Ukraine 6%
United Kingdom 6%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 1.5 million
Turkey 42%
Germany 17%
Spain 8%
United States 5%
Greece 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
14.5%
18.0%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
42
Croatia Agriculture 6% Services 67% Industry 27%
11% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 1,806,700
Permanent Employees 1,465,958
Non Standard Workforce 198,013
Unemployed Workers 142,729
37%
56%
7%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
9%
65%
26%
9%
53%
38%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
9.0%
4.8%
4.0%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
25%
65%70%
13%
54%
74%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
3.4%
359,000 Core
Working Age
27.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 518 thousand
Bosnia and Herzegovina 72%
Serbia 9%
Germany 6%
Slovenia 3%
North Macedonia 2%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 990 thousand
Germany 32%
Serbia 29%
Australia 6%
United States 5%
Austria 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
12.8%
13.2%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
43
Czech Republic Agriculture 3% Services 60% Industry 37%
9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 5,421,100
Permanent Employees 4,375,787
Non Standard Workforce 877,259
Unemployed Workers 168,054
39%
55%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
3%
72%
24%
4%
67%
28%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
10.0%
1.7%
0.9%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
28%
71%
82%
17%
56%
72%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
7.3%
448,000 Core
Working Age
5.4%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 513 thousand
Ukraine 22%
Slovakia 19%
Vietnam 9%
Zambia 8%
Russia 7%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 911 thousand
Germany 55%
Slovakia 10%
United States 9%
Austria 7%
United Kingdom 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
3.8%
8.3%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
44
Denmark Agriculture 2% Services 80% Industry 18%
4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 3,051,100
Permanent Employees 2,703,153
Non Standard Workforce 235,057
Unemployed Workers 112,891
46%
44%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
17%
46%
37%
11%
39%
49%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
5.2%
2.9%
4.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
52%
69%
79%
35%
62%74%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
11.7%
578,000 Core
Working Age
8.4%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 723 thousand
Poland 6%
Germany 5%
Syrian Arab Republic 5%
Turkey 5%
Romania 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 256 thousand
Sweden 15%
United States 13%
United Kingdom 12%
Norway 11%
Germany 9%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
6.8%
7.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
45
Estonia Agriculture 3% Services 68% Industry 29%
5% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 705,000
Permanent Employees 606,367
Non Standard Workforce 71,138
Unemployed Workers 27,495
45%
47%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
12%
54%
34%
6%
40%
55%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
5.2%
3.6%
2.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
51%
82%88%
36%
68%78%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
3.6%
104,000 Core
Working Age
41.5%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 190 thousand
Russia 64%
Ukraine 12%
Belarus 6%
Latvia 3%
Finland 2%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 208 thousand
Finland 29%
Russia 28%
United States 6%
Germany 5%
Ukraine 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
11.4%
9.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
46
Finland Agriculture 4% Services 74% Industry 22%
5% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 2,766,000
Permanent Employees 2,259,435
Non Standard Workforce 340,605
Unemployed Workers 165,960
46%
48%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
11%
48%
41%
5%
37%
58%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
9.5%
5.5%
4.2%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
35%
72% 74%
20%
60%
73%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
13.7%
310,000 Core
Working Age
5.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 383 thousand
Estonia 16%
Sweden 11%
Iraq 5%
Russia 5%
Somalia 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 290 thousand
Sweden 50%
United States 8%
United Kingdom 6%
Germany 5%
Spain 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
9.5%
7.0%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
47
France Agriculture 2% Services 78% Industry 20%
5% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 29,612,900
Permanent Employees 23,926,512
Non Standard Workforce 3,139,678
Unemployed Workers 2,546,709
45%
45%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
1%
15%
45%
39%
1%
13%
40%
47%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
12.4%
7.6%
4.8%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
36% 37%
64%
78%
22% 24%
57%
75%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
9.3%
5,736,000 Core
Working Age
21.9%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 8.3 million
Algeria 19%
Morocco 12%
Portugal 8%
Tunisia 5%
Italy 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 2.3 million
Spain 9%
Belgium 8%
United States 8%
Switzerland 7%
United Kingdom 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
10.7%
9.9%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
48
Germany Agriculture 1% Services 72% Industry 27%
10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 43,874,500
Permanent Employees 38,308,405
Non Standard Workforce 4,162,111
Unemployed Workers 1,403,984
45%
47%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
10%
56%
34%
10%
61%
29%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
7.2%
2.3%
1.9%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
52%
68%73%
30%
60%
74%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
7.3%
10,440,000 Core
Working Age
13.2%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 13.1 million
Poland 14%
Turkey 12%
Russia 8%
Kazakhstan 7%
Syrian Arab Republic 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 4 million
United States 14%
Turkey 9%
Switzerland 9%
United Kingdom 9%
Austria 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
4.0%
6.9%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
49
Greece Agriculture 12% Services 73% Industry 15%
25% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 4,748,900
Permanent Employees 2,648,841
Non Standard Workforce 1,316,490
Unemployed Workers 783,569
32%
61%
7%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
24%
42%
33%
18%
38%
43%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
18.7%
17.2%
11.7%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
12%
42%
69%77%
4%
22%
51%
76%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
5.9%
1,001,000 Core
Working Age
11.5%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 1.2 million
Albania 35%
Germany 9%
Georgia 7%
Bulgaria 6%
Russia 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 1 million
Germany 31%
United States 16%
Australia 11%
Turkey 8%
Canada 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
13.6%
13.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
50
Hungary Agriculture 5% Services 63% Industry 33%
10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 4,683,500
Permanent Employees 4,066,992
Non Standard Workforce 461,952
Unemployed Workers 154,556
37%
53%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
12%
66%
22%
12%
56%
31%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
7.9%
2.5%
1.7%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
38%
72%77%
21%
55%
70%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
13.2%
361,000 Core
Working Age
16.4%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 512 thousand
Romania 40%
Ukraine 11%
Serbia 8%
Germany 6%
Slovakia 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 632 thousand
Germany 29%
United States 13%
Austria 8%
United Kingdom 7%
Canada 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
8.8%
14.9%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
51
Ireland Agriculture 4% Services 77% Industry 19%
9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 2,454,900
Permanent Employees 1,993,516
Non Standard Workforce 343,549
Unemployed Workers 117,835
40%
51%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
17%
37%
46%
8%
33%
59%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
11.3%
7.0%
5.6%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
40%
76%
85%
19%
59%
78%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
18.1%
611,000 Core
Working Age
8.6%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 834 thousand
United Kingdom 35%
Poland 17%
Lithuania 5%
United States 4%
Latvia 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 817 thousand
United Kingdom 54%
United States 15%
Australia 11%
Canada 4%
South Africa 3%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
10.4%
9.8%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
52
Israel Agriculture 1% Services 82% Industry 17%
26% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 4,130,400
Permanent Employees 3,499,201
Non Standard Workforce 490,766
Unemployed Workers 140,434
52%
42%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
1%
10%
53%
35%
1% 5%
47% 47%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
6.2%
6.7%
4.5%
2.9%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
27%
42%
76%
84%
14%19%
65%
81%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
5.4%
1,132,000 Core
Working Age
36.7%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2 million
Morocco 8%
Ukraine 7%
Russia 6%
Romania 5%
Ethiopia 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 370 thousand
United States 39%
State of Palestine 17%
Canada 8%
United Kingdom 6%
Germany 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
15.0%
15.4%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
53
Italy Agriculture 4% Services 70% Industry 26%
15% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 25,829,100
Permanent Employees 17,962,641
Non Standard Workforce 5,335,207
Unemployed Workers 2,531,252
36%
53%
11%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
1%
35%
45%
19%
<1%
23%
45%
31%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
11.3%
7.0%
5.6%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
19%
47%
71%76%
4%
23%
55%
73%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
8.6%
5,372,000 Core
Working Age
5.8%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 6.3 million
Romania 17%
Albania 8%
Morocco 7%
Ukraine 4%
China 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 3.1 million
Germany 19%
France 11%
United States 11%
Switzerland 9%
Canada 8%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
18.7%
19.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
54
Kazakhstan Agriculture 15% Services 64% Industry 20%
33% of Total Employment is Informal.
Total Workforce 9,241,200
Permanent Employees 6,624,610
Non Standard Workforce 2,173,013
Unemployed Workers 443,578
34%
47%
19%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
21%
44%
35%
17%
40%43%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
7.9%
5.0%
3.2%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
11.7%
2,683,000 Core
Working Age
15.9%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 3.7 million
Russia 66%
Ukraine 10%
Uzbekistan 8%
Belarus 2%
PRK 2%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 4 million
Russia 64%
Germany 23%
Ukraine 6%
Belarus 2%
United States 1%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
8.9%
13.2%
Male
Female
Male Female
41%
95%
74%
6%
34%
89%
46%
3%15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Gender
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
55
Latvia Agriculture 7% Services 70% Industry 24%
9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 976,700
Permanent Employees 814,353
Non Standard Workforce 103,745
Unemployed Workers 58,602
41%
46%
13%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
10%
62%
28%
4%
47% 49%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
13.5%
5.9%
3.8%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
45%
78%
87%
28%
63%
84%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
3.7%
117,000 Core
Working Age
47.1%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 237 thousand
Russia 51%
Belarus 18%
Ukraine 13%
Lithuania 6%
Kazakhstan 2%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 332 thousand
Russia 27%
United Kingdom 14%
Germany 10%
United States 8%
Ireland 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
8.8%
8.7%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
56
Lithuania Agriculture 7% Services 67% Industry 26%
6% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 1,466,900
Permanent Employees 1,186,602
Non Standard Workforce 152,678
Unemployed Workers 127,620
43%
48%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
4%
57%
38%
2%
43%
55%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
17.5%
7.1%
3.3%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
26%
70%
86%
10%
54%
81%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
10.2%
64,000 Core
Working Age
35.0%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 117 thousand
Russia 41%
Belarus 24%
Ukraine 10%
Latvia 4%
United Kingdom 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 610 thousand
United Kingdom 26%
Russia 12%
Poland 9%
Germany 8%
United States 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
9.1%
8.4%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
57
Luxembourg Agriculture 1% Services 87% Industry 12%
1% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 307,400
Permanent Employees 266,082
Non Standard Workforce 24,718
Unemployed Workers 16,600
64%
30%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
18%
34%
48%
16%
32%
52%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
7.1%
4.7%
3.6%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
56%
45%
62%
81%
31%
57%
78%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
10.2%
229,000 Core
Working Age
11.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 292 thousand
Portugal 29%
France 15%
Belgium 8%
Italy 7%
Germany 7%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 75 thousand
Germany 26%
France 23%
Belgium 19%
Italy 6%
Portugal 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
4.9%
6.5%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
58
Morocco Agriculture 34% Services 44% Industry 22%
53% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 12,047,196
Permanent Employees 5,513,182
Non Standard Workforce 5,425,672
Unemployed Workers 1,108,342
8%
76%
16%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
30%
48%
23%
63%
17%20%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
74%
89% 86%
27%19%
48%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
21.6%
69,000 Core
Working Age
8.8%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 99 thousand
France 38%
Algeria 14%
Spain 4%
Tunisia 3%
Syrian Arab Republic 2%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 3.1 million
France 33%
Spain 23%
Italy 14%
Belgium 7%
Netherlands 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
13.2%
31.3%
Male
Female
Male Female
*Latest available data – 2012 Advanced Education figures not available
5.6%
11.1%
13.4%
15.5%
Primary
LowerSecondary
Secondary
PostSecondary
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
*Latest available data - 2012
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
59
Netherlands Agriculture 2% Services 82% Industry 16%
8% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 9,325,600
Permanent Employees 7,537,696
Non Standard Workforce 1,489,485
Unemployed Workers 298,419
48%
43%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
1%
18%
42% 40%
1%
14%
40%
45%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
3.7%
2.6%
2.0%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
39%
55%
72%
81%
19%
35%
66%
80%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
8.2%
1,787,000 Core
Working Age
13.5%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2.3 million
Turkey 9%
Suriname 8%
Morocco 8%
Poland 6%
Indonesia 6%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 981 thousand
Germany 14%
Belgium 14%
United States 10%
Canada 10%
Australia 8%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
2.5%
3.0%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
60
Norway Agriculture 2% Services 79% Industry 19%
7% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 2,852,900
Permanent Employees 2,560,763
Non Standard Workforce 178,021
Unemployed Workers 114,116
51%
45%
4%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
14%
43% 43%
11%
35%
54%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
5.0%
3.0%
2.2%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
46%
54%
75%
84%
36%
44%
65%
82%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
12.5%
706,000 Core
Working Age
6.1%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 868 thousand
Poland 12%
Sweden 6%
Lithuania 5%
Somalia 4%
Germany 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 202 thousand
Sweden 21%
United States 15%
United Kingdom 11%
Denmark 11%
Spain 8%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
4.9%
4.7%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
61
Poland Agriculture 9% Services 59% Industry 32%
12% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 17,150,600
Permanent Employees 13,023,274
Non Standard Workforce 3,235,495
Unemployed Workers 891,831
39%
54%
7%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
5%
66%
29%
4%
50%47%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
6.5%
2.7%
1.7%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
26%
69%
84%
11%
47%
78%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
14.2%
204,000 Core
Working Age
54.7%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 656 thousand
Ukraine 33%
Germany 12%
Belarus 12%
Lithuania 8%
Russia 6%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 4.4 million
Germany 40%
United Kingdom 21%
United States 10%
Ireland 3%
Netherlands 3%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
7.0%
10.1%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
62
Portugal Agriculture 6% Services 70% Industry 25%
10% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 5,271,200
Permanent Employees 4,096,719
Non Standard Workforce 821,311
Unemployed Workers 353,170
36%
53%
11%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
2%
53%
25%21%
2%
38%
26%
34%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
5.7%
5.1%
4.8%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
24%
57%
77%84%
8%
43%
73%83%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
7.2%
739,000 Core
Working Age
9.5%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 888 thousand
Angola 18%
Brazil 15%
France 10%
Mozambique 8%
Cabo Verde 7%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 2.6 million
France 26%
Canada 24%
Switzerland 9%
Brazil 7%
United States 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
7.1%
8.5%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
63
Romania Agriculture 21% Services 49% Industry 30%
9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 9,116,500
Permanent Employees 6,623,283
Non Standard Workforce 2,137,673
Unemployed Workers 355,544
25%
65%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
18%
63%
18%
18%
57%
25%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
4.9%
2.7%
1.2%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
34%
44%
72%
84%
10%
22%
55%
81%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
46.1%
203,000 Core
Working Age
9.9%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 463 thousand
Republic of Moldova 38%
Italy 13%
Spain 10%
Ukraine 4%
United Kingdom 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 3.6 million
Italy 30%
Spain 17%
Germany 15%
Hungary 6%
United Kingdom 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
11.6%
18.3%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
64
Russia Agriculture 6% Services 68% Industry 27%
24% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 76,200,000
Permanent Employees 67,751,554
Non Standard Workforce 4,943,246
Unemployed Workers 3,505,200
44%
46%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
4%
46%50%
3%
44%
53%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
11.6%
3.6%
4.0%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
31%
79%74%
14%
62%61%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
6.8%
9,116,000 Core
Working Age
14.8%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 11.6 million
Ukraine 28%
Kazakhstan 22%
Uzbekistan 10%
Azerbaijan 7%
Belarus 7%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 10.5 million
Ukraine 32%
Kazakhstan 23%
Germany 10%
Uzbekistan 8%
Belarus 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
14.6%
17.4%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
65
Serbia Agriculture 15% Services 58% Industry 27%
4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 3,246,600
Permanent Employees 2,130,175
Non Standard Workforce 807,998
Unemployed Workers 308,427
29%
62%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
17%
60%
23%
17%
49%
33%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
7.8%
10.4%
8.2%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
18%
44%
69%72%
7%
25%
53%
73%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
3.3%
529,000 Core
Working Age
32.2%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 820 thousand
Bosnia and Herzegovina 42%
Croatia 35%
Montenegro 9%
North Macedonia 6%
Germany 2%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 950 thousand
Austria 24%
Germany 18%
France 10%
Switzerland 7%
Croatia 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
17.6%
18.2%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
66
Slovakia Agriculture 2% Services 62% Industry 36%
16% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 2,746,300
Permanent Employees 2,229,949
Non Standard Workforce 381,233
Unemployed Workers 135,118
34%
58%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
31%
73%78%
16%
58%70%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
14.4%
111,000 Core
Working Age
26.4%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 188 thousand
Czechia 47%
Hungary 9%
Ukraine 6%
Romania 5%
United Kingdom 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 346 thousand
Czechia 29%
Germany 15%
United Kingdom 14%
Austria 9%
Switzerland 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
28.5%
4.1%
2.4%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
9.0%
13.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
4%
72%
23%
4%
64%
32%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
67
Slovenia Agriculture 5% Services 62% Industry 33%
4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 1,030,600
Permanent Employees 814,048
Non Standard Workforce 140,287
Unemployed Workers 76,264
44%
47%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
9%
61%
30%
8%
47% 46%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
9.8%
4.3%
3.7%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
38%
66%
79%
19%
55%
80%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
6.6%
187,000 Core
Working Age
19.6%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 253 thousand
Bosnia and Herzegovina 41%
Croatia 18%
Serbia 10%
North Macedonia 7%
Germany 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 148 thousand
Germany 25%
Austria 14%
Croatia 12%
Canada 8%
Serbia 8%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
6.2%
7.9%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
68
South Africa Agriculture 5% Services 72% Industry 23%
21% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 23,146,402
Permanent Employees 13,867,125
Non Standard Workforce 2,543,674
Unemployed Workers 6,735,603
25%
50%
25%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
9%
40%
33%
18%
8%
37%
31%
23%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
22.9%
32.0%
25.0%
12.0%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
44%
54%
76%
86%
24%
41%
61%
79%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
17.7%
3,194,000 Core
Working Age
6.7%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 4.2 million
Mozambique 17%
Zimbabwe 9%
Lesotho 8%
Namibia 4%
United Kingdom 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 825 thousand
United Kingdom 28%
Australia 24%
United States 13%
New Zealand 7%
Mozambique 2%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
30.1%
35.3%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
69
Spain Agriculture 4% Services 76% Industry 20%
16% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 23,088,700
Permanent Employees 16,737,968
Non Standard Workforce 3,164,491
Unemployed Workers 3,186,241
34%
53%
13%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
1%
37%
23%
39%
1%
26%24%
49%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
18.3%
12.3%
8.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
19%
58%
70%
81%
8%
39%
61%
80%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
9.6%
4,953,000 Core
Working Age
9.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 6.1 million
Morocco 12%
Romania 10%
Ecuador 7%
Colombia 6%
United Kingdom 5%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 1.4 million
France 21%
Germany 11%
United States 8%
Argentina 7%
United Kingdom 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
12.1%
12.3%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
70
Sweden Agriculture 2% Services 80% Industry 18%
3% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 5,565,200
Permanent Employees 4,734,316
Non Standard Workforce 496,972
Unemployed Workers 333,912
50%45%
5%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
13%
49%
38%
9%
37%
54%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
14.4%
3.9%
3.9%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
54%
80%85%
44%
74% 82%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
12.8%
1,458,000 Core
Working Age
14.5%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2 million
Syrian Arab Republic 9%
Finland 7%
Iraq 7%
Poland 5%
Iran 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 354 thousand
United States 16%
Norway 15%
Finland 12%
United Kingdom 11%
Denmark 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
6.6%
6.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
71
Switzerland Agriculture 3% Services 77% Industry 20%
4% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 4,916,700
Permanent Employees 4,094,480
Non Standard Workforce 694,386
Unemployed Workers 127,834
52%
44%
4%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
9%
41%
50%
10%
47%42%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
7.5%
3.7%
3.0%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
56%63%
72%
82%
41% 43%
62%
80%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
8.1%
2,019,000 Core
Working Age
13.4%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2.6 million
Germany 14%
Italy 11%
Portugal 9%
France 7%
Turkey 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 680 thousand
Italy 29%
France 15%
Germany 11%
Spain 9%
United States 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
9.0%
4.3%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
72
Tunisia Agriculture 13% Services 55% Industry 32%
48% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 4,162,800
Permanent Employees 2,583,513
Non Standard Workforce 950,704
Unemployed Workers 628,583
22%
56%
22%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
10%
40%
35%
16%
12%
25%
33%30%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
5.5%
8.8%
16.3%
26.8%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
42%
79%
68%73%
9%
21%
29%
62%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
19.0%
42,000 Core
Working Age
8.0%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 57 thousand
Algeria 18%
Libya 16%
France 15%
Morocco 10%
Italy 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 813 thousand
France 53%
United States 16%
Italy 13%
Germany 5%
Israel 3%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
20.1%
30.2%
Male
Female
Male Female
2015 data
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
73
Turkey Agriculture 18% Services 56% Industry 26%
19% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 33,162,700
Permanent Employees 19,867,674
Non Standard Workforce 8,884,387
Unemployed Workers 4,410,639
21%
64%
15%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
4%
52%
22% 22%
14%
42%
14%
30%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
11.4%
11.5%
11.3%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
71%77%
86%
28%
38%
71%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
22.3%
4,199,000 Core
Working Age
6.2%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 5.9 million
Syrian Arab Republic 64%
Bulgaria 11%
Germany 6%
Iraq 4%
North Macedonia 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 3.5 million
Germany 44%
United States 12%
France 9%
Austria 6%
Netherlands 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
17.1%
33.1%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
74
Ukraine Agriculture 14% Services 61% Industry 25%
43% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 18,185,200
Permanent Employees 14,227,882
Non Standard Workforce 2,629,798
Unemployed Workers 1,327,520
38%
44%
18%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
21%
32%
47%
19% 19%
62%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
9.2%
9.3%
7.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
49%
75%80%
36%
61% 68%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
6.3%
3,635,000 Core
Working Age
20.5%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 5 million
Russia 67%
Belarus 5%
Kazakhstan 5%
Uzbekistan 4%
Republic of Moldova 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 5.9 million
Russia 55%
United States 7%
Kazakhstan 6%
Italy 4%
Germany 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
14.6%
21.7%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
75
United Arab Emirates Agriculture 1% Services 64% Industry 34%
24% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 6,904,890
Permanent Employees 6,460,419
Non Standard Workforce 262,181
Unemployed Workers 182,289
37%
53%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
13%
35%
16%
36%
15%
24%
13%
47%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
0.4%
1.1%
1.9%
2.6%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
95% 98% 98% 98%
65%60% 56%
53%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
17.3%
7,039,000 Core
Working Age
0.8%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 8.6 million
India 40%
Bangladesh 13%
Pakistan 11%
Egypt 10%
Philippines 6%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 154 thousand
Kuwait 17%
Oman 12%
Canada 9%
United States 9%
United Kingdom 8%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
5.8%
20.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
76
United Kingdom Agriculture 1% Services 81% Industry 18%
13% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 34,025,000
Permanent Employees 27,822,243
Non Standard Workforce 4,909,808
Unemployed Workers 1,292,950
48%
43%
9%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
<1%
17%
40%43%
<1%
15%
35%
50%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
4.6%
2.6%
2.0%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
68% 69%
79%87%
34%
52%
69%81%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
9.6%
7,583,000 Core
Working Age
11.0%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 9.6 million
India 10%
Poland 10%
Pakistan 6%
Ireland 5%
Germany 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 4.3 million
Australia 30%
United States 17%
Spain 7%
Ireland 7%
New Zealand 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
10.7%
11.5%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
Detailed Country Analysis: Asia
Pacific
78
Australia Agriculture 3% Services 78% Industry 19%
8% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 13,666,600
Permanent Employees 10,855,558
Non Standard Workforce 2,114,045
Unemployed Workers 696,997
46%
46%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
20%
42%38%
20%
30%
50%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
14.2%
9.2%
5.6%
3.0%
Primary
LowerSecond.
Secondary
Bachelor'sDegree
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
16%
63%
82%88%
10%
44%
67%78%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
10.6%
5,282,000 Core
Working Age
19.4%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 7.5 million
United Kingdom 17%
China 8%
New Zealand 8%
India 8%
Philippines 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 577 thousand
United Kingdom 25%
United States 17%
New Zealand 12%
Canada 4%
Italy 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
8.8%
8.4%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
79
China Agriculture 25% Services 47% Industry 28%
47% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce* 875,670,000
Permanent Employees 451,524,349
Non Standard Workforce 392,446,397
Unemployed Workers 31,699,254
13%
79%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
26% 28%
46% 55%
45%
Primary Industry Secondary Industry Tertiary Industry Urban Rural
Industry Type Rural and Urban
4.2%
3.2%
3.7%
Male
Female
Total
Male Female Total
Distribution of Employed Persons by Industry Type and Rural and Urban Areas
Unemployment Rate by Gender(25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
23.1%
701,000 Core
Working Age
8.8%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Distribution of Employed Persons Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 1.03 million
Hong Kong 28%
Republic of Korea 19%
Brazil 8%
Philippines 7%
Indonesia 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 10.7 million
United States 27%
Hong Kong 21%
Japan 7%
Canada 6%
Australia 6%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
13.2%
23.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
46%
95%
71%
27%
45%
87%
60%
21%
15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Gender
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2019/indexeh.htm
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
* Latest Available data from China (2018)
80
Hong Kong Agriculture <1% Services 88% Industry 12%
12% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 3,941,800
Permanent Employees 3,491,536
Non Standard Workforce 320,185
Unemployed Workers 130,079
39%
41%
20%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
<1%
26%
38%36%
1%
22%
45%
33%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
1.6%
3.6%
3.2%
1.9%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
15%
57%
80%88%
8%
38%
67%78%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
6.1%
1,967,000 Core
Working Age
27.0%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2.9 million
China 77%
Indonesia 6%
Philippines 5%
Macau 3%
Thailand 1%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 1.1 million
China 26%
United States 24%
Canada 20%
United Kingdom 12%
Australia 9%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
6.9%
6.7%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
81
India Agriculture 41% Services 32% Industry 26%
64% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 519,469,299
Permanent Employees 115,696,202
Non Standard Workforce 366,371,307
Unemployed Workers 37,401,790
16%
57%
27%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
28%
49%
10%13%
54%
31%
5% 10%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
1.0%
4.2%
10.8%
15.3%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
81%75%
59%
80%
25%
16% 13%
32%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
8.3%
3,660,000 Core
Working Age
20.7%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 5.2 million
Bangladesh 60%
Pakistan 21%
Nepal 10%
Sri Lanka 3%
China 2%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 17.5 million
Oman 8%
Pakistan 9%
Saudi Arabia 14%
United Arab Emirates 20%
United States 15%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
15.3%
49.0%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
82
Indonesia Agriculture 28% Services 50% Industry 23%
63% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 133,950,010
Permanent Employees 62,043,073
Non Standard Workforce 64,834,377
Unemployed Workers 7,072,561
11%
71%
18%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
15%
44%
29%
11%21%
44%
20%
15%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
0.9%
1.7%
3.0%
3.3%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
81% 78%87% 88%
53%48%
54%
76%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
18.3%
271,000 Core
Working Age
4.8%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 353 thousand
China 21%
Republic of Korea 9%
United Kingdom 9%
Timor-Leste 7%
Thailand 7%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 4.5 million
Saudi Arabia 37%
Malaysia 27%
United Arab Emirates 7%
Hong Kong 4%
Bangladesh 3%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
16.2%
28.7%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
83
Japan Agriculture 3% Services 73% Industry 24%
12% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 68,830,000
Permanent Employees 60,516,850
Non Standard Workforce 6,798,890
Unemployed Workers 1,514,260
25%
68%
7%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
<1%
51% 49%
<1%
50% 50%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
2.9%
2.2%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
25%
67%
85%
10%
43%
70%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
11.2%
2,012,000 Core
Working Age
8.3%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2.5 million
China 31%
Republic of Korea 19%
Philippines 10%
Vietnam 8%
Brazil 8%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 839 thousand
United States 42%
Brazil 8%
Australia 6%
United Kingdom 6%
Germany 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
2.4%
3.8%
Male
Female
Male Female
Data Not Available
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
84
Macau Agriculture <1% Services 90% Industry 9%
47% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 394,400
Permanent Employees 363,658
Non Standard Workforce 24,037
Unemployed Workers 6,705
23%
61%
16%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
37%
30%
34%36%
29%
35%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
2.1%
1.5%
1.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
75%
86%94%
63%
76%88%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
7.3%
314,000 Core
Working Age
14.1%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 400 thousand
China 74%
Philippines 7%
Hong Kong 6%
Portugal 1%
Thailand <1%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 162 thousand
Hong Kong 57%
China 16%
Singapore 12%
United States 8%
Canada 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
6.0%
4.9%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
85
Malaysia Agriculture 10% Services 63% Industry 27%
26% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 15,830,000
Permanent Employees 11,465,400
Non Standard Workforce 3,842,210
Unemployed Workers 522,390
26%
60%
14%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
2%
35%
42%
20%
3%
25%
40%
33%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
0.9%
1.3%
2.1%
2.4%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
76%
91% 94% 93%
39%
49%
60%
85%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
17.3%
2,782,000 Core
Working Age
1.7%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 3.4 million
Indonesia 36%
Nepal 17%
Bangladesh 12%
Myanmar 10%
India 4%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 1.7 million
Singapore 56%
Bangladesh 12%
Australia 10%
United Kingdom 5%
United States 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
8.9%
15.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
86
New Zealand Agriculture 6% Services 75% Industry 19%
9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 2,759,000
Permanent Employees 2,174,533
Non Standard Workforce 474,107
Unemployed Workers 110,360
46%
48%
6%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
18%
50%
33%
16%
42% 43%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
63%70%
46%
71%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
11.5%
766,000 Core
Working Age
16.8%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 1.1 million
United Kingdom 25%
China 9%
India 7%
Australia 6%
South Africa 5%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 777 thousand
Australia 77%
Polynesia 1%
South Africa 1%
United Kingdom 11%
United States 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
11.2%
12.0%
Male
Female
Male Female
6.6%
2.2%
3.1%
2.1%
Primary
LowerSecond.
Secondary
Bachelor'sDegree
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
87
Philippines Agriculture 23% Services 58% Industry 20%
28% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 45,386,582
Permanent Employees 27,696,935
Non Standard Workforce 15,647,251
Unemployed Workers 2,042,396
25%
43%
32%Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
2%
73%
4%
21%
1%
62%
6%
31%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
2.1%
2.9%
5.3%
4.9%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
29.4%
130,000 Core
Working Age
10.9%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 219 thousand
China 17%
United States 17%
Japan 6%
India 5%
Republic of Korea 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 5.4 million
United States 38%
Saudi Arabia 12%
United Arab Emirates 10%
Australia 5%
Japan 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
15.2%
25.9%
Male
Female
Male Female
45%
91%
76%
41%
28%
57%52%
25%
15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Gender
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
88
Singapore Agriculture <1% Services 84% Industry 15%
9% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 3,740,800
Permanent Employees 3,143,095
Non Standard Workforce 511,667
Unemployed Workers 86,038
56%
36%
8%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
<1%
9%14%
77%
11% 14%
24%
51%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
3.5%
4.6%
4.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
13.0%
1,683,000 Core
Working Age
8.9%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 2.2 million
Malaysia 44%
China 18%
Indonesia 6%
India 6%
Pakistan 5%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 341 thousand
Malaysia 27%
Australia 19%
United Kingdom 17%
United States 11%
Indonesia 7%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
3.8%
5.6%
Male
Female
Male Female
44%
95%
83%
39%41%
82%
57%
20%
15-24 years 25-54 years 55-64 years 65 years+
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Age and Gender
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
89
South Korea Agriculture 5% Services 70% Industry 25%
23% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 27,952,000
Permanent Employees 20,232,776
Non Standard Workforce 6,601,144
Unemployed Workers 1,118,080
22%
65%
13%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
<1%
11%
34%
55%
2%
18%
34%
46%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
0.9%
2.2%
3.1%
3.3%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
33%
58%
72%
80%
22%
41%
54% 63%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
6.4%
1,057,000 Core
Working Age
2.7%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 1.2 million
China 53%
Vietnam 10%
United States 6%
Philippines 4%
Thailand 3%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 2.2 million
United States 50%
Japan 22%
China 9%
Australia 6%
Indonesia 2%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
5.8%
22.7%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
90
Taiwan Agriculture 5% Services 58% Industry 37%
29% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 11,970,000
Permanent Employees 9,231,298
Non Standard Workforce 2,293,418
Unemployed Workers 445,284
34%
41%
25%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
5%
10%
32%
52%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
23.6%
61.0% 62.9%66.0%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Total Participation Female Participation Total Participation Rate
Male Participation is 67.4%
Female Participation is 51.4%
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment (25 years+)
0.7%685,560
Employed7.5%
<15 years Employed Unemployed/ Inactive
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 742 thousand
Indonesia 33%
Vietnam 30%
Philippines 19%
Thailand 8%
Malaysia 3%
Migrant Stock by Employment Status
Skill Level of Workforce
16.1%
29.2%
Male
Female
Male Female
2.0%
3.0%
3.4%
4.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
National Statistics, Republic of Taiwan - https://eng.stat.gov.tw/
Ministry of Immigration, Taiwan - https://www.moi.gov.tw
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
91
Thailand Agriculture 31% Services 46% Industry 23%
43% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 38,210,000
Permanent Employees 18,573,499
Non Standard Workforce 19,254,401
Unemployed Workers 382,100
14%
76%
10%
Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
23%
41%
22%
14%
25%
35%
19%21%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
0.1%
0.3%
0.5%
0.7%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
66%
78% 80%85%
45%
60%64%
83%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
15.7%
2,881,000 Core
Working Age
5.1%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 3.6 million
Myanmar 51%
Lao 26%
Cambodia 19%
China 2%
Nepal 0%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 1 million
United States 28%
Australia 8%
Germany 7%
Canada 6%
Japan 5%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
10.0%
19.1%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
92
Vietnam Agriculture 36% Services 35% Industry 28%
37% of Non-Agricultural Employment is in Informal Sector
Total Workforce 56,140,000
Permanent Employees 24,390,248
Non Standard Workforce 30,542,742
Unemployed Workers 1,207,010
12%
48%
40%Highly Skilled
Medium Skilled
Non Skilled
Workforce
13%
53%
21%
13%17%
53%
17%13%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
% of Male Labor Force % of Female Labor Force % of Total Labor Force
1.2%
1.2%
2.0%
2.1%
Low
Basic
Interm.
Advanced
Unemployment Rate (25 years+)
Distribution of Employed Persons by Educational Level and Gender (25 years+)
Unemployment Rate by Education Level (25 years+)
Youth NEET Rate * (15-24 years)
79%83% 81%
88%
55%
74% 72%
89%
Low Basic Interm. Advanced
Male Participation Female Participation
Labor Force Participation Rates by Educational Attainment and Gender (25 years+)
17.3%
58,000 Core
Working Age
6.4%
<20 years Core Working Age >65 years
Migration
Educational Attainment of Workforce Immigration and Emigration
Top 5 Countries of Origin
Migrant Stock 76 thousand
Thailand 16%
Myanmar 15%
Bangladesh 11%
Indonesia 11%
Lao 10%
Top 5 Countries of Destination
Emigrants 2.7 million
United States 51%
Australia 10%
Japan 8%
France 5%
Republic of Korea 4%
Migrant Stock by Working Age
Emigration
Skill Level of Workforce
7.0%
12.4%
Male
Female
Male Female
Key Sources:
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019)
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database - https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
The World Bank - https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
Trading Economics - https://tradingeconomics.com/
*Not in Employment, Education or Training.
Key to Educational Attainment
Low: Less than Primary Education
Basic: Primary or Lower Secondary Education
Intermediate: Upper Secondary or Non Tertiary Education
Advanced: Tertiary Education
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