reproduction and heredity. reproduction the process in which new “offspring” are produced from...

Reproduction and Heredity

reproduction• The process in which new “offspring” are

produced from their parents

Asexual Reproduction-Some organisms produce offspring with only one parent-Offspring is an exact copy of parent with exact same genetic information-Some plants reproduce this way: spores (ferns) or buds (potatoes), and runners

Asexual Reproduction

• Cells divide in stages called MITOSIS- Prophase- Metaphase- Anaphase- Telephase

Mitosis – phases of asexual reproduction

Sexual Reproduction-When two parents join together to form a new individual-offspring will NOT be identical to one parent.-It will have traits from both parents-flowers, animals, and humans reproduce this way

Sperm cellContains male genetic information that will combine with female egg cell to produce a new “individual”

Egg cell

female cell that contains genetic information that will combine with the male sperm cell to produce offspring

Chromosome-Carries genetic information inside the nucleus of the sperm and egg cell.

-Humans have 46 chromosomes; 23 from the mother and 23 from the father

Fertilization

When the egg and sperm cell come together to form a new individual

Meosis

The process cell use to divide for SEXUAL reproductionFirst stage begins with 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46

VariationThe differences between organisms of a species

GeneSpecific parts of a chromosome that are responsible for one trait in that offspring.For example: hair color, eye color in humans; the genes of a tree control the size, shape, and color of its leaves.

Inherited Trait

Features that an organism is born with

Dominant TraitWhen gene from one parent overpowers the gene from the other parentBrown eyes, cleft chin, tongue-rolling are all dominant traits

Other dominant traits

• Straight thumb and pinky• Dimples• Freckles• Straight hair line• Curly hair• Detached earlobes

Recessive TraitWhen gene from one parent is overpowered by the gene of the other parentBlue eyes, attached ear lobes, bent pinky/thumb are all recessive traits

Dominant vs RecessiveDominant traits are more common than recessive traits

Learned Behavior

Skills that animals are taught during their lifetime by parents or other animals, and through experience.

Inherited Behaviors/InstinctsBehavior that animals are born knowing; they are instinctual. Animals do not have to be taught an inherited behavior.nest and web building, migration, hibernation.

Scientists’ Work

• Gregor Mendel

• Thomas Hunt Morgan

Gregor Mendel

• Studied tall and dwarf pea plants and what happens when you cross-breed them

• Formulated 3 laws that became the basis of the science of heredity

• Wrote a paper to describe his findings, but no one seemed to care about his work

• Later, after his death, other scientists, who were working on the same ideas, discovered his important work.

Thomas Hunt Morgan

• American biologist• Discovered the role the

chromosome plays in heredity

• Demonstrated that genes are carried on chromosomes by researching and using fruit flies in an experiment