review of community conservancies in kenya

Review of Community Conservancies in Kenya

Mohammed Said1, Philip Osano1, 2, 3, Jan de Leeuw1, Shem Kifugo1, Dickson Kaelo4 ,Claire Bedelian1,5, and Caroline Bosire6

(1) International Livestock Research Institute; (2) Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Canada; (3) Africa Technology Policies Studies Network (ATPS); (4) Basecamp Foundation;

(5) University College of London ; (6) University of Twente, The Netherlands

Enabling Livestock Based Economies in Kenya to Adapt to Climate Change: A Review of PES from Wildlife Tourism as a Climate Change Adaptation Option, ILRI, Nairobi, 15 February 2012

What is happening in Kenya RangelandsWhat is happening in Kenya Rangelands

1. Biodiversity loss – wildlife declined by 50-70% in ASALs in the period 70s-2009 (Norton-Griffiths & Said 2010; Western et al 2009)

2. Livestock populations – vary year to year in response to rainfall, increase 0.6% per annum, high offtake

3. High poverty rates in pastoral communities

4. Emergence of conservancies – more than 40

5. Initiative for communities to benefit from wildlife revenue - Payments for Wildlife Conservation (PWC)

Photo credit: Philip Osano

Shifts in Land Management in ASALs

Land Tenure

Communal

Privatized

Mobility

Open

Closed

Tourism Benefits

Latent

Gone

Payments for Wildlife Conservation (PWC)

Land Lease

Wildlife trend and Poverty

Wildlife Density1970s

WILDLIFE DENSITY

(tropical livestock unit per sq. km)

> 125

45 - 125

15 - 45

0 - 15

No observation of wildlife

No data

OTHER FEATURES

District boundaries

National parks and reserves

Water bodies

Wildlife Density 1990s

Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007

Wildlife Density in 1990s Poverty Rate in 1999

Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007

WILDLIFE DENSITY

(tropical livestock unit per sq. km)

> 125

45 - 125

15 - 45

0 - 15

No observation of wildlife

No data

OTHER FEATURES

District boundaries

National parks and reserves

Water bodies

POVERTY RATE

(percent of the population below the poverty line)

> 65

55 - 65

45 - 55

35 - 45

<= 35

No data

Data calculated by Constituency

OTHER FEATURES

District boundaries

Constituency boundaries

Selected national parks and reserves

Water bodies

Evolution of Conservancies

Conservancy Geo-database

• Gathered and complied from NGOs, and research groups (such as Kenya Wildlife Service, African Conservation Centre, African Wildlife Foundation, Northern Rangeland Trust, The Wildlife Foundation),

• Local communities (Olare Orok Conservancy, Naiboisho Conservancy, BaseCamp Foundation, OlKiramatian Group Ranch, SORALO, individual conservancies in Kajiado)

• Reports, publications and maps (hard and soft copy)

• Internet

• Personal communication

• Compiled the geo-database and added other auxiliary data such year of establishment, number of members, area, project type, land tenure, funders, etc.,

Lodwar

Marsabit

Garissa

Mombasa

NAIROBI

Nanyuki

Isiolo

Lodwar

Narok

100 0 100 200 Kilometers

I (humid)II (sub-humid)III (semi-humid)IV (semi-humid to semi-arid)V (semi-arid)VI (arid)VII (very arid)

1990s2000sNo data

N

ConservanciesEstablished

Ratio between conservancies and PA

Evolution of conservancies in the Kenya Rangeland

Typology of the conservancies in the Kenya Rangelands

DistrictProduction

SystemNumber of

ConservanciesBaringo wildlife + livestock 1Garissa wildlife + livestock 1Kajiado wildlife 2Kajiado wildlife + livestock 14Kwale wildlife 1Laikipia wildlife 1Laikipia wildlife + livestock 4Marsabit wildlife + livestock 1Narok Wildlife 2Narok wildlife + livestock 6Samburu Unknown 1Samburu wildlife + livestock 7

Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’MearaSource of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication

DistrictLand tenure

categoryNumber of Conservancies

Baringo Trust land 1Garissa Trust land 1Kajiado Group Ranch 10Kajiado Private 6Kwale Private 1Laikipia Group Ranch 5Marsabit Trust land 1Narok Private 8Samburu Group Ranch 6Samburu Trust land 2

Typology of the conservancies in the Kenya Rangelands

Land sub-division in the Mara

5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Kilometers

Masai MaraGame Reserve

Typology of the conservancies in the Kenya Rangelands

District Project typeNumber of Conservancies

Baringo Program 1Garissa Program 1Kajiado Market 9Kajiado Program 6Kajiado Unknown 1Kwale Program 1Laikipia Program 5Marsabit Program 1Narok Market 7Narok Program 1Samburu Unknown 2Samburu Program 6

Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’MearaSource of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication

Market – Olare Orok

Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’MearaSource of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication

Case Study Sites

ConservanciesStudy Sites

40 0 40 80 120 160 200 Kilometers

N

Olare OrokKitengela

Olkiramatian

NarokNarok

KajiadoKajiado

ConservanciesStudy Sites

40 0 40 80 120 160 200 Kilometers

N

Olare OrokKitengela

Olkiramatian

NarokNarok

KajiadoKajiado

Evolution of the Mara Conservancies

Land tenure and policy changes in the Mara

• In 1911, the Maasai lost about 60% of their best land and pastures

• They were moved from northern reserves to southern reserves

• Land tenure is changing from Group ranches to private ownership

• Subdivision as been followed by land intensification

• Since 2006 land around the Mara have consolidated to form the conservancies

Wildlife densities

Species richness - wildlife

Ministry

Olare-Orok Conservancy (OOC)

• Located next to Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR)

• Started in 2006

• Involves 154 Landowners

• Covers an area of 9720Ha

• PWC rate (US$/ha/year): - 2006-2008: 36- (2009-2010): 43

Maasai Mara National Reserve

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

N

Maasai Mara National Reserve

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

N

2006 Conservancies Names & Area (Ha)1. Olare Orok (9,720)2. Olkinyei (4,856)

Map source; M. Said; Malcom Gladwell (2000) “The tipping point”

2007 Conservancies

Maasai Mara National Reserve

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

N

Names & Area (Ha)1. Olare Orok (9,720)2. Olkinyei (4,856)3. Motorogi (5,466)

Map source; M. Said; Malcom Gladwell (2000) “The tipping point”

2009 Conservancies

Maasai Mara National Reserve

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

N

Names & Area (Ha)1. Olare Orok (9,720)2. Olkinyei (4,856)3. Motorogi (5,466)4. Mara North (30,955)

Map source; M. Said; Malcom Gladwell (2000) “The tipping point”

2010 Conservancies

Maasai Mara National Reserve

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

N

Names & Area (Ha)1. Olare Orok (9,720)2. Olkinyei (4,856)3. Motorogi (5,466)4. Mara North (30,955)5. Naboisho (20,946)

Potential for PWC1. Enoonkishu (6,566)2. Lamek (6,860)3. Ol-Chorro (6,879)

Revenues from Conservanciesin the Mara

Photo Credit: David Huberman (IUCN)

Conservancy revenue contribution to wildlife conservation and pastoral livelihoods in the Mara

#

#Narok NAIROBI

Wildlife Density (Kg / ha)<11 - 1010 - 100100 - 1000>1000

Conservancies

60 0 60 120 Miles

N

#

#Narok NAIROBI

Wildlife Density (Kg / ha)<11 - 1010 - 100100 - 1000>1000

Conservancies

60 0 60 120 Miles

N

Name

Core conservation

area (Ha)

Payment rate ($/Ha)

Enoonkishu 6,566 Not yet determinedLamek 6,860 bednights basedOl Chorro 6,879 bednights basedMNC 30,955 Kshs 2500 ($36)Motorogi 5,466 Kshs 2500 ($36)Naboisho 20,946 Kshs 2000 ($29)Ol Kinyei 4,856 Kshs 1300 ($19)Olare Orok 9,720 Kshs 3000 ($43)Total 92,248

1. Post-privatisation land reconsolidation for wildlife and livestock mobility is taking place in conservancies around the Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR)

2. Total area of the eight (8) Conservancies in Narok district (~ 92,000 ha) is more than half (61%) of the area of Maasai Mara National Reserve itself (150,000 ha)

3. Local community earn more than Ksh 0.25 billion annually, now paid directly to households on a flat rate based on land holdings; contrast to earlier indirect arrangements

Biodiversity outcomes

Vision 2030

Securing Wildlife Corridors

Trends of wildebeest and sheep & goats in the Mara Ecosystem

Source: Ogutu, Owen-Smith, Piepho and Said 2011

MaraKitengela

Olkiramatian

• Connectivity dispersal and wildlife corridors (Vision 2030)

• Conservation of meta-population

• Restoration of degraded lands, wildlife and ecosystem services

Wildlife dispersal areas and corridors

Competing land uses

• Agriculture

• Irrigation

• Urban development

• Biofuels - rangeland

Conservancies and wildlife corridors and dispersal areas

Acknowledgements

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (www.ilri.org)

McGill University (www.mcgill.ca) -Department of Geography and Department of Anthropology -McGill Institute for International Development Studies (IIDS)

International Development Research Center (IDRC), Canada (www.idrc.ca)

University College, London (UCL), Department of Anthropology

Africa Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) (www.atpsnet.org)

National Environment Research Council (NERC)-ESPA (NERC grant NE/1003673)

Association for the Strengthening of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA grant PAAP/09/02) (http://www.asareca.org/)

World Resource Institute (WRI) (www.wri.org)

Various partners and collaborators in Kenya (Kenya Wildlife Services, Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, African Conservation Centre, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, African Wildlife Foundation)

Local community and NGOs - Local community in Mara, Northern Rangeland Trust, The Wildlife Foundation, Olare Orok Conservancy, Naiboisho Conservancy, BaseCamp Foundation, OlKiramatian Group Ranch, SORALO

Next Presentation - Case Studies

• In depth analysis on selected conservancies

• Community mobilization, design and partnership arrangements in Conservancies (Dickson Kaelo)

• PWC as a coping strategy under different conservancy institutional arrangements: comparative analysis of 3 wildlife conservancies in Kenyan Rangelands (Regina and Philip)

• SWOT Analysis of Institutional Arrangements in the Conservancies (Sarah)