scientific method - karachi king's school & college …...scientific method a process of...

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Sarfraz MasihSarfraz MasihSarfraz MasihSarfraz Masih

RN, DCC, Post RN BScN, MScNRN, DCC, Post RN BScN, MScN

Principal Principal

Karachi King’s College of Nursing, KarachiKarachi King’s College of Nursing, Karachi

Learning Objectives Learning Objectives By the end of the session, the learners By the end of the session, the learners

will be able towill be able to

Define scientific terms, and nursing Define scientific terms, and nursing processprocess

Sarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHISarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHI 22

processprocess

Discuss the steps of scientific method Discuss the steps of scientific method and nursing processand nursing process

Compare the scientific method and Compare the scientific method and nursing process nursing process

ScienceScienceIt is a process by which It is a process by which experimentation is used to answer experimentation is used to answer questions. questions.

It is the systematic observation of It is the systematic observation of

Sarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHISarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHI 33

It is the systematic observation of It is the systematic observation of natural phenomena for the purpose natural phenomena for the purpose of discovering laws governing those of discovering laws governing those phenomena. phenomena.

medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Definition+OF+Science

Scientific MethodScientific MethodA process of experimentation is A process of experimentation is called scientific method.called scientific method.

A procedure used by scientists to A procedure used by scientists to test hypotheses by making test hypotheses by making

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test hypotheses by making test hypotheses by making predictions about the outcome of an predictions about the outcome of an experiment before the experiment is experiment before the experiment is performed. The results provide performed. The results provide support or refutation of the support or refutation of the hypothesis. hypothesis.

Steps of Scientific MethodSteps of Scientific Method1.1. Observation Observation = Problem = Problem

2.2. Hypothesis Hypothesis

3.3. Experiment = Data Experiment = Data

4.4. Theory Theory

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4.4. Theory Theory

5.5. Principle / Law = Conclusion Principle / Law = Conclusion

Problem Problem A difficult question or situation with A difficult question or situation with an unknown or unclear answer. an unknown or unclear answer.

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Hypothesis Hypothesis A statement that explains or makes A statement that explains or makes generalizations about a set of facts generalizations about a set of facts or principles, usually forming a basis or principles, usually forming a basis for possible experiments to confirm for possible experiments to confirm

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for possible experiments to confirm for possible experiments to confirm its viability. its viability.

Experiment Experiment An operation or procedure carried An operation or procedure carried out under controlled conditions in out under controlled conditions in order to discover an unknown effect order to discover an unknown effect or law, to test or establish a or law, to test or establish a

Sarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHISarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHI 88

or law, to test or establish a or law, to test or establish a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known hypothesis, or to illustrate a known law. law.

Theory Theory A theory is an explanation or model A theory is an explanation or model based on observation, based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning, experimentation, and reasoning, especially one that has been tested especially one that has been tested

Sarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHISarfraz Masih,Principal, KKCON, KARACHI 99

especially one that has been tested especially one that has been tested and confirmed as a general principle and confirmed as a general principle helping to explain and predict natural helping to explain and predict natural phenomena. phenomena.

Principle / LawPrinciple / LawA basic generalization that is A basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or used as a basis for reasoning or conduct; “their principles of conduct; “their principles of

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conduct; “their principles of conduct; “their principles of composition characterized all their composition characterized all their works”. works”.

Nursing Process Nursing Process A organizational framework for he A organizational framework for he practice of nursingpractice of nursing

––Orderly, systematic Orderly, systematic

––Central to all nursing care Central to all nursing care

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––Central to all nursing care Central to all nursing care

––Encompasses all steps taken by the Encompasses all steps taken by the nurse in caring for a patient. nurse in caring for a patient.

Steps of Nursing Steps of Nursing ProcessProcess

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Comparison Between Comparison Between

Scientific Method Scientific Method

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Scientific Method Scientific Method

& &

Nursing ProcessNursing Process

Similarities Between Scientific Similarities Between Scientific Method & Nursing Process Method & Nursing Process

Scientific MethodScientific Method Nursing ProcessNursing Process

Observation Observation Assessment Assessment

Hypothesis Hypothesis Nursing diagnosis Nursing diagnosis

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Hypothesis Hypothesis Nursing diagnosis Nursing diagnosis

ExperimentExperiment Planning Planning

Theory Theory Implementation Implementation

Principle / LawPrinciple / Law Evaluation Evaluation

Differences Between Scientific Differences Between Scientific Method & Nursing Process Method & Nursing Process

Scientific MethodScientific Method Nursing ProcessNursing Process

Problem oriented Problem oriented Client oriented Client oriented

Continuing of steps Continuing of steps Continues of care Continues of care

No prioritization of No prioritization of Prioritization of Prioritization of

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No prioritization of No prioritization of problem problem

Prioritization of Prioritization of nursing diagnoses nursing diagnoses

Usually controlled Usually controlled environment environment

Usually no controlled Usually no controlled environmentenvironment

Confirmation or Confirmation or refutation of refutation of hypothesis hypothesis

Evaluation of the goals Evaluation of the goals

Summarization Summarization

Who is going to summarize the Who is going to summarize the session?session?

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session?session?

Any More …Any More …

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