section 3: the enlightenment spreads. a world of ideas intellectual life in paris –paris becomes...

Section 3:Section 3:The Enlightenment The Enlightenment

SpreadsSpreads

A World of IdeasA World of Ideas• Intellectual Life in Paris

– Paris becomes center of the Enlightenment during the 1700s

– City is home to salons – gatherings where thinkers discuss ideas

Other Female Salons►Wealthy Jewish women created nine

of the fourteen salons in Berlin.

►In Warsaw, Princess Zofia Czartoryska gathered around her the reform leaders of Poland-Lithuania.

►Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.

A Parisian Salon

Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

The Salonnieres

Madame GeoffrinMadame Geoffrin(1699-1777)(1699-1777)

MademoiselleMademoiselleJulie de LespinasseJulie de Lespinasse

(1732*-1776)(1732*-1776)

MadameMadameSuzanne NeckerSuzanne Necker

(1739-1794)(1739-1794)

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• French philosophe Denis Diderot

begins publishing Encyclopedia in 1751– Set of books to which Enlightenment

thinkers contribute essays• Encyclopedia articles anger French

government, Catholic Church• Encyclopedia helps spread

Enlightenment ideas across Europe

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia• It was intended to question

everything: that almost anything could be understood through reason

• Subject matter covered politics, religion, arts, science

• Its articles attacked religious intolerance, political corruption and inequality

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia

• Reactions to it:– Government and Church saw it as

a threat– Government had it censored and

halted production– The Pope pronounced

excommunication on those who read or bought it

Diderot’s Encyclopédie

The Encyclopédie

► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...…change the general way of thinking.

► 28 volumes.

► Alphabetical, cross-referenced,illustrated.

► First published in 1751.

► 1500 livres a set.

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Reading During the Enlightenment

►Literacy: 80% for men; 60% for women.

► Books were expensive (one day’s wages).

►Many readers for each book (20 : 1) novels, plays & other literature.

journals, memoirs, “private lives.”

philosophy, history, theology.

newspapers, political pamphlets.

An Increase in Reading

An Increase in Reading

“Must Read” Books of the Time

New Artistic StylesNew Artistic Styles• Neoclassical Style Emerges

– Pre-Enlightenment style is baroque – grand ornate design

– Enlightenment style is neoclassical, based on Greek/Roman themes

Baroque MusicBaroque Music

• Representative Composers–Antonio Vivaldi– Johann Sebastian Bach–George Friedrich Handel

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)• Representative

Works– Most famous work

Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723.

– 46 operas– 76 sonatas– Chamber music– Sacred music

Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)(1685-1750)

• Representative Works– cantatas– chorales– organ works– lute music– chamber music– canons and fugues

• Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

George Frederick Handel George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)(1685-1759)

• Representative Works– 42 operas– 29 oratorios– 120 cantatas, trios, duets– numerous arias– chamber music

• Most famous work:Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

Changes in Music and LiteratureChanges in Music and Literature

• Classical music emerges; lighter, more elegant than earlier style– Led by composers such as Haydn,

Mozart, Beethoven• Novel emerges; works of fiction with

detailed plots and characters• Samuel Richard’s Pamela is

considered first true English novel– Focused on family life and everyday

problems of love, marriage, and morality

Classical MusicClassical Music

• Representative Composers– Joseph Haydn–Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart–Ludwig van Beethoven

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)• Known as “Father of the

Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet”

• Representative Works

– 104 Symphonies– numerous

concertos for various instruments

– 15 operas– other music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)(1756-1791)

• Representative works– 23 operas– numerous

symphonies• “Toy Symphony”

– concertos• “Flute concerto no. 2 in

D Major, K 314”

– piano music– chamber music– sacred music

• masses

Ludwig van BeethovenLudwig van Beethoven• Representative

Works– Symphonies (5th

and 9th probably the most famous)

– Piano music• “Fur Elise”

– Vocal music• Operas• Choral music

Enlightenment and Enlightenment and MonarchyMonarchy

• Enlightened despots– Monarchs that embrace Enlightenment

values to strengthen their rule

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great

– Frederick II, king of Prussia, reforms education and the justice system

– Grants religious freedom, abolishes torture, fails to end serfdom

Joseph IIJoseph II

• Joseph II of Austria allows freedoms of worship and the press

• Abolishes serfdom, but the practice is reinstated after his death

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great

• Enlightened ruler of Russia 1762-1796

• Seeks to abolish capital punishment and torture, but effort fails

• Responds to peasant revolt by giving nobles more power over serfs

Catherine Expands RussiaCatherine Expands Russia• In foreign affairs, Catherine

successfully expands Russian empire• Gains port access for Russia by

seizing northern coast of Black Sea• Seizes large parts of Poland,

increasing Russia’s size