similarities&differences2
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Similarities and Differences
• Comparing
• Classifying
• Creating Metaphors
• Creating Analogies
McREL’s Strategies
Marzano (1998) analyzed selected research studies on instructional strategies that could be used by teachers in K-12 classrooms.
Category Average Effect size (ES)
Percentile Gain
Number of Effect Sizes
Identifying similarities and differences
1.61 45 31
Summarizing and note taking
1.00 34 179
Reinforcing effort and providing recognition
.80 29 21
Homework and Practice .77 28 134
Nonlinguistic representation
.75 27 246
Cooperative learning .73 27 122
Setting objectives and providing feedback
.61 23 408
Generating and testing hypotheses
.61 23 63
Questions, cues, and advance organizers
.59 22 1,251
Comparingpp. 11 &14
Examine how things are alike and different based on common characteristics.
Recommendations for practice:
1.Give students a model for the process
Recommendations for practice:
2. Use familiar content to teach students the steps for comparing.
Recommendations for practice:
3. Give students graphic organizers for comparing
?
x
y
z
Purpose: to compare and contrast __________ and
____________
How are they most alike?___________________________
What is the greatest difference between them?
_________________________________________
Compare Two Sources:Compare Two Sources:
A. How is what Talmadge wrote like the painting? How is it different?
B. Identify each as a primary or secondary source. Explain the reasons for your choices.
“Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed.”
-Benjamin Talmadge
Classifying pp. 23-25
Consider how items are similar and different then group using similarities to define categories.
Metaphorspg. 34
Definition:
Figure of speech in which a word or phrase that literally denotes one object or ideas is used with or in place of another object or idea, to suggest a likeness between them.
is
Why Metaphors?
Think about a time when you used a metaphor to explain something that was otherwise difficult to explain.
Metaphors
• War is hell.• Love is a rose.• My brother is a killer whale.• No man is an island.
The pen is mightier than the sword
Graphic Organizer for Metaphors
War
Noun
Characteristics
Noun
Characteristics
Relationships
is hell.
Metaphors versus Similes
A metaphor states the comparison directly using “is”, for example, “He is a rock.”
A simile states the comparison using “like” and “as”, for example, “The stars were like jewels in the sky.”
Metaphors
1. A circle is____________.
2. A dandelion is _____________.
3. The internet is _____________.
4. The cafeteria is ____________ .
5. Love is ____________.
6. A school is ___________.
Metaphors (continued)
7. An airport is ____________.
8. A dictator is _____________.
9. My spouse is _____________.
10. A flute is ____________ .
11. A book is ____________.
Metaphor Websites
• http://www.sil.org/lingualLinks/lexicon/MetaphorsInEnglish/Index.htm
• http://www.stuntmonkey.com/metaphor/
• http://therussler.tripod.com/dtps/mixed_metaphors.html
Assessment:
No man is an island. In this metaphor, why is a
man compared to an island?a. Man is stronger than a lion.b. Man needs others to survive.c. Man has no feelings to share.d. Man is smaller than the
world.
Creating Analogies
• Involves relationships between pairs of elements
• Looking for similarities between pairs of elements
Ruler: length :: measuring cup: __??___
Creating Analogies
Analogies: It’s All About Relationships!
• help us make connections between things that are different;
• help explain an unfamiliar concept by making a comparison to something we understand;
• most complex format for identifying similarities and differences.
Graphic Organizer for Analogies
Relationship:
is to
is to
Number of casualties in Vietnam War= 50,000
How to make this number real to students?
Coors fieldseats
Vietnam Warcasualties
Relationship:
is to
is to
Creating Analogies: Type 1
George Bush: the US :: Tony Blair: Great Britain
RELATIONSHIP:__________________________
Teacher Directed—students must explain the relationship
Creating Analogies: Type 2
Mitt Romney:MA :: _________: FL
RELATIONSHIP:__________________________
Teacher Directed—Present students with one missing element; students must
explain the relationship
Creating Analogies: Type 3
Happy: Sad:: _________: ________
RELATIONSHIP:__________________________
Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the
relationship
Creating Analogies: Type 4
Doctor: _______:: _________: ________
RELATIONSHIP:__________________________
Student Directed—Students must provide more elements and explain the
relationship
Creating Analogies: Type 5
______: _______:: _________: ________
RELATIONSHIP:__________________________
Student Directed—Students must provide all elements and explain the relationship
Web sites for Analogies
• http://www.teachersdesk.org/vocabanal.htmlcard game
• http://www.infoplease.com/spot/analogy.htmlexplanation, examples, analogy of the day
• http://www.factmonster.com/analogies?month=Nov&day=30 analogy of the day
• http://www.wordmasterschallenge.com/more_samples.htm samples
• http://www.quia.com/cb/7146.html game, like Jeopardy
Similarities and Differences
• Comparing
• Classifying
• Creating Metaphors
• Creating Analogies
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