stem cells & engineering

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What are Stem Cells?

They can divide and make identical copies of

themselves: Self-Renewal

Remain Unspecialized with no ‘specific’ function

Differentiate to produce over 200 different types ofcells in the body.

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The Major Types of Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

From blastocysts

B. Adult Stem Cells

blood, bone marrow, liver, kidney, cornea, dental

pulp, umbilical cord, brain, skin, muscle,salivary gland . . . .

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Cloning

• What is cloning?• Asexual reproduction

• Examples?• Bacteria, fungus• Plants – cutting – potato• Farm animals

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Removing the maternal nucleus beforenuclear transfer

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• 2002 – Rabbits cloned

2003 – Mule cloned

“CC” Carbon Copy

2004 – Bull serial-cloned 2005 – Dog cloned

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Countries Human Embryo Cloning

(=creating embryo)

Use of Stem Cell

Lines

Use of Superfluous

Embryos

France, Spain Prohibited Authorized Authorized

Italy, Austria, Ireland Prohibited Prohibited Prohibited

U.K. Denmark Authorized Authorized Authorized

Israel, Sweden,Belgium, India

Prohibited Authorized Authorized

Germany Prohibited Authorized

(imported)

Authorized

U.S.A. Prohibited (public)

Free (private)

Authorized under

restricted condition(public)

Free (private)

Authorized

(in most states)

Canada Prohibited Under consideration Under consideration

Japan, Netherlands,Korea

Authorized Authorized Authorized

Australia Currently prohibitedbut underconsideration

Authorized Authorized

Summary of Policies Defined Around the World

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Cancer Stem Cells

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Cancer Stem Cells

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Why Make Recombinant DNA?

• Cure or treat disease

• Genetically modify our foods to increase

flavor, yield, nutritional value or shelf-life

• Better understand human genetics

• Clone cells or organs

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Cell SourceEmbryonic stem cells

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Progenitor cells

SignalsGrowth factors

DrugsMechanical forces

ECMMetals

CeramicsSynthetic polymersNatural polymers

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