the high middle ages 1000-1500. the crusades causes of the crusades – late 1000s seljuq turks...

THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

1000-1500

The Crusades

• Causes of the Crusades– Late 1000s Seljuq Turks (muslims)– Attack Constantinople– Control Holy Land (Jerusalem)• Pope Urban II asks for help• Military invasion to take back Jerusalem

The Crusades

The First Crusade

• 1096-1099– French/Italian armies– Capture Jerusalem

• Slaughter Jewish and Muslim people

Analyzing Primary Sources

• The population was put to the sword by the Franks [crusaders], who pillaged for a week. . . . the Franks slaughtered more than 70,000 people, among them a large number of Imams and Muslim scholars who had left their homelands to live in the pious seclusion of the Holy Place."

• —Ibn al-Athir, quoted in Michael Foss, People of the First Crusade

• "The Jews [who lived in Jerusalem and who had been trapped by the crusaders' siege of the city] had gathered in their synagogue and the Franks burnt them alive. They also destroyed monuments of saints and the tomb of Abraham, may peace be upon him."

• —Ibn al-Qalanisi, quoted in Michael Foss, People of the First Crusade

Identifying Bias How might a crusader's description of the attack and capture of Jerusalem differ from those of the Muslim writers Ibn al-Athir and Ibn al-Qalanisi?

Other Major Crusades

• Second Crusade• 1147-1149• Louis VII –Fr• Conrad III– Ger– Failed

• 1149 returned to EurThe Major Crusades, 1096–1204

Other Major Crusades

• Third Crusade• 1189-1192– Saladin (muslim)

controls Jerusalem 1147

• Barbarossa--HRE• Phillip II--Fr• Richard I – Eng• Failed – Ended in a truce

Other Major Crusades

• Fourth Crusade• 1202-1204• Pope Innocent III– French knights

• 1204 Crusaders attack Constantinople

• Never made it to Holy Land

The Major Crusades, 1096–1204

Other Major Crusades

• Children’s Crusade• 1212 Army of children• Failed • Sold into slavery

The Major Crusades, 1096–1204

Results of the Crusades

Crusader States from 1098

Results of the Crusades

• Weapons and Warfare– Crossbows

• Political Changes– Fewer lords – Kings grow stronger

Results of the Crusades

• Ideas and Trade• Cultural diffusion– Religion– Foods– language

The Revival of Trade

Trade Routes

• Trade in Italy– City states• Pisa• Genoa• Venice

Trade Routes

• Trade in in N. Eur.– Kiev• Viking traders• Major trading center

– Flanders• Belgium • France• Netherlands

Trade Routes

• The Hanseatic League– German cities on the Northern and Baltic Seas• Bremen , Hamburg, Lubeck• Strict rules

– 100 Cities– Weak German gov’t.

Trade Goods and Markets

• Goods from around the world– Exotic

• Trade fairs• Barter economy– Goods and services exchanged for other goods

and services• No money at first

Champagne Trade Fairs

Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment

Wool trade, multiple spinning bobbins, Isaac Claes Swanenburgh, 1614-1638, London History Museum, tec01011, copyright Kathleen Cohen.

Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment

• Manufacturing– Domestic system• In workers home

Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment

• Banking– Money exchange at fairs– Lending money• Gov’t borrow money to finance activities• Jews became main money lenders

– Excluded from property ownership– Excluded from guilds– Christians didn’t allow usury

» Charging interest on loans

Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment

• Investing– Late Middle ages– Put up capitol • Shared in costs and risk

– Beginning of market economy

The Growth of Towns

The Growth of Towns

• Rights of Town People• Freedom. Anyone who lived in a town for a year and a day

became free. This included serfs who escaped from a manor to a town.

• Exemption. Townspeople won the right of being exempt, or free, from ever having to work on the manor.

• Town justice. Towns had their own courts. Leading citizens tried cases that involved townspeople.

• Commercial privileges. Townspeople could sell goods freely in the town market. They could also charge tolls to outsiders who wanted to trade there.

The Growth of Towns

• Guilds—workers and merchants unite– Merchants• Merchant guild • Sole right to trade

The Growth of Towns

• Workers– Skilled workers

• Craft guilds

– Master– Apprentice– Journeyman

This illustration from about 1480 depicts medieval craft workers at their trades: an apprentice grinding colors (bottom left), a fresco painter (top), and a chest painter (bottom right).

The Growth of Towns

• Rise of the Middle Class– Guilds create middle class• King• Nobles• Middle class• Unskilled workers• serfs

The Growth of Towns

• Medieval towns– Fewer than 2000 people on avg.– Some were larger• Paris 150000• London, Ghent, Bruges 40,000

The Growth of Towns

THE BLACK DEATH

The Growth of Towns

• The Black Death (Black Plague)– 1347-1352– Disease – Carried by the fleas on rats– Fatal• 1/3 of all of Europe died

– 25 million

The Growth of Towns

• They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in . . . ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. And I buried my five children with my own hands."

• —Angolo di Tura, quoted in The Black Death, by Robert S. Gottfried

The Growth of Towns

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Language and Literature– Latin spoken by the educated– Common people spoke in the vernacular• Everyday language

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Early Vernacular Literature– Troubadours• Romance and fictional stories

– French fabliaux• Short comic stories

– National Epic• Song of Roland c. 1100

– Drama developes

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• "Roland with pain and anguish windsHis Olifant [horn], and blows with all his might.Blood from his mouth comes spurting scarlet-bright.He's burst the veins of his temples outright.From hand and horn the call goes shrilling high:King Carlon [Charlemagne] hears it who through the passes rides . . .Quoth Charles: 'I hear the horn of Roland cry!He'd never sound it but in the thick of fight.'"

• —From The Song of Roland

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• The Flowering of Vernacular Literature• Dante Alighieri– Tuscany Italy 1265– Wrote The Divine Comedy• Imaginary journey • Political satire

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Geoffrey Chaucer– England 1340– Parliament 1386– Wrote the Canterbury Tales• 30 pilgrims on the road to Canterbury

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Education– Monasteries and Churches

• Teachers and Students form guilds– Universitas latin meaning assoc . of people– Between 1000-late 1200s• 4 major universities

– Paris– Oxford– Bologna– Salerno

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Philosophy and Science– Philosophy• Scholasticism brings faith and reason together• Peter Abelard prof. in Paris c. 1100

– Wrote Sic et Non

• Thomas Aquinas– Dominican monk– Wrote Summa Theologiae

» Summarized medieval Christian thought

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Science– Not much happened– Mathematics – optics

Life and Culture in the Middle Ages

• Architecture– Main art form– Mid 1100s builders dev. Gothic Style– Built great cathedrals

Wars and the Growth of Nations

ENGLAND

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• The Hundred Years War

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• The Hundred years war 1337-1453– 1328 Edward III (Eng.) claims French throne• France chooses Philip IV

– 1337 Edward invades France– 1415 Battle of Agincourt• English longbow

– 1453 French drive the English out– Parliament gains power

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• The War of the Roses 1455-1485– War for English throne– House of York • White Rose

– House of Lancaster• Red rose

– Henry Tudor wins 1485• House of Lancaster

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• France

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• France– During the 100 Years War – House of Burgundy (Fr.) sides with Eng. Against

House of Orleans (Fr.)• Keeps France divided• 1429 with help from Joan of Arc

– Charles VII of Orleans crowned

Wars and the Growth of NationsJoan of Arc (1412–1431)Patron saint of FranceJoan of Arc was born into a peasant family in Domremy, France. At the age of 13, she began having visions and heard voices that she believed belonged to St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. In 1429, during the Hundred Years War (1337–1453), the voices instructed her to take arms against the English, who were fighting with the French. She persuaded Charles, the heir to the French throne, and his theologians to permit her to fight. Charles had not yet been crowned because of the war and political strife within France. Joan led the French to victory, which enabled Charles to be crowned as King Charles VII. Thereafter, Charles opposed further fighting with England, but Joan continued. In 1430 she was captured by Burgundian soldiers who were allied with England. Joan was tried by as a heretic by a church-governed court. They charged her with heresy because she believed she was commanded directly by God instead of the Catholic Church and because she dressed in masculine clothes. Joan was imprisoned for life. While in prison, she continued to wear masculine clothes. As a result, she was tried by a nonreligious court, found guilty, and sentenced to death. She was burned at the stake in 1431

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• A Return of Strong Kings– 100 Years War• French Estates General

– Controls finances and makes laws– Similar to Eng. Parliament

• French Estates General – 1st Estate—clergy– 2nd Estate –nobles– 3rd Estate—common people

• After the war loses power

Wars and the Growth of Nations

– 1461 Louis XI makes monarchy stronger• Harsh/efficient gov’t.• High taxes• Seized lands from House of Burgundy• United France

Wars and the Growth of Nations

The Unification of Spain, 1479–1515

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• Spain– 1479 united under Ferdinand of Aragon and

Isabella of Castile– 1492 Spanish capture Granada from Moors

(muslims)– 1492 order all jews to convert or leave Spain• Gave moors the same choice

– 1515 adds kingdom of Navarre

Wars and the Growth of Nations

Map of Europe, c. 1500

Wars and the Growth of Nations

• Holy Roman Empire– Many German States and Pope elect emperor– 1356 Charles IV rules• 7 electors

– 3 archbishops– 4 German princes

– Little power• lots of prestige

Wars and the Growth of Nations

– 1273 Habsburg emperor• By 1400s very powerful• Maximilian I by marriage adds

– Netherlands– Luxembourg– Burgundy

• Son Philip by marriage adds – Part of Spain and Italy

Challenges to Church Power

• 1198-1216 Pope Innocent III– Church power at it greatest– Afterwards power declines

Challenges to Church Power

• 1294 conflict between Pope and Monarch– Philip IV (Fr.) orders clergy to pay taxes– Pope Boniface VIII decrees pope has power over

kings– Philip has 1st meeting of Estates Gen.• Has pope arrested

Challenges to Church Power

• The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism– Philip has French Bishop elect Pope– Clement V • 1309 moves HQ to Avignon France• Next 6 popes were Fr.• 1309-1377

Challenges to Church Power

– 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome– 1378 Gregory dies• Cardinals elect Italian pope• Later elect French pope

– Moves to Avignon– Until 1417 Sometimes 2 or 3 popes at once– The Great Schism

• 1414 Council of Constance end Schism

Challenges to Church Power

• More Problems For the Church– John Wycliffe late 1300s• Priest and teacher at Oxford University• Attacked immorality of the church• People can read the Bible and interpret scripture• Accused of heresy• Forced to retire

Challenges to Church Power

– Jan Hus• Teacher at University of Prague• Read John Wycliffe• Angered church• Excommunicated• 1414 burned at the stake

Challenges to Church Power

Challenges to Church Power