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Chemistry of Living Things The stuff of life
Elements: pure substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by ordinary means Ex: foil wrap, bulb filament, diamond
Compounds: two or more elements that are chemically joined together Ex: water (hydrogen and oxygen), table salt
(sodium and chlorine)
Chemistry of Living Things Inorganic
Compounds Compounds that
may or may not contain the element carbon
Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon Ex: ammonia, rust,
water Carbon dioxide is an
exception
Chemistry of Living Things Organic Compounds
A compound found in living things that contains carbon
The carbon usually combines with other elements such as oxygen and hydrogen Organic refers to life
Chemistry of Living Things Organic compounds that are basic to life:
Carbohydrates Fats and oils Proteins Enzymes Nucleic acids
Chemistry of Living Things Carbohydrates
The main source of energy for living things Made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen Ex: sugar, starch Many fruits are high in sugar; potatoes, rice,
noodles, and bread are common sources of starch
Chemistry of Living Things Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are broken down inside the body into a simple sugar called glucose
The body uses glucose to produce the energy needed for life activities
If an organism has more sugar than it needs to meet its energy requirements, the excess is stored as starch for later use Starch = a stored form of energy
Chemistry of Living Things Fats and Oils
Energy rich compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids = scientific term for fats and oils
Fats- solid at room temperature
Oil- liquid at room temperature
Chemistry of Living Things Proteins
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorous
Sources= eggs, meat, fish, beans, nuts, poultry
Chemistry of Living Things Proteins
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids
About 20 different amino acids that combine in many different ways to form thousands of different proteins
Proteins perform many jobs Ex: growth and repair, build body parts such as
hair and muscles, provide energy, carry oxygen throughout the body, and some make chemical substances that regulate body activities
Chemistry of Living Things Proteins – Enzymes
Special type of protein that regulates chemical activities in the body
Act as catalysts Speeds up or slows
down chemical reactions
Without enzymes, metabolism would not take place
Chemistry of Living Things Nucleic acids
Organic chemicals Very large compounds Store information that
helps the body make the proteins it needs
Control the way amino acids are put together so the correct protein is formed
“Blueprints” of life
Chemistry of Living Things Nucleic acids
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Stores the information needed to build a protein Carries “messages” about an organism that are
passed from parent to offspring
RNA – ribonucleic acid “Reads” the message carried by the DNA Guides the protein-making process
Chemistry of Living Things Nucleic acids
DNA RNA Together contain the
information and carry out the steps that make each organism what it is
Chemistry of Living Things Review
Most inorganic compounds do not contain the element carbon
Organic compounds do contain carbon The organic compounds important to life are
carbohydrates, fats and oils, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids
Chemistry of Living Things Review
DNA and RNA are the nucleic acids that carry information that controls the building of proteins
DNA also is considered the “blueprint” for life as it directs the development of an organism’s offspring
The Cell The Cell Theory
1665- Cells first observed by Robert Hooke Around the same time, Anton van
Leeuwenhoek was observing materials such as blood, rainwater, and scrapings from his teeth He saw living cells in each material He called these things “animalcules” The smallest animalcules he observed were
bacteria
The Cell Over the next 200 years…
German botanist Matthias Schleiden discovered that all plant parts he examined were made of cells
German zoologist Theodor Schwann made similar observations about animal parts
German physicist Rudolph Virchow discovered that all living cells come only from other living cells
The Cell The Cell Theory
Developed from the work of these and others
All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things Living cells come only from other living cells
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells are much
too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope One exception is the
yolk of an egg, which is large single cell
Within cells are even smaller structures called organelles
Structures and Functions of Cells Structures within a cell
Function in providing protection and support, forming a barrier between the cell and its environment, building and repairing cell parts, transporting materials,storing and releasing energy, getting rid of waste materials, and increasing in number
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share similar characteristics
Cell Membrane In a plant cell, just inside the cell wall In an animal cell, forms the outer covering of the
cell Provides protection and support for the cell Animal cell membranes contain cholesterol which
strengthen it Controls movement of materials into and out of
the cell
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share similar characteristics
Nucleus The control center of the cell Acts as the brain of the cell, regulating all of the
activities of the cell
Nuclear membrane Allows materials to pass into or out of the nucleus
through pores
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share similar characteristics
Chromosomes Rodlike objects in nucleus Control activities of the cell including growth and
reproduction Responsible for passing on the traits of the cell to
new cells Made up of large, complex compounds called
nucleic acids
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share similar characteristics
Nucleic acids The two nucleic acids found in cells are DNA and
RNA Work together; store the information and carry out
the steps in the protein-making process DNA remains in the nucleus RNA carries its protein-building instructions and
leaves the nucleus
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share
similar characteristics Nucleolus
“little nucleus”
Believed to be the site of ribosome production
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share
similar characteristics Cytoplasm
Clear, thick, jellylike substance found between the nucleus and the cell membrane
Constantly moving, streaming throughout the cell
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share
similar characteristics Endoplasmic
reticulum Clear, tubular
passageways Transportation
system Carries proteins from
one part of the cell to another
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share
similar characteristics Ribosomes
Grainlike bodies Produced in
nucleolus Some attach to ER;
some float freely in cytoplasm
Primarily RNA Protein-making sites
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share similar characteristics
Ribosomes The RNA in the ribosomes along with the RNA
sent out from the nucleus directs the production of proteins
Many ribosomes are found in the endoplasmic reticulum
Once they have made the protein needed by the cell they can immediately drop them off into the passageways of the endoplasmic reticulum for transportation
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share
similar characteristics Mitochondria
Supply most of the energy for the cell
The “powerhouse” of the cell
Breaks down sugar into water and carbon dioxide gas, releasing large amounts of energy
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share
similar characteristics Mitochondria
The more active the cell, the more mitochondria it has
Have small amount of their own DNA
Once living organisms?
Can self-replicate
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share similar characteristics
Vacuole Storage tank Can store food, water, or other materials needed
by the cell Can also store waste products Some animal cells have a few small ones Plant cells often have one large one
In a plant, the water storage area
Structures and Functions of Cells Most cells share similar characteristics
Lysosomes Common in animal cells Not often observed in plant cells Contain enzymes to break down large food
molecules which then get passed on to the mitochondria
Digest old cell parts “Garbage crew” of the cell
Structures and Functions of Cells Organelles found in
plant cells only Chloroplasts
Large, irregularly shaped green structures
Contain green pigment chlorophyll
Captures energy of sunlight to use in photosynthesis
Structures and Functions of Cells Organelles found in plant
cells only Cell wall
Strong and stiff Made of cellulose, a
nonliving material Rigid cell wall helps to
protect and support the plant
Allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain dissolved materials to pass into and out of the cell
Review Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden,
Schwann, and Virchow were scientists who contributed to the development of the cell theory
Cell Theory All living things are made of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and
function of all living things Living cells come only from other living cells
Review Cell wall-structure and support to plants Cell membrane-regulates what goes in/out Nucleus-control center Chromosomes-contain instructions for cell Endoplasmic reticulum-transportation Ribosomes-make protein Mitochondria-powerhouse of cell Vacuoles-storage tanks of cell Lysosomes-clean-up crew of cell Chloroplasts-capture energy of sun
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