i. elements & atoms: element = a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances...
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ELEMENTS AND
ATOMS
Basic Chemistry:
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I. ELEMENTS & ATOMS: Element = A substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler substancesPeriodic Table
○1-92 occur in nature (natural elements)
○93 and above are synthetic (man-made)
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Natural elements25 are essential to living thingsCarbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen
(O), Nitrogen (N), make up 96% of
human mass
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Trace elementsFound in very small amounts but are essential to proper cellular activitiesEx: iron, magnesium, iodine
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ATOMS = Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element
Nitrogen Atom
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3 Subatomic particles make up an atom:
1. Protons (P) = positively charged particles
2. Neutrons (N) = no charge (neutral)
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3 Subatomic particles make up an atom:
3. Electrons (e-) = (negative charge) move nearly the speed of light form a cloud around the nucleus
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2 parts of an atom:1. Nucleus = Center of atom; contains
protons & neutrons
2. Electron cloud/energy levels – around the nucleus
Nitrogen Atom
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Atoms contain an equal number of protons and electrons so the overall charge of an atom is zero.
Oxygen Atom
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II. ISOTOPES: Isotopes = Atoms of the same
element that have different numbers of neutrons
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II. ISOTOPES:Named by their mass numbers○C-12 = (6 N + 6 P)○C-13 = (7 N + 6 P)○C-14= (8 N + 6 P) Radioactive (nuclei break apart)Used in the medical field
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III.ATOMIC NUMBER & MASS NUMBER:
Atomic Number = number of protons and/or electrons of an atomEx: Na-23 contains 11 electrons and 11 protons
Mass Number = the sum of protons and neutrons of an atomMass Number = # of protons (P) + # of neutrons (N)
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IV.ENERGY LEVELS & DIAGRAMING ATOMS:
Energy levels = regions around the nucleus that electrons travel1st energy level can ONLY have 2 electrons
○Except Hydrogen; it has only 1 e-
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Octet Rule = Each energy level AFTER the first can have up to 8 electrons
IV.ENERGY LEVELS & DIAGRAMING ATOMS:
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What atom is represented in this picture?
How do you know?
Sodium (Na)
Sodium’s atomic number is 11 so it has 11 e-
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Ex: Helium (He)Atomic # = 2; Mass # = 3
2P1N
2e-
Nucleus
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Ex: Chlorine (Cl)Atomic # = 17; Mass # = 35
17 P18 N 2e-
8e-
7e-
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Ex: Carbon (C)Atomic # = 6; Mass # = 14
2e-
4e-
6P8N