minerals are made up of single elements or compounds elements a substance that cannot be broken down...
TRANSCRIPT
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MINERALS ARE MADE UP OF SINGLE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS
ELEMENTS A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN TO ANY SIMPLER SUBSTANCE
EIGHT MOST COMMON ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST:
1.) OXYGEN 46% 3-8.)THE REMAINING 25% IS
COMPOSED OF Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg
2.) SILICON 29%
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A MINERAL IS:
1.) NATURALLY OCCURRING
2.) DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
3.) INORGANIC SOLID
4.) CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
5.) DEFINITE SET OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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FAMILIES OF MINERALS
Native Minerals ARE COMPOSED OF SINGLE ELEMENTS.
Au (aurum) GOLD
Ag (argentium) SILVER
Cu (cuprum) COPPER
S SULFUR
C GRAPHITE OR DIAMOND
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MOST MINERALS ARE COMPOSED OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS
HALITE (NaCl)
QUARTZ (SiO2)
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• OXYGEN AND SILICON COMBINE READILY WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH OTHER ELEMENTS TO FORM THIS FAMILY OF MINERALS
• MOST COMMON FAMILY OF MINERALS AND MAKE UP OVER 90% OF ALL MINERALS
• THIS IS BECAUSE OXYGEN AND SILICON ARE THE MOST COMMON ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST
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* ANY MINERAL WHICH IS A SILICATE MUST CONTAIN Si (SILICON) AND O (OXYGEN) IN THEIR CHEMICAL FORMULA
NOW CIRCLE ALL OF THE MINERALS ON YOUR NOTESHEET WHICH ARE SILICATES
ORTHOCLASE AUGITE
QUARTZ OLIVINE
BIOTITE
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THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS ARE A REFLECTIONOF THE INTERNAL ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR ATOMS
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LEAST USEFUL PROPERTY, CHANGE IN THE CHEMICAL FORMULA WILL VARY THE COLOR OF THE MINERAL. (QUARTZ)
SiO2
ROSE QUARTZCONTAINS TITANIUM OXIDE AND MANGANESE
OXIDE TO MAKE A ROSE COLOR CRYSTAL QUARTZ
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METALLIC- LOOKS LIKE METAL IN THE WAY THE MINERAL REFLECTS LIGHT (GALENA OR PYRITE)
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NON-METALLIC- DOES NOT LOOK LIKE POLISHED METAL, SO OTHER TERMS ARE USED
VITREOUS- SHINY, GLASSLIKE (QUARTZ)
• PEARLY LOOKS LIKE PEARLS WHEN LIGHT IS REFLECTED OFF OF THE SURFACE (OPAL)
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EARTHY- NO SHINE AT ALL (BAUXITE)
ADAMANTINE- BRILLIANT GLOW, BEAM OF LIGHT AT A CERTAIN ANGLE (DIAMOND)
WAXY- DULL SHINE LIKE CANDLE WAX (SULFUR, OLIVINE)
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THE COLOR OF A MINERALS POWDER
RUB THE MINERAL AGAINST A STREAK PLATE AND OBSERVE THE POWDER’S COLOR
HOW DO YOU FIND THE STREAK COLOR OF A MINERAL?
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CLEAVAGE- TENDENCY OF A MINERAL TO SEPARATE ALONG PLANES OF WEAKNESS
ONE PLANE OF WEAKNESS BASAL CLEAVAGE (MICA)
TWO PLANES OF CLEAVAGE AT 90* (ORTHOCLASE)
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THREE PLANES OF WEAKNESS AT 90* = CUBIC (HALITE)
THREE PLANES NOT AT 90* = RHOMBOHEDRAL (CALCITE)
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FRACTURE- NO PLANES OF WEAKNESS SO THE MINERAL BREAKS ALONG IRREGULAR SURFACES
CONCHOIDAL- SURFACES ARE SOMEWHAT ROUNDED, SHELL-LIKE (QUARTZ)
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UNEVEN- ROUGH SURFACE, NO DISTINGUISHABLE PATTERN
FIBROUS- JAGGED SURFACE LIKE FIBERS (WOLLASTONITE)
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RESISTANCE TO BE SCRATCHED; IS VERY USEFUL SINCE A MINERAL’S HARDNESS IS CONSTANT
• SCALE TO MEASURE HARDNESS WAS DEVELOPED BY FRIEDRICH MOH IN 1812
• HARDNESS IS MEASURED ON A SCALE FROM 1 BEING THE LOWEST TO 10 BEING THE HIGHEST.
• TO DETERMINE THE HARDNESS OF A MINERAL YOU MUST TRY TO SCRATCH THE MINERAL AGAINST A GLASS PLATE
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FINGERNAIL IS A 2.5
GLASS IS A 5.5
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TALC TALCUM POWDER, BABY POWDER
GYPSUM BUILDING MATERIALS (SHEETROCK)
CALCITE CEMENTS
FLUORITE TOOTHPASTE
APATITE FERTILIZER
FELDSPAR FLOOR TILES
QUARTZ WATCHES, ABRASIVES
TOPAZ GEMSTONES (EMERALD)
CORUNDUM GEMSTONES (RUBY & SAPHIRE)
DIAMOND SAW BLADES, “AGIRL’S BEST FRIEND”
MINERAL NAME TYPICAL USES