the solution to global warming is to change the way we do
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11
John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPATecEco Managing Director
The Solution to Global Warming is to Change the Way we do Things.Why?
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22
The Atmosphere
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Yrs
CFC CO2 CH4 PCBs SO2 Water PM10
Emission
Lifetime in Atmosphere
High Low
Source: Sam Nelson Greenbase
Source: IPCC
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmosphere 17 Feb 08
Even if the annual flow of emissions was frozen today, the level of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere would still reach double its pre-industrial levels by 2050. In fact, emissions are increasing rapidly and the level of 550 ppm could be reached as early as 2035.
Stern review Executive Summary Page 3 para 6
The Challenge is to Keep the Atmosphere Stable. To do this we must take a long term view and engineer a new way for us to live.
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The Population Paradox
33
Developed Countries
Undeveloped Countries
Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet are continuing to rise strongly.
?
?
A Planet in Crisis
Dem
ogra
phic E
xplo
sion
=>
The paradox: Affluence = Population Control
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44
CO2 in the AtmosphereGigaton CO2
Year
BAUEmissions
?
?
450 ppm
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Correlation CO2 and Temperature
55
Reducing emissions will be difficult because of the correlation between energy and fossil fuels. Even if emissions reductions were to succeed we must still get the CO2 out of the air.
Source of graphic: Hansen, J et. al. Climate Change and Trace GasesThe correlation between temperature and CO2 in the
atmosphere over the last 450,000 years is very good. All things being equal the simple answer is usually the right answer (Occam’s razor)
The best plan is a holistic one that reduces emissions and profitably balances the inevitable releases from our activities with massive sequestration.
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66
Balancing CO2 in the Atmosphere The problem is fundamentally one of CO2 balance,
not emissions There are two ways the CO2 in the atmosphere
can be balanced• By reducing emissions.• By using (sequestering) at least as much carbon as we
produce. Both strategies require
• technological change on a scale never before imagined.• A high long term high price for carbon to drive
investment that will result in this change.
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77
Where are We? The Kyoto Protocol
• A treaty intended to implement the objectives and principles agreed in the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• Requires governments to agree to quantified limits on their greenhouse gas emissions, through sequential rounds of negotiations for successive commitment periods.
• The Kyoto treaty is the result of political negotiation and diplomatic compromise and on the surface not a lot more than short term promises to reduce emissions that make politicians look good, but that their successors cannot possibly keep.
• The Kyoto treaty is not a viable strategy for survival in the future - A treaty agreeing to a long term plan is required.
Constraint• With lots of silly “targets” with no strategy for their achievement
Talk about Carbon Capture and Storage• Not a lot else
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88
We are Hooked On Fossil Fuel Energy
Emissions targets are unlikely to be met whilst fossil fuels remain
Assuming Kyoto commitments are met (which is unlikely) it is estimated that global emissions will be 41% higher in 2010 than in 1990 ( Ford, M., Matysek, A, Jakeman, G., Gurney, A & Fisher B. S. 2006, Perspectives on International Climate Change, paper presented at the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics society 50th Annual Conference). www.aares.info/files/2006_matysek.pdf.
A solution is needed of the utmost urgency to preserve history for many, many generations to come.
Sir Richard Branson at the launch of the Virgin Earth Prize
Gaia Engineering is the way to do so – John Harrison
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99
Fossil Fuels“Renewable energy growth is unlikely to even match the forecast growth for the overall electricity market”
"History shows that transforming the primary sources of energy require enormous investments in infrastructure and is likely to be a 100-year challenge“
“ExxonMobil's own research had shown that by 2030 fossil fuels would still supply about three-quarters of the world's total energy demand”
Exxon Mobil Australia chairman John Dashwood American Chamber of Commerce in Australia Business Luncheon 28 August, 2009
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1010
Global Primary Energy Consumption Fuel Mix
Source: Abare
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Oil will Decline
111111111111
Oil prices will naturally rise as demand outstrips supply.
Where is the R & D for oil replacement?
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Research and Development into Alternatives
1212
Composition of Australian Government energy research and development in 2002
There is not enough research into alternatives
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1313
The Correlation Between WIP and Emissions
World Industrial Product (deflated world `GDP' in real value - i.e. World physical production).
CO2 emissions (in CO2 mass units: Doubling time = 29 years. Data: CDIAC; statistics: GDI.
The correlation between the WIP and the CO2 emissions is very high.
Source: Di Fazio, Alberto, The fallacy of pure efficiency gain measures to control future climate change, Astronomical Observatory of Rome and the Global Dynamics Institute
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The Correlation Between WIP and Emissions
1414
The correlation between emissions and GDP is high because:• Fossil fuels supply >> 90% of the
world's energy. There is still a lot of coal left.
• Energy is used to produce goods (WIP).• Only in recent years
have we been seriously trying to improve efficiency (most of the Kyoto effort)
there has been a shift to services with lower CO2 intensity
Energy ~ Money ?
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1515
The Limits to Efficiency ImprovementsThere are may ways the second law of thermodynamics can be enunciated but relevant to us is Lord Kelvin’s version.
“It is impossible to convert heat completely into work”
Using Carnot’s law it is possible to calculate the theoretical maximum efficiency of any heat engine such as a power station turbine or engine of a car, bus or train. (Try the calculator at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html)
Most heat engines run at much lower efficiencies than the theoretical limit so there is still scope for improvements however the law of diminishing returns applies in terms of cost.
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1616
Efficiency Limitations to Emissions Reduction
Per capita emissions reduction through Pilzer 1st law substitution(Technology change = resource use change)
Rate of Per Capita Emissions Reduction
The Future2008
Per capita emissions reduction through thermodynamic efficiency
Total per capita emissions reduction
Conclusion: It is essential that R& D into substitution technologies occurs now in order to ramp up Pilzer first law substitution later and avoid thermodynamic constraints. This is not happening in Australia
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1717
Kyoto Strategies are Not Working
Assuming Kyoto commitments are met (which is unlikely) it is estimated that global emissions will be 41% higher in 2010 than in 1990, 1% less than without Kyoto.
A solution is needed of the utmost urgency to preserve history for many, many generations to come.
Sir Richard Branson at the launch of the Virgin Earth Prize
Ford M, Matyseka M, et al. (2006). Perspectives on international climate policy. Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society 50th Annual Conference, Sydney, ABARE. www.aares.info/files/2006_matysek.pdf.
“We are tracking on worst case scenarios.”Whetton, P, Leader, Climate Impacts & Risk Group, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Vic, Australia in presentation “Climate Change: What is the science telling us? “
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The Techno - Process
1818
Underlying the techno-process that describes and controls the flow of matter and energy through the supply and waste chains are molecular stocks and flows. If out of synch with earth systems these moleconomic flows have detrimental affects.
To reduce the impact on earth systems new technical paradigms need to be invented and cultural changes evolve that result in materials flows with underlying molecular flows that mimic or at least do not interfere with natural flows and that support rather than detrimentally impact on earth systems.
Detrimental affects on earth systems
Move 500-600 billion
tonnes
Use some 50 billion
tonnes
Take
Waste
Materials
Materials
I am contemplating profitable bottom up change of immense proportion and importance.
John Harrison, TecEco
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Detrimental Linkages of the Techno - Process
1919
Take manipulate and make impacts
End of lifecycle impacts
Greater Utility Less Utility
Materials are everything between the take and waste and affect earth system flows.
There is no such place as “away”
Use impacts.Materials are in
the Techno-Sphere Utility
zone
Detrimental Linkages that affect earth
system flows
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Moleconomic Flows
2020
Take → Manipulate → Make → Use → Waste[ ←Materials flow→ ]
[ ← Underlying molecular flow → ] If the underlying molecular flows are “out of tune” with
nature there is damage to the environmente.g. heavy metals, cfc’s, c=halogen compounds and CO2
Moleconomics is the study of the form of atoms in molecules, their flow, interactions, balances, stocks and positions. What we take from the environment around us, how we manipulate and make materials out of what we take and what we waste result in underlying molecular flows that affect earth systems. These flows should mimic, balance or minimally interfere with natural flows.
To fix the molecular flows that are impacting our planet we must first fix the materials flows in a bottom up approach
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2121
The Earth System
Anthropo-sphere
The earth system consists of positive and negative feedback loops.Small changes caused by man such as CO2 and other climate forcing as well as pollution impact right across all interconnected systems throughout the global commons.
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2222
Earth Systems Science
Source graphic: NASA
Earth system science treats the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems (Wiki). These systems are ideally homeostatic.
Earth SystemsAtmospheric composition, climate, land cover, marine ecosystems, pollution, coastal zones, freshwater salinity etc.
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2323
The Carbon Cycle and Emissions
After: David Schimel and Lisa Dilling, National Centre for Atmospheric Research 2003
Emissions from fossil fuels and cement production are a significant cause of global warming.
We need to increase the sedimentary carbon sink
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Darwin - Evolution
2424
As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form
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Conclusions Natural selection applies to us.
• Charles Darwin Natural selection is a too way street. We
influence our environment• William E Rudderman Jarrod Dimond and
others There is a global homeostasis and our
environment may influence us by “naturally rejection” if it changes too much under our influence.• John Harrison, James Lovelock
2525
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2626
A Future with Choices? To avoid future disaster three
choices:•Restraint, change the way we do
things or both. Can we “have our cake and eat
it?”.•Only if we change the way we do
things.
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2727
Changing the Way we do Things Without Economic Downsides
The challenge is to find ways of reducing CO2 in the air without negatively impacting the economy.• Substitution to Non Fossil Fuel Sources of
Energy Geothermal, Wind, Solar etc. Nuclear
• Sequestration on a Massive Scale Geo-sequestration (clean coal, hydrogen fuel etc.) -
limited Anthropogenic sequestration in the built environment
- our preferred option
I am not going to talk so much about Energy Substitution in this presentation
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28282828
Recycle
Re-use
Take only renewables
Waste only what is biodegradable or can be re-assimilated
Manipulate Make Use
Reduce
Changing the Techno-Process
ReduceRe-useRecycle
=> Materials =>
Take => manipulate => make => use => waste
The Flow of Atoms and Molecules in the global commons
Driven by fossil fuel energy with take and waste impacts.
This is biomimicry!
By changing the technology paradigms we can change the materials flows and thus the underlying molecular flows.
Moleconomics
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2929
Geosequestration Is not safe due to leakage (China recently?) Is not likely to be ready before 2015 for coal
fired power stations in Australia Authoritative published studies estimate the
cost of geosequestration at between $30-$140/tCO2. (a wide range due to so many uncertainties)
Added to the cost of coal or hydrogen, these sources of energy with geosequestration may be more expensive that alternatives.
A long term plan would included the required R & D now
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3030
Affect of Leakage on Geosequestration
Source: CANA (2004). Carbon Leakage and Geosequestration, Climate Action Network Australia.
"The assumption of exclusive reliance on storage may be an extreme one, however the example illustrates that emphasis on energy efficiency and increased reliance on renewable energy must be priority areas for greenhouse gas mitigation. The higher the expected leakage rate and the larger the uncertainty, the less attractive geosequestration is compared to other mitigation alternatives such as shifting to renewable energy sources, and improved efficiency in production and consumption of energy."
Downloadable Model at http://www.tececo.com/files/spreadsheets/GaiaEngineeringVGeoSequestrationV1_26Apr08.xls
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3131
Size of Natural Carbon Sinks
Modified from Figure 2 Ziock, H. J. and D. P. Harrison. "Zero Emission Coal Power, a New Concept." from http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/2b2.pdf by the inclusion of a bar to represent sedimentary sinks
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Carbon Sink Permanence
3232
Carbonate sediment40,000,000 Gt
Plants 600 Gt
Sequestration Permanence and time
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3333
Synopsis
We must accept our long term role of maintaining “spaceship earth” as planetary engineers and find ways of maintaining the level of carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases in the atmosphere at desirable levels.
We cannot possibly arrest the alarming increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide currently occurring through efficiency, emissions reduction (constraint) or substitution alone
Geo-sequestration is at best short term and at worst highly risky.
We have a good chance of preserving the future if we mimic nature and find profitable uses for carbon and other wastes.
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3434
Synopsis (2) Uses for carbon and other wastes must be economically driven and result in
a real value that puts profit in the pocket of a large number who will as a consequence wish to engage otherwise they cannot be implemented on the massive scale required.
Anthropogenic sequestration as man made carbonate in the built environment is a new technology platform that has the promise of profitably sequestering massive amounts of carbon profitably.
The markets created for man made carbonate in buildings are insatiable, large enough and indefinitely continuing.
Anthropogenic sequestration by building with man made carbonate is doable and most likely presents the only option we have for saving the planet from runaway climate change until such time as safe and reliable forms of energy alternative to fossil fuels can be developed
Anthropogenic sequestration by building with man made carbonate must be part of any long term planetary maintenance strategy.
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Biomimicry - Geomimicry
3535
All natural processes are very economical. We must also be MUCH more economical
The term biomimicry was popularised by the book of the same name written by Janine Benyus
Biomimicry is a method of solving problems that uses natural processes and systems as a source of knowledge and inspiration.
It involves nature as model, measure and mentor. Geomimicry is similar to biomimicry but models
geological rather than biological processes.
The theory behind biomimicry is that natural processes and systems have evolved over several billion years through a process of research and development commonly referred to as evolution. A reoccurring theme in natural systems is the cyclical flow of matter in such a way that there is no waste of matter and very little of energy.Geomimicry is a natural extension of biomimicry and applies to geological rather than living processes
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3636
Learning to Use Carbon - Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?
Large tonnages of carbon (7% of the crust) were put away during earth’s geological history as limestone, dolomite and magnesite, mostly by the activity of plants and animals.• Orders of magnitude more than as coal or petroleum!
Shellfish built shells from carbon and trees turn it into wood.
These same plants and animals wasted nothing• The waste from one is the food or home for another.
Because of the colossal size of the flows involved the answer to the problems of greenhouse gas and waste is to use them both in an insatiable, large and indefinitely continuing market.
Such a market exists for building and construction materials.
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3737
Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?
The required paradigm shift in resource usage will not occur because it is the right thing to do. It can only happen economically.
To put an economic value on carbon and wastesWe have no choice but to:
•invent new technical paradigms such as offered by TecEco.
•Evolve culturally to effectively use new these technical paradigms
By using carbon dioxide and other wastes as building materials we can economically reduce their concentration in the global commons.
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3838
Sequestration of Carbon and Wastes as Building Materials
During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals.
Sequestering carbon in calcium and magnesium carbonate materials and other wastes in the built environment mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals.
In eco-cement concretes the binder is carbonate and the aggregates are preferably carbonates and wastes. This is “geomimicry”
CO2
C
CO2
Waste
CO2
CO2
Pervious pavement
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3939
Geomimicry There are 1.2-3 grams of
magnesium and about .4 grams of calcium in every litre of seawater.
There is enoughcalcium and magnesiumin seawater with replenishmentto last billions of years at current needs for sequestration.
To survive we must build our homes like these seashells using CO2 and alkali metal cations. This is geomimicry
Carbonate sediments such as these cliffs represent billionsof years of sequestrationand cover 7% - 8% of the crust.
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4040
Anthropogenic Sequestration Using Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis by plants and
algae
Consumed by heterotrophs
(mainly animals)
Organic compounds made
by autotrophs
Organic compounds made by heterotrophs
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration burning and
decay
Limestone coal and oil
burning
Gaia Engineering, (Greensols, TecEco
Kiln and Eco-Cements)
Decay by fungi and bacteria
CO2 in the air and water
More about Gaia Engineering athttp://www.tececo.com.au/simple.gaiaengineering_summary.php
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4141
Building and Construction Represents an Insatiable, Large and Indefinitely Continuing Market for Man Made Carbonate Sequestration
The built environment is made of materials and is our footprint on earth.• It comprises buildings and infrastructure.
Construction materials comprise• 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc.)• 40-50% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new
materials going to site are wasted.) Around 50 billion tonnes of building materials are used
annually on a world wide basis. The single biggest materials flow (after water) is concrete at
around 18 billion tonnes or > 2 tonnes per man, woman and child on the planet.
40% of total energy in the industrialised world (researchandmarkets)
Why not use magnesium carbonate aggregates and building components from Greensols and Eco-Cements from TecEco to bind them together?
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4242
Only the Built Environment is Big Enough
Source of graphics: Nic Svenningson UNEP SMB2007
The built environment is our footprint, the major proportion of the techno-sphere and our lasting legacy on the planet. It comprises buildings and infrastructure
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4343
Economically Driven Technological Change
New, more profitable technical paradigms are required that result in more sustainable moleconomic flows that mimic natural flows or better, reverse damaging flows from the Techno Process.
$ - ECONOMICS - $Change is only possible economically. It will not happen because it is necessary or right.
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4444
Consider Sustainability as Where Culture and Technology Meet
Increase in demand/price ratio for greater sustainability due to cultural change.
#
$
Demand
Supply
Increase in supply/price ratio for more sustainable products due to technical innovation.
Equilibrium
Shift
ECONOMICSGreater Value/for impact (Sustainability) and economic growth
A measure of the degree of sustainability is where the demand for more sustainable technologies is met by their supply.
We must rapidly move both the supply and demand curves for sustainability
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4545
Changing the Technology Paradigm
“By enabling us to make productive use of particular raw materials, technology determines what constitutes a physical resource1”
1.Pilzer, Paul Zane, Unlimited Wealth, The Theory and Practice of Economic Alchemy, Crown Publishers Inc. New York.1990
It is not so much a matter of “dematerialisation” or constraint as a question of changing the underlying moleconomic flows. We need materials that require less energy to make them, do not pollute the environment with CO2 and other releases, last much longer and that contribute properties that reduce lifetime energies. The key is to change the technology paradigms
Or more simply – the technical paradigm determines what is or is not a resource!
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4646
Cultural Change is Happening! Al Gore (SOS) CSIRO reports STERN Report Lots of Talkfest IPCC Report Political change Branson Prize Live Earth
(07/07/07) The media have an important growing role
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Gaia Engineering Flowchart
4747
Built Environment
MgCO3
and CaCO3
“Stone”
Extraction
Industrial CO2 MgO
TecEcoTec-Kiln
Eco-Cements
Buildingcomponents & aggregates
TecEcoCementManufacture
CaO
Clays
Portland CementManufacture
Brine or Seawater
Tec-Cements
Building waste
Other waste
Fresh Water
Extraction inputs and outputs depending on method chosen
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4848
Gaia Engineering Process Diagram
Extraction Process
Fossil fuels
Solar or solar derived energy
Oil
MgO
CO2
Coal
CO2
CO2
CO2
Inputs:
Atmospheric or industrial CO2,brines, waste acid or bitterns, other wastes
Outputs:
Carbonate building materials, potable water, valuable commodity salts.
Carbon or carbon compoundsMagnesium compounds
1.29 gm/l Mg.412 gm/l Ca
Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology.
TecEco MgCO2
Cycle
Carbonate building components
Eco-Cement
TecEcoKiln
MgCO3
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4949
The Technical Case
Atmospheric increase
= Emissions from fossil fuels
+ Net emissions from changes in land use
- Oceanic uptake
- Missing carbon sink
11.72 (±0.2) = 23.08 (±0.4) + 8.016 (±0.8) - 8.79 (±0.7) - 10.62 (±1.1)
Source: The Woods Hole Institute converted to billion metric tonnes or petograms CO2
TecEco plan through Gaia Engineering to modify the carbon cycle by creating a new man made carbon sink in the built environment. The need for a new and very large sink can be appreciated by considering the balance sheet of global carbon in the crust after Ziock, H. J. and D. P. Harrison[5] depicted in another slide.
The Carbon Cycle
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5050
Making Carbonate Building Materials to Solve the Global Warming Problem
Our new technologies will enable easy low cost production of carbonate building materials.
Our source of calcium or magnesium is from seawater, brines or bitterns and our source of CO2 can be from the air.
If carbonates such as magnesite were our building material of choice and we could make it without releases as is the case with our Gaia Engineering, we have the problem of too much in the atmosphere as good as solved!
Anthropogenic sequestration - building with carbonate and waste is
the answer
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5151
Why Magnesium Carbonates? Because of the low molecular weight of
magnesium, it is ideal for scrubbing CO2 out of the air and sequestering the gas into the built environment:
Due to the lighter molar mass of magnesium more CO2 is captured than in calcium systems as the calculations below show.
At 2.09% of the crust magnesium is the 8th most abundant element
Sea-water contains 1.29 g/l compared to calcium at .412 g/l
Magnesium compounds have low pH and polar bond in composites making them suitable for the utilisation of other wastes.
%5284
44
3
2
MgCO
CO %43101
44
3
2
CaCO
CO
Seawater Reference Data
g/l H20
Cation
radius
(pm)
Chloride (Cl--) 19 167
Sodium (Na+) 10.5 116
Sulfate (S04--) 2.7 ?
Magnesium (Mg++) 1.29 86
Calcium (Ca++)0.41
2 114
Potassium (K+)
0.399 152
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5252
How much Carbonate to Balance Emissions?MgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => MgCO3.3H2O40.31 + 18(l) => 58.31 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 138.368 molar masses.44.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 138.368 parts by mass MgCO3.3H2O1 ~= 138.368/44.01= 3.14412 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 37.728 billion tonnes of nesquehoniteMgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => MgCO340.31 + 18(l) => 58.31 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 84.32 molar masses.CO2 ~= MgCO344.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 84.32 parts by mass MgCO31 ~= 84.32/44.01= 1.915912 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 22.99 billion tonnes magnesiteThe density of magnesite is 3 gm/cm3 or 3 tonne/metre3Thus 22.9/3 billion cubic metres ~= 7.63 cubic kilometres of magnesiteCaO + H2O => Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => CaCO356.08 + 18(l) => 74.08 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 100.09 molar masses.CO2 ~= CaCO344.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 100.09 parts by mass MgCO31 ~= 100.09/44.01= 2.27412 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 27.29 billion tonnes calcite (limestone) The density of calcite is 2.71 gm/cm3 or 2.71 tonne/metre3Thus 27.29/2.71 billion cubic metres ~= 10.07 cubic kilometres of limestone
Full calculation: http://www.tececo.com/sustainability.carbon_cycles_sinks.php
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5353
Technical implications A range of hydraulic concretes can be specified in
which a variable hydroxide component is more or less carbonated and in which the silicate components (e.g. CSH) play an important catalytic role.
Coarse and fine aggregate can be made in the same way.
The kinetics are just as important as the thermodynamics of the chemistry.
The pH Eh stability fields of concrete can be maintained so steel reinforcing can continue to be used (subject matter of a new patent).
Mixed calcium-magnesium carbonation does not result in shrinkage problems.
Such concretes are suitable for at least the Pareto proportion of uses.
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How Do we Make Carbonate? The key is to understand the nature of
polar or hydrogen bonding in water as it is this bonding that keeps ions such as calcium and magnesium as dissolved species.
We have our own highly secret ideas about how to sufficiently weaken hydrogen bonding to cause massive precipitation of carbonates and there are other contenders such as the Calera and Greensols process.
5454
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5555
Global Producion of Cement and Concrete
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
5656
The Economic Case The profit margin for the production of cement and
concrete is low.• Generally less than 5% more often less than 3%.
It follows that:• A carbon cost if fully implemented (i.e. a zero tax or
cap) is likely to be much more than the current profit margin.
• A carbon credit (offset) of the same amount or more (as in the case of Gaia Engineering) would result in considerably more profit than is currently being made.
• If fully implemented with both binder and aggregates made of man made carbonate the potential trade in credits or offsets is enormous.
• There is likely to be a high level of government support if the technology is promoted by the industry.
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5757
Gaia Engineering Flow chart
Built Environment
MgCO3
and CaCO3
“Stone”
Extraction
Industrial CO2 MgO
TecEcoTec-Kiln
Eco-Cements
Buildingcomponents & aggregates
TecEcoCementManufacture
CaO
Clays
Portland CementManufacture
Brine or Seawater
Tec-Cements
Building waste
Other waste
Fresh Water
Extraction inputs and outputs depending on method chosen
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
5858
Gaia Engineering Process Diagram
Extraction Process
Fossil fuels
Solar or solar derived energy
Oil
MgO
CO2
Coal
CO2
CO2
CO2
Inputs:
Atmospheric or industrial CO2,brines, waste acid or bitterns, other wastes
Outputs:
Carbonate building materials, potable water, valuable commodity salts.
Carbon or carbon compoundsMagnesium compounds
1.29 gm/l Mg.412 gm/l Ca
Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology.
TecEco MgCO2
Cycle
Carbonate building components
Eco-Cement
TecEcoKiln
MgCO3
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
5959
Anthropogenic Sequestration Using Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis by plants and
algae
Consumed by heterotrophs
(mainly animals)
Organic compounds made
by autotrophs
Organic compounds made by heterotrophs
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration burning and
decay
Limestone coal and oil
burning
Gaia Engineering, (Greensols, TecEco
Kiln and Eco-Cements)
Decay by fungi and bacteria
CO2 in the air and water
More about Gaia Engineering athttp://www.tececo.com.au/simple.gaiaengineering_summary.php
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Implementation Difficulties Long supply chain. Too big for TecEco to
change? No long term secure price for carbon to
drive investment. Building and construction has huge
potential for emissions reduction yet is in the “too hard” basket for most governments because of perceived difficulties in implementation.
6060
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
Driving the Change to Green
Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com
6262
Gaia Engineering Summary
Gaia Engineering is:• Potentially profitable• Technically feasible• Would put the concrete industry back in
control of the carbon agenda• Solve the industries profitability
problems• Solve the global warming problem
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