the solution to global warming is to change the way we do

Presentation downloadable from www.tececo.com

11

John Harrison B.Sc. B.Ec. FCPATecEco Managing Director

The Solution to Global Warming is to Change the Way we do Things.Why?


22

The Atmosphere

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Yrs

CFC CO2 CH4 PCBs SO2 Water PM10

Emission

Lifetime in Atmosphere

High Low

Source: Sam Nelson Greenbase

Source: IPCC

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_atmosphere 17 Feb 08

Even if the annual flow of emissions was frozen today, the level of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere would still reach double its pre-industrial levels by 2050. In fact, emissions are increasing rapidly and the level of 550 ppm could be reached as early as 2035.

Stern review Executive Summary Page 3 para 6

The Challenge is to Keep the Atmosphere Stable. To do this we must take a long term view and engineer a new way for us to live.


The Population Paradox

33

Developed Countries

Undeveloped Countries

Global population, consumption per capita and our footprint on the planet are continuing to rise strongly.

?

?

A Planet in Crisis

Dem

ogra

phic E

xplo

sion

=>

The paradox: Affluence = Population Control


44

CO2 in the AtmosphereGigaton CO2

Year

BAUEmissions

?

?

450 ppm


Correlation CO2 and Temperature

55

Reducing emissions will be difficult because of the correlation between energy and fossil fuels. Even if emissions reductions were to succeed we must still get the CO2 out of the air.

Source of graphic: Hansen, J et. al. Climate Change and Trace GasesThe correlation between temperature and CO2 in the

atmosphere over the last 450,000 years is very good. All things being equal the simple answer is usually the right answer (Occam’s razor)

The best plan is a holistic one that reduces emissions and profitably balances the inevitable releases from our activities with massive sequestration.


66

Balancing CO2 in the Atmosphere The problem is fundamentally one of CO2 balance,

not emissions There are two ways the CO2 in the atmosphere

can be balanced• By reducing emissions.• By using (sequestering) at least as much carbon as we

produce. Both strategies require

• technological change on a scale never before imagined.• A high long term high price for carbon to drive

investment that will result in this change.


77

Where are We? The Kyoto Protocol

• A treaty intended to implement the objectives and principles agreed in the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

• Requires governments to agree to quantified limits on their greenhouse gas emissions, through sequential rounds of negotiations for successive commitment periods.

• The Kyoto treaty is the result of political negotiation and diplomatic compromise and on the surface not a lot more than short term promises to reduce emissions that make politicians look good, but that their successors cannot possibly keep.

• The Kyoto treaty is not a viable strategy for survival in the future - A treaty agreeing to a long term plan is required.

Constraint• With lots of silly “targets” with no strategy for their achievement

Talk about Carbon Capture and Storage• Not a lot else


88

We are Hooked On Fossil Fuel Energy

Emissions targets are unlikely to be met whilst fossil fuels remain

Assuming Kyoto commitments are met (which is unlikely) it is estimated that global emissions will be 41% higher in 2010 than in 1990 ( Ford, M., Matysek, A, Jakeman, G., Gurney, A & Fisher B. S. 2006, Perspectives on International Climate Change, paper presented at the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics society 50th Annual Conference). www.aares.info/files/2006_matysek.pdf.

A solution is needed of the utmost urgency to preserve history for many, many generations to come.

Sir Richard Branson at the launch of the Virgin Earth Prize

Gaia Engineering is the way to do so – John Harrison


99

Fossil Fuels“Renewable energy growth is unlikely to even match the forecast growth for the overall electricity market”

"History shows that transforming the primary sources of energy require enormous investments in infrastructure and is likely to be a 100-year challenge“

“ExxonMobil's own research had shown that by 2030 fossil fuels would still supply about three-quarters of the world's total energy demand”

Exxon Mobil Australia chairman John Dashwood American Chamber of Commerce in Australia Business Luncheon 28 August, 2009


1010

Global Primary Energy Consumption Fuel Mix

Source: Abare


Oil will Decline

111111111111

Oil prices will naturally rise as demand outstrips supply.

Where is the R & D for oil replacement?


Research and Development into Alternatives

1212

Composition of Australian Government energy research and development in 2002

There is not enough research into alternatives


1313

The Correlation Between WIP and Emissions

World Industrial Product (deflated world `GDP' in real value - i.e. World physical production).

CO2 emissions (in CO2 mass units: Doubling time = 29 years. Data: CDIAC; statistics: GDI.

The correlation between the WIP and the CO2 emissions is very high.

Source: Di Fazio, Alberto, The fallacy of pure efficiency gain measures to control future climate change, Astronomical Observatory of Rome and the Global Dynamics Institute


The Correlation Between WIP and Emissions

1414

The correlation between emissions and GDP is high because:• Fossil fuels supply >> 90% of the

world's energy. There is still a lot of coal left.

• Energy is used to produce goods (WIP).• Only in recent years

have we been seriously trying to improve efficiency (most of the Kyoto effort)

there has been a shift to services with lower CO2 intensity

Energy ~ Money ?


1515

The Limits to Efficiency ImprovementsThere are may ways the second law of thermodynamics can be enunciated but relevant to us is Lord Kelvin’s version.

“It is impossible to convert heat completely into work”

Using Carnot’s law it is possible to calculate the theoretical maximum efficiency of any heat engine such as a power station turbine or engine of a car, bus or train. (Try the calculator at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html)

Most heat engines run at much lower efficiencies than the theoretical limit so there is still scope for improvements however the law of diminishing returns applies in terms of cost.


1616

Efficiency Limitations to Emissions Reduction

Per capita emissions reduction through Pilzer 1st law substitution(Technology change = resource use change)

Rate of Per Capita Emissions Reduction

The Future2008

Per capita emissions reduction through thermodynamic efficiency

Total per capita emissions reduction

Conclusion: It is essential that R& D into substitution technologies occurs now in order to ramp up Pilzer first law substitution later and avoid thermodynamic constraints. This is not happening in Australia


1717

Kyoto Strategies are Not Working

Assuming Kyoto commitments are met (which is unlikely) it is estimated that global emissions will be 41% higher in 2010 than in 1990, 1% less than without Kyoto.

A solution is needed of the utmost urgency to preserve history for many, many generations to come.

Sir Richard Branson at the launch of the Virgin Earth Prize

Ford M, Matyseka M, et al. (2006). Perspectives on international climate policy. Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society 50th Annual Conference, Sydney, ABARE. www.aares.info/files/2006_matysek.pdf.

“We are tracking on worst case scenarios.”Whetton, P, Leader, Climate Impacts & Risk Group, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Aspendale, Vic, Australia in presentation “Climate Change: What is the science telling us? “


The Techno - Process

1818

Underlying the techno-process that describes and controls the flow of matter and energy through the supply and waste chains are molecular stocks and flows. If out of synch with earth systems these moleconomic flows have detrimental affects.

To reduce the impact on earth systems new technical paradigms need to be invented and cultural changes evolve that result in materials flows with underlying molecular flows that mimic or at least do not interfere with natural flows and that support rather than detrimentally impact on earth systems.

Detrimental affects on earth systems

Move 500-600 billion

tonnes

Use some 50 billion

tonnes

Take

Waste

Materials

Materials

I am contemplating profitable bottom up change of immense proportion and importance.

John Harrison, TecEco


Detrimental Linkages of the Techno - Process

1919

Take manipulate and make impacts

End of lifecycle impacts

Greater Utility Less Utility

Materials are everything between the take and waste and affect earth system flows.

There is no such place as “away”

Use impacts.Materials are in

the Techno-Sphere Utility

zone

Detrimental Linkages that affect earth

system flows


Moleconomic Flows

2020

Take → Manipulate → Make → Use → Waste[ ←Materials flow→ ]

[ ← Underlying molecular flow → ] If the underlying molecular flows are “out of tune” with

nature there is damage to the environmente.g. heavy metals, cfc’s, c=halogen compounds and CO2

Moleconomics is the study of the form of atoms in molecules, their flow, interactions, balances, stocks and positions. What we take from the environment around us, how we manipulate and make materials out of what we take and what we waste result in underlying molecular flows that affect earth systems. These flows should mimic, balance or minimally interfere with natural flows.

To fix the molecular flows that are impacting our planet we must first fix the materials flows in a bottom up approach


2121

The Earth System

Anthropo-sphere

The earth system consists of positive and negative feedback loops.Small changes caused by man such as CO2 and other climate forcing as well as pollution impact right across all interconnected systems throughout the global commons.


2222

Earth Systems Science

Source graphic: NASA

Earth system science treats the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems (Wiki). These systems are ideally homeostatic.

Earth SystemsAtmospheric composition, climate, land cover, marine ecosystems, pollution, coastal zones, freshwater salinity etc.


2323

The Carbon Cycle and Emissions

After: David Schimel and Lisa Dilling, National Centre for Atmospheric Research 2003

Emissions from fossil fuels and cement production are a significant cause of global warming.

We need to increase the sedimentary carbon sink


Darwin - Evolution

2424

As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form


Conclusions Natural selection applies to us.

• Charles Darwin Natural selection is a too way street. We

influence our environment• William E Rudderman Jarrod Dimond and

others There is a global homeostasis and our

environment may influence us by “naturally rejection” if it changes too much under our influence.• John Harrison, James Lovelock

2525


2626

A Future with Choices? To avoid future disaster three

choices:•Restraint, change the way we do

things or both. Can we “have our cake and eat

it?”.•Only if we change the way we do

things.


2727

Changing the Way we do Things Without Economic Downsides

The challenge is to find ways of reducing CO2 in the air without negatively impacting the economy.• Substitution to Non Fossil Fuel Sources of

Energy Geothermal, Wind, Solar etc. Nuclear

• Sequestration on a Massive Scale Geo-sequestration (clean coal, hydrogen fuel etc.) -

limited Anthropogenic sequestration in the built environment

- our preferred option

I am not going to talk so much about Energy Substitution in this presentation


28282828

Recycle

Re-use

Take only renewables

Waste only what is biodegradable or can be re-assimilated

Manipulate Make Use

Reduce

Changing the Techno-Process

ReduceRe-useRecycle

=> Materials =>

Take => manipulate => make => use => waste

The Flow of Atoms and Molecules in the global commons

Driven by fossil fuel energy with take and waste impacts.

This is biomimicry!

By changing the technology paradigms we can change the materials flows and thus the underlying molecular flows.

Moleconomics


2929

Geosequestration Is not safe due to leakage (China recently?) Is not likely to be ready before 2015 for coal

fired power stations in Australia Authoritative published studies estimate the

cost of geosequestration at between $30-$140/tCO2. (a wide range due to so many uncertainties)

Added to the cost of coal or hydrogen, these sources of energy with geosequestration may be more expensive that alternatives.

A long term plan would included the required R & D now


3030

Affect of Leakage on Geosequestration

Source: CANA (2004). Carbon Leakage and Geosequestration, Climate Action Network Australia.

"The assumption of exclusive reliance on storage may be an extreme one, however the example illustrates that emphasis on energy efficiency and increased reliance on renewable energy must be priority areas for greenhouse gas mitigation. The higher the expected leakage rate and the larger the uncertainty, the less attractive geosequestration is compared to other mitigation alternatives such as shifting to renewable energy sources, and improved efficiency in production and consumption of energy."

Downloadable Model at http://www.tececo.com/files/spreadsheets/GaiaEngineeringVGeoSequestrationV1_26Apr08.xls


3131

Size of Natural Carbon Sinks

Modified from Figure 2 Ziock, H. J. and D. P. Harrison. "Zero Emission Coal Power, a New Concept." from http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/01/carbon_seq/2b2.pdf by the inclusion of a bar to represent sedimentary sinks


Carbon Sink Permanence

3232

Carbonate sediment40,000,000 Gt

Plants 600 Gt

Sequestration Permanence and time


3333

Synopsis

We must accept our long term role of maintaining “spaceship earth” as planetary engineers and find ways of maintaining the level of carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases in the atmosphere at desirable levels.

We cannot possibly arrest the alarming increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide currently occurring through efficiency, emissions reduction (constraint) or substitution alone

Geo-sequestration is at best short term and at worst highly risky.

We have a good chance of preserving the future if we mimic nature and find profitable uses for carbon and other wastes.


3434

Synopsis (2) Uses for carbon and other wastes must be economically driven and result in

a real value that puts profit in the pocket of a large number who will as a consequence wish to engage otherwise they cannot be implemented on the massive scale required.

Anthropogenic sequestration as man made carbonate in the built environment is a new technology platform that has the promise of profitably sequestering massive amounts of carbon profitably.

The markets created for man made carbonate in buildings are insatiable, large enough and indefinitely continuing.

Anthropogenic sequestration by building with man made carbonate is doable and most likely presents the only option we have for saving the planet from runaway climate change until such time as safe and reliable forms of energy alternative to fossil fuels can be developed

Anthropogenic sequestration by building with man made carbonate must be part of any long term planetary maintenance strategy.


Biomimicry - Geomimicry

3535

All natural processes are very economical. We must also be MUCH more economical

The term biomimicry was popularised by the book of the same name written by Janine Benyus

Biomimicry is a method of solving problems that uses natural processes and systems as a source of knowledge and inspiration.

It involves nature as model, measure and mentor. Geomimicry is similar to biomimicry but models

geological rather than biological processes.

The theory behind biomimicry is that natural processes and systems have evolved over several billion years through a process of research and development commonly referred to as evolution. A reoccurring theme in natural systems is the cyclical flow of matter in such a way that there is no waste of matter and very little of energy.Geomimicry is a natural extension of biomimicry and applies to geological rather than living processes


3636

Learning to Use Carbon - Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?

Large tonnages of carbon (7% of the crust) were put away during earth’s geological history as limestone, dolomite and magnesite, mostly by the activity of plants and animals.• Orders of magnitude more than as coal or petroleum!

Shellfish built shells from carbon and trees turn it into wood.

These same plants and animals wasted nothing• The waste from one is the food or home for another.

Because of the colossal size of the flows involved the answer to the problems of greenhouse gas and waste is to use them both in an insatiable, large and indefinitely continuing market.

Such a market exists for building and construction materials.


3737

Geomimicry for Planetary Engineers?

The required paradigm shift in resource usage will not occur because it is the right thing to do. It can only happen economically.

To put an economic value on carbon and wastesWe have no choice but to:

•invent new technical paradigms such as offered by TecEco.

•Evolve culturally to effectively use new these technical paradigms

By using carbon dioxide and other wastes as building materials we can economically reduce their concentration in the global commons.


3838

Sequestration of Carbon and Wastes as Building Materials

During earth's geological history large tonnages of carbon were put away as limestone and other carbonates and as coal and petroleum by the activity of plants and animals.

Sequestering carbon in calcium and magnesium carbonate materials and other wastes in the built environment mimics nature in that carbon is used in the homes or skeletal structures of most plants and animals.

In eco-cement concretes the binder is carbonate and the aggregates are preferably carbonates and wastes. This is “geomimicry”

CO2

C

CO2

Waste

CO2

CO2

Pervious pavement


3939

Geomimicry There are 1.2-3 grams of

magnesium and about .4 grams of calcium in every litre of seawater.

There is enoughcalcium and magnesiumin seawater with replenishmentto last billions of years at current needs for sequestration.

To survive we must build our homes like these seashells using CO2 and alkali metal cations. This is geomimicry

Carbonate sediments such as these cliffs represent billionsof years of sequestrationand cover 7% - 8% of the crust.


4040

Anthropogenic Sequestration Using Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis by plants and

algae

Consumed by heterotrophs

(mainly animals)

Organic compounds made

by autotrophs

Organic compounds made by heterotrophs

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration burning and

decay

Limestone coal and oil

burning

Gaia Engineering, (Greensols, TecEco

Kiln and Eco-Cements)

Decay by fungi and bacteria

CO2 in the air and water

More about Gaia Engineering athttp://www.tececo.com.au/simple.gaiaengineering_summary.php


4141

Building and Construction Represents an Insatiable, Large and Indefinitely Continuing Market for Man Made Carbonate Sequestration

The built environment is made of materials and is our footprint on earth.• It comprises buildings and infrastructure.

Construction materials comprise• 70% of materials flows (buildings, infrastructure etc.)• 40-50% of waste that goes to landfill (15 % of new

materials going to site are wasted.) Around 50 billion tonnes of building materials are used

annually on a world wide basis. The single biggest materials flow (after water) is concrete at

around 18 billion tonnes or > 2 tonnes per man, woman and child on the planet.

40% of total energy in the industrialised world (researchandmarkets)

Why not use magnesium carbonate aggregates and building components from Greensols and Eco-Cements from TecEco to bind them together?


4242

Only the Built Environment is Big Enough

Source of graphics: Nic Svenningson UNEP SMB2007

The built environment is our footprint, the major proportion of the techno-sphere and our lasting legacy on the planet. It comprises buildings and infrastructure


4343

Economically Driven Technological Change

New, more profitable technical paradigms are required that result in more sustainable moleconomic flows that mimic natural flows or better, reverse damaging flows from the Techno Process.

$ - ECONOMICS - $Change is only possible economically. It will not happen because it is necessary or right.


4444

Consider Sustainability as Where Culture and Technology Meet

Increase in demand/price ratio for greater sustainability due to cultural change.

#

$

Demand

Supply

Increase in supply/price ratio for more sustainable products due to technical innovation.

Equilibrium

Shift

ECONOMICSGreater Value/for impact (Sustainability) and economic growth

A measure of the degree of sustainability is where the demand for more sustainable technologies is met by their supply.

We must rapidly move both the supply and demand curves for sustainability


4545

Changing the Technology Paradigm

“By enabling us to make productive use of particular raw materials, technology determines what constitutes a physical resource1”

1.Pilzer, Paul Zane, Unlimited Wealth, The Theory and Practice of Economic Alchemy, Crown Publishers Inc. New York.1990

It is not so much a matter of “dematerialisation” or constraint as a question of changing the underlying moleconomic flows. We need materials that require less energy to make them, do not pollute the environment with CO2 and other releases, last much longer and that contribute properties that reduce lifetime energies. The key is to change the technology paradigms

Or more simply – the technical paradigm determines what is or is not a resource!


4646

Cultural Change is Happening! Al Gore (SOS) CSIRO reports STERN Report Lots of Talkfest IPCC Report Political change Branson Prize Live Earth

(07/07/07) The media have an important growing role


Gaia Engineering Flowchart

4747

Built Environment

MgCO3

and CaCO3

“Stone”

Extraction

Industrial CO2 MgO

TecEcoTec-Kiln

Eco-Cements

Buildingcomponents & aggregates

TecEcoCementManufacture

CaO

Clays

Portland CementManufacture

Brine or Seawater

Tec-Cements

Building waste

Other waste

Fresh Water

Extraction inputs and outputs depending on method chosen


4848

Gaia Engineering Process Diagram

Extraction Process

Fossil fuels

Solar or solar derived energy

Oil

MgO

CO2

Coal

CO2

CO2

CO2

Inputs:

Atmospheric or industrial CO2,brines, waste acid or bitterns, other wastes

Outputs:

Carbonate building materials, potable water, valuable commodity salts.

Carbon or carbon compoundsMagnesium compounds

1.29 gm/l Mg.412 gm/l Ca

Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology.

TecEco MgCO2

Cycle

Carbonate building components

Eco-Cement

TecEcoKiln

MgCO3


4949

The Technical Case

Atmospheric increase

= Emissions from fossil fuels

+ Net emissions from changes in land use

- Oceanic uptake

- Missing carbon sink

11.72 (±0.2) = 23.08 (±0.4) + 8.016 (±0.8) - 8.79 (±0.7) - 10.62 (±1.1)

Source: The Woods Hole Institute converted to billion metric tonnes or petograms CO2

TecEco plan through Gaia Engineering to modify the carbon cycle by creating a new man made carbon sink in the built environment. The need for a new and very large sink can be appreciated by considering the balance sheet of global carbon in the crust after Ziock, H. J. and D. P. Harrison[5] depicted in another slide.

The Carbon Cycle


5050

Making Carbonate Building Materials to Solve the Global Warming Problem

Our new technologies will enable easy low cost production of carbonate building materials.

Our source of calcium or magnesium is from seawater, brines or bitterns and our source of CO2 can be from the air.

If carbonates such as magnesite were our building material of choice and we could make it without releases as is the case with our Gaia Engineering, we have the problem of too much in the atmosphere as good as solved!

Anthropogenic sequestration - building with carbonate and waste is

the answer


5151

Why Magnesium Carbonates? Because of the low molecular weight of

magnesium, it is ideal for scrubbing CO2 out of the air and sequestering the gas into the built environment:

Due to the lighter molar mass of magnesium more CO2 is captured than in calcium systems as the calculations below show.

At 2.09% of the crust magnesium is the 8th most abundant element

Sea-water contains 1.29 g/l compared to calcium at .412 g/l

Magnesium compounds have low pH and polar bond in composites making them suitable for the utilisation of other wastes.

%5284

44

3

2

MgCO

CO %43101

44

3

2

CaCO

CO

Seawater Reference Data

g/l H20

Cation

radius

(pm)

Chloride (Cl--) 19 167

Sodium (Na+) 10.5 116

Sulfate (S04--) 2.7 ?

Magnesium (Mg++) 1.29 86

Calcium (Ca++)0.41

2 114

Potassium (K+)

0.399 152


5252

How much Carbonate to Balance Emissions?MgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => MgCO3.3H2O40.31 + 18(l) => 58.31 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 138.368 molar masses.44.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 138.368 parts by mass MgCO3.3H2O1 ~= 138.368/44.01= 3.14412 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 37.728 billion tonnes of nesquehoniteMgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => MgCO340.31 + 18(l) => 58.31 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 84.32 molar masses.CO2 ~= MgCO344.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 84.32 parts by mass MgCO31 ~= 84.32/44.01= 1.915912 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 22.99 billion tonnes magnesiteThe density of magnesite is 3 gm/cm3 or 3 tonne/metre3Thus 22.9/3 billion cubic metres ~= 7.63 cubic kilometres of magnesiteCaO + H2O => Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + 2H2O => CaCO356.08 + 18(l) => 74.08 + 44.01(g) + 2 X 18(l) => 100.09 molar masses.CO2 ~= CaCO344.01 parts by mass of CO2 ~= 100.09 parts by mass MgCO31 ~= 100.09/44.01= 2.27412 billion tonnes CO2 ~= 27.29 billion tonnes calcite (limestone) The density of calcite is 2.71 gm/cm3 or 2.71 tonne/metre3Thus 27.29/2.71 billion cubic metres ~= 10.07 cubic kilometres of limestone

Full calculation: http://www.tececo.com/sustainability.carbon_cycles_sinks.php


5353

Technical implications A range of hydraulic concretes can be specified in

which a variable hydroxide component is more or less carbonated and in which the silicate components (e.g. CSH) play an important catalytic role.

Coarse and fine aggregate can be made in the same way.

The kinetics are just as important as the thermodynamics of the chemistry.

The pH Eh stability fields of concrete can be maintained so steel reinforcing can continue to be used (subject matter of a new patent).

Mixed calcium-magnesium carbonation does not result in shrinkage problems.

Such concretes are suitable for at least the Pareto proportion of uses.


How Do we Make Carbonate? The key is to understand the nature of

polar or hydrogen bonding in water as it is this bonding that keeps ions such as calcium and magnesium as dissolved species.

We have our own highly secret ideas about how to sufficiently weaken hydrogen bonding to cause massive precipitation of carbonates and there are other contenders such as the Calera and Greensols process.

5454


5555

Global Producion of Cement and Concrete


5656

The Economic Case The profit margin for the production of cement and

concrete is low.• Generally less than 5% more often less than 3%.

It follows that:• A carbon cost if fully implemented (i.e. a zero tax or

cap) is likely to be much more than the current profit margin.

• A carbon credit (offset) of the same amount or more (as in the case of Gaia Engineering) would result in considerably more profit than is currently being made.

• If fully implemented with both binder and aggregates made of man made carbonate the potential trade in credits or offsets is enormous.

• There is likely to be a high level of government support if the technology is promoted by the industry.


5757

Gaia Engineering Flow chart

Built Environment

MgCO3

and CaCO3

“Stone”

Extraction

Industrial CO2 MgO

TecEcoTec-Kiln

Eco-Cements

Buildingcomponents & aggregates

TecEcoCementManufacture

CaO

Clays

Portland CementManufacture

Brine or Seawater

Tec-Cements

Building waste

Other waste

Fresh Water

Extraction inputs and outputs depending on method chosen


5858

Gaia Engineering Process Diagram

Extraction Process

Fossil fuels

Solar or solar derived energy

Oil

MgO

CO2

Coal

CO2

CO2

CO2

Inputs:

Atmospheric or industrial CO2,brines, waste acid or bitterns, other wastes

Outputs:

Carbonate building materials, potable water, valuable commodity salts.

Carbon or carbon compoundsMagnesium compounds

1.29 gm/l Mg.412 gm/l Ca

Gaia Engineering delivers profitable outcomes whilst reversing underlying undesirable moleconomic flows from other less sustainable techno-processes outside the tececology.

TecEco MgCO2

Cycle

Carbonate building components

Eco-Cement

TecEcoKiln

MgCO3


5959

Anthropogenic Sequestration Using Gaia Engineering will Modify the Carbon Cycle

Photosynthesis by plants and

algae

Consumed by heterotrophs

(mainly animals)

Organic compounds made

by autotrophs

Organic compounds made by heterotrophs

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration burning and

decay

Limestone coal and oil

burning

Gaia Engineering, (Greensols, TecEco

Kiln and Eco-Cements)

Decay by fungi and bacteria

CO2 in the air and water

More about Gaia Engineering athttp://www.tececo.com.au/simple.gaiaengineering_summary.php


Implementation Difficulties Long supply chain. Too big for TecEco to

change? No long term secure price for carbon to

drive investment. Building and construction has huge

potential for emissions reduction yet is in the “too hard” basket for most governments because of perceived difficulties in implementation.

6060


Driving the Change to Green


6262

Gaia Engineering Summary

Gaia Engineering is:• Potentially profitable• Technically feasible• Would put the concrete industry back in

control of the carbon agenda• Solve the industries profitability

problems• Solve the global warming problem

the solution to global warming is to change the way we do

News & Politics

global emissions

co2 emissions

emissions reductions

atmosphere source

greenhouse gas emissions

year bau emissions

annual flow of emissions

worlds energy