the system z world
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IBM India Software Labs
2008 IBM Corporation
The System z world
K.ShreekanthLab ArchitectIBM Software Labs
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Agenda
History & Evolution of System z (Mainframes) System z facts
Why System z
Unique ITIes of System z
Specialty Engines
Roles in Mainframe World
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History & Evolution of System z (Mainframes)
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Mark I - Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, 1944
First ever fully-automaticcalculator
Developed in collaborationwith Harvard University
51 feet x 8 feet. 5 tonnes
Built using gears, counters,switches, adding machines
One addition in 1/3 of asecond
One multiplication in 6seconds
Loop was created byphysically looping thePunched Paper tapes
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IBM 701 (1953)
Used Electrostatic storage(vacuum tubes)
Could store 2048 words (4bytes each)
18 bit instructions (sign1,opcode5, address12)
2 registers (Accumulator andMultiplier/Quotient)
It executed 17,000
instructions per second
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IBM 7090 (1959)
Fully transistorized mainframe
36 bit words, 36 bitinstructions, address spacesize of 32K.
229,000 calculations persecond
US Air force used it to runtheir Ballistic Missile EarlyWarning System
NASA used it for simulatingthe moon flight
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S/360 (Big Iron) & OS/360 (1960s)
IBMs $5 Billion Gamble
19 combinations of power, speed andmemory
Dedicated I/O Processors, ParallelI/O channels
8 bitbytes, Byte addressablestorage
16 GRs and 4 FPRs, each 32 bit.
EBCDIC was introduced
Microcode (Firmware)
In 1969, Apollo 11s moon landingwas supported by many S/360s andIMS
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S/370 & OS/370 (1970s)
Multiprocessor (two)system
Backward compatible
24 bits (16 MB)address space
Virtual Memory
31 bit addressingfrom S/370 XA (1983)
Dataspaces &Hiperspaces fromESA/370
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Mainframes are not Dead!
I predict that the last mainframe will be unplugged on March 15, 1996Stewart Alsop, former InfoWorld columnist (now at Fortune Magazine), March, 1991
Annual growth in MIPS of over 30%since 1992
More than $20B in mainframe revenuesince 1996 (when the last one was tohave been unplugged)
But there have been many changes inthe mainframe since 1991!
Today the mainframe runs Unix andLinux workload in co-operation with z/OSand VM.
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S/390 & OS/390, ESA/390 & MVS/ESA (1990s)
24 & 31 bit addressing
2 GB address spaces
Bipolar to CMOS migration
LPARs, Parallel Sysplex
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System z & z/OS (2000s)
24, 31 bit & 64 bit
Up to 54 CPUs, 60LPARs, 32 systemsin a Sysplex.
64 bit registers.
GPRs, FPRs, FPCR,ARs and CRs.
512 GB main memory(4 TB soon)
16 Exabyte address
spaces Virtualization,
WLM/IRDIs that a Fridge?? No, System z.
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Evolution of System z
1964 1970 1980 1990 2000 2004
S/360 S/370 S/370XA 31 bits ESA/390 z/Architecture 64 bits
MVT, PCP
MFTMVS - VTAM
VM
MVS/XAMVS/ESA
OS/390z/OS
DB2z/VM
LinuxCICS
HW
SW
USS -
TCP/IP
WebSphere
CMOS
Parallel Sysplex
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System z Facts
100% of the 10 world largest banks run their coreapplications on System z
100% of Fortune 100 run mission critical applicationson a System z
95% of Fortune 1000 companies use IMS on Systemz
60% of all data in the world reside on System z
Application compatibility from 1964 till date
No security incident, virus or worm for 42 years
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Typical mainframe workloads
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Typical batch use
Disk Storagedatabases
Tape Storage
Sequentialdata sets
Partnersand clientsexchange
information
Reports
Backups
Dataupdate
Reports
Statistics,summaries,exceptions
ResidenceMainoffice
Branch offices
Account balancesbills, etc
Processingreports
Mainframe
Processing batch jobs
44
55
Reports
22
1010
11
88
66
33
CREDIT CARD
1234 5678 90121234 5678 9012V AL ID F RO M G OO D TH RU
X X /X X /X X X X/ X X/ XX
PAUL FISCHER
X X /X X /X X X X /X X /X X
PAUL FISCHER
77
99
SystemOperator
ProductionControl
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Typical online use
Diskstorage
controller
Storesdatabase
files
queriesand
updates
Accountactivities
Officeautomation
systems
Mainframe
Accessesdatabase
Requests
ATMs
Branchoffices
Business analysts Inventory control
Branch officeautomationsystems
Network
(e.g. TCP/IP or SNA)
55
66
33
22
44
11
Central office
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Myths About Mainframes
5.
Mainframes are
inflexible & unable
to change quickly
4.
Inability to
find talent as those
with mainframe
skills retire
3.
ISV enthusiasm
for mainframeapplications is
dwindling
2.
There is nothing
new in the worldof mainframes
1.
Mainframes are
expensive to buy
and operate
5 Myths
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Why System z?
EXTREMELY reliable (MTBF of 50+ Years)
Because of the ITIES (sounds like Cities without the C)
RAS (RELIABILITY, AVAILABILITY, SERVICEABILITY),
RECOVERABILITY
INTEGRITYSystem Integrity and Data Integrity
SCALABILITYboth Vertical and Horizontal Scalability
MANAGEABILITY
QOSQualities of Service
Designed and built in over 40 years.
Cant Beat its RAS!
S
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Why System z? Capacity & performance
Commercial workloads are data-intensive, not processor-intensive
Distributed systems are data poor
Much processing is done outboard from the actual CPU (e.g. RISC in I/O subsystem)
Superior multitasking
Mixed workloads on mainframe, single applications on distributed
100% CPU utilization on mainframes is normal, but fatal on distributed systems
Personnel costs
Per-user support costs less on mainframe than other platforms
Security
Scalability
Up to 32 54-way systems with Parallel Sysplex
Availability (5 Nines)
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Service Level Agreement
A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is an agreementbetween a service provider and a recipient, generallythe server owner and a business unit.
SLAs are the baseline for capacity, availability and
performance measurements and ratings. Example:
95% of ATM transactions are completed in lessthan one second.
90% of daily reports are completed by 6 A.M.
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System z enables Service Level Agreements
Recurring reporting, uses leftover cycles
OLAP analysis for buying patterns
Points of Sale and Pharmacy Transactionsget fast track as a matter of policy
High PriorityTransactions
Medium PriorityAnalysis
Low PriorityBatch
Result(Enterprise Averages)
zStack > 85%
UNIX ~ 10-20%
WINTEL ~ 5%
Policy Driven Real-Time Prioritization
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System z is optimized for many types of processing
There's m ore to per formance than jus t processing pow er
Data intensive workloads like large databases, transaction processing, objectoriented code, and virtualization and context switching potentially run betteron System z servers
CPU Time Memory Time I/O Time
CPU Busy
CPUTime Memory Time I/O Time
CPU Busy
zSeries
Others
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System z - Hardware scalability
System I/O Bandwidth
CPUs
GBsITRs for
1-way
System z9 109*
zSeries 990zSeries 900
Generation 6
Generation 5
172.8GB/sec
96 GB/sec
24 GB/sec
256 GB 64 GB 288.15 450 ~ 600
16-way
32-way
54-way
512 GB
Balanced System
CPU, nWay,
Memory,
I/O B andwidth*
*z9-109 exploits a subset of its designed I/O capability
ITR = Internal Throughput Rate
ITR =Unit of Work
Processor busy timeITR =
Unit of Work
Processor busy time
Unit of Work
Processor busy time
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Capacity On Demand (CoD)
Different CoD options:
Capacity Upgrade on Demand (CUoD)
Customer Initiated Upgrade (CIU)
On/Off Capacity on Demand
CoD encompasses the var ious capabi l it ies for you o
dynam ically act ivate one or more resou rces in you r
server as your b usiness peaks dictate.
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Security
System Z servers achieveCommon Criteria SecurityCertification - Evaluation
Assurance Level 5.
U. S. Government had rated themainframe EAL5.
ATTENTION: Only the IBMmainframe partitions haveattained an EAL5 rating.
IBM System Z partitioning achieves highest certification
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z/OS System Security Mechanisms
Supervisor Call
Routine (SVC)
Code to perform system level functions.
Problem State Most modules run in this state.
Supervisor State Only operating system modules run in this state.
AuthorizedProgram Facility(AFP)
Limits the use of sensitive SVCs to authorizedprograms.
Ensures that all modules fetched by authorizedprograms only come from authorized libraries.
Storage
Protection Keys
Keys 0-7 are system keys and can only be obtained
by programs in supervisor state. Keys 8-15 areuser keys.
AuthorizedProgram
Any program that runs, in supervisor state, withAPF authorization, with a storage key in 0-7.
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Example: Financial Services Company
$300B assets, 2500+ branches, 15Mcustomers
Retail banking, loans, mortgages, wealthmanagement, credit cards
CRM Systembranches, financialadvisors, call centers, internet
Number of users20,000+
Financial Impact of Downtime Per Hour
Industry segment Cost
Energy $2,818K
Telecommunications $2,066K
Manufacturing $1,611K
Financial $1,495K
InformationTechnology
$1,345K
Insurance $1,202K
Retail $1,107K
Pharmaceuticals $1,082K
Banking $997K
Consumer Products $786K
Chemicals $704K
Transportation $669K
How Important is High Availability?Fractional Improvements Make a Difference
Unix/
Oracle
zSeries/
DB2
Availability % 99.825% 99.975%
Annual outage 15h 20m 2h 11mCost ofDowntime
$45.2M $3.6M
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Cost of outages..
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Inhibitors to availabilityNumber of 9sor the Myth of the nines
Class of 9s Outage Example
99.999 % 5 min / year ContinousAvailability
z/OS ParallelSysplex
99.99 % 53 min / year Fault Tolerant S/390 ParallelSysplex
99,9 % 8.8 hrs / year HighAvailability
Single IBMSystem z CPC
99 % 88 hrs / year GeneralPurpose
High availableUNIX Cluster
90 % 876 hrs (36.5days) / year
Campus LAN
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z900 z990 z9 EC
Microcode Driver Updates 6 Hr Scheduled outage 6 Hr Scheduled outage Concurrent*
Book Replacement** Not Applicable Scheduled Outage Concurrent
Memory Replacement Scheduled Outage Scheduled Outage Concurrent(Book Offline)
ECC on Memory Control
Circuitry (EX: SMI) Unscheduled Outage Unscheduled Outage TransparentMemory Bus Adapter(MBA) Replacement
Scheduled Outage. Loseconnectivity to I/O
Domain
Scheduled Outage. Loseconnectivity to I/O
Domain
Concurrent.Connectivity to I/ODomain remains
STI Failure As for MBA As for MBA As for MBA
Oscillator Failure Unscheduled Outage Unscheduled Outage Transparent
Processor Upgrades Concurrent Concurrent Concurrent
Physical MemoryUpgrades Scheduled Outage Scheduled Outage
Concurrent(Book Offline)
I/O Upgrades Concurrent Concurrent Concurrent
Spare PUs 1 System 2 / Book 2 / System*In select circumstances **Customer pre-planning required, may require acquisition of additional hardware resources
Evolution of RAS for IBM System z high endSystems
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System zAvailability & Disaster Recovery
Addresses Planned/Unplanned
Hardware and Software OutagesFlexible, Nondisruptive Growth
Capacity beyond largest CEC
Scales better than SMPs
Dynamic Workload/ResourceManagement
Built In Redundancy
Capacity Upgrade onDemand
Capacity Backup
Hot Pluggable I/O
Addresses Site
Failure/MaintenanceSync/Async Data Mirroring
Eliminates Tape/Disk SPOF
No/Some Data Loss
Application Independent
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Specialty Engines - zAAPs, zIIPs, IFLs and ICF
z Application Assist Processor (zAAP)
For Java work loads
z Integrated Information Processor (zIIP)
For DB workloads (Long running, parallel queries, ODBC,
JDBC)
Integrated Facility for Linux (IFL)
For zLinux
Internal Coupling Facility
For coupling the PLEXes.
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Breaking the Myths..
5.
Mainframes are
inflexible & unableto change quickly
4.
Inability to
find talent as thosewith mainframe
skills retire
3.
ISV enthusiasm
for mainframeapplications is
dwindling
2.
There is nothing
new in the worldof mainframes
1.
Mainframes are
expensive to buy
and operate
5 Myths
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Myth 1Mainframes are expensive to buy and operate
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y gy
2007 IBM Corporation35 The System z world
Myth 2There is nothing new in the world of mainframes
IBM System z Workload Evolution
Core Business
Enterprise Applications
e-business Solutions
Enterprise Applications
Core Business
e-business Solutions
Business Continuity & Recovery
Linux
Perception of
ComplexityandInflexibility
Inabilityto FindTalent
ISVEnthusiasm
Lackof Innovation
Price-to-Performance
Ratio
PrimaryInhibitors/
Concerns
2
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y gy
2007 IBM Corporation36 The System z world
Myth 3ISV enthusiasm for mainframe applications is dwindling
Front Office BackOffice
TCS/FNS Fidelity Temenos FiServ SAP SAS Epiphany Unica QCi Kana MicroStrategy
Business Objects Ascentia Evoke DWL MarketSoft Chordiant Reveleus Acxiom Experian PeopleSoft Siebel Analytics
Priority System z Selected Business Solutions
DWL Siebel Epiphany Chordiant Callidus CSC PureEdge PeopleSoft Doc Sciences
MapInfo Pega
SAS SAP Adhesion Finaplex netDecide Syncsoft Tenemos MicroStrategy Cognos
Hyperion Adobe Cognos Brio
Core Insurance
BANKING
ACI Carreker IntraNet ARGO China Systems Bottomline S1
SWIFT SAS Mantas Algorithmics SAP PeopleSoft
Risk &Compliance
FIN MKTSINSURANCE
Perception ofComplexityand
Inflexibility
Inabilityto Find
TalentISVEnthusiasm
Lackof Innovation
Price-to-Performance
Ratio
PrimaryInhibitors/Concerns
3
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y gy
2007 IBM Corporation37 The System z world
Myth 4Inability to find talent as those with mainframe skills retire|
Resources with mainframeskills are aging
Mainframe resources areexpensive
Mainframe skills are not beingtaught to university students
Middleware-related skills, which are less dependent upon platform, aremost important for the banking industry
Integration and process management requirements within banking result in agreater need for Java/C++ skills over COBOL
Automation and intelligent agents decrease the resources needed to supportmainframe systems
Counterpoints
Competitor Messages
Salaries for mainframe skills are on-par with non-mainframe skills If the demand for mainframe skills including COBOL was significantly greater
than for non-mainframe skills, the average salary would be significantly greater
"If this were actually a killer issue, you'd find the average Cobol programmer'ssalary wouldn't be under $100,000, but would be $200,000 to $250,000. Theproblem isn't quite as bad as it seems. There are thousands of new Cobolprogrammers in India, China, and the Philippines. - Ian Archball, Micro Focus1
Salaries for mainframe-based skills are only slightly higher than AIX/Unix-basedskills1% more for IT staff and 4% more for all IT positions2
IBM is supporting the teaching of these skills
IBM has set a goal of training 20,000 workers for 2010; this is supported by over200 colleges and universities
IBM is teaming with service providers like TCS
Perception of
ComplexityandInflexibility
Inabilityto FindTalent
ISVEnthusiasm
Lackof Innovation
Price-to-Performance
Ratio
PrimaryInhibitors/
Concerns
4
1Source: Mainframe Programmers Wanted, InformationWeek, September 20052Source: Enterprise Systems (www.esj.com), 2005 Salary Survey, August 2005
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Myth 5Mainframes are inflexible and unable to change quickly
Mainframes are in-flexible andunable to respond quickly tochange
Mainframes provide flexibility through partitioning and workloadmanagement
The mainframe is designed to maximize its capabilities in a multi-workloadenvironment because a major part of the system is dedicated to managing mixedworkloads as opposed to pure processor performance
CounterpointsCompetitor Messages
Mainframes also enjoy the same flexibility benefits of distributed serverenvironments UNIX APIs, J2EE, grid standards and Linux can now be run on mainframes
Perception of
ComplexityandInflexibility
Inabilityto FindTalent
ISVEnthusiasm
Lackof Innovation
Price-to-Performance
Ratio
PrimaryInhibitors/
Concerns
5
Adding permanent processor capacity and storage to a mainframe canoccur quickly and on demand without interruptions
This can typically be done without increasing staff levels On demand options are available to help with utilization spikes A distributed server based infrastructure requires adding servers in order to
scale or handle spikes in utilization Distributed server infrastructures also require a linear increase in support staff to
manage the new servers
IBM has provided a robust, flexible SOA environment on the mainframe IBM has added the capability that allows existing business logic contained within
core systems to be exposed as Web services as part of a SOA allowing banks torun new workloads alongside existing applications
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Roles in the mainframe world
Operator
Production Control Analyst
System AdministratorSystem Programmer
End User
ApplicationDeveloper
RolesRoles
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References
www.redbooks.ibm.com www.ibm.com/ibm/history
www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/index.html
ABCs of z/OS System Programming Volumes 111 z/Architecture Principles of Operation (POP)
Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics
http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/http://www.ibm.com/ibm/historyhttp://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/index.htmlhttp://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/index.htmlhttp://www.ibm.com/ibm/historyhttp://www.redbooks.ibm.com/ -
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Questions?
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