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Thermal Integrity Profiling

( TIP )

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ASTM D7949

It is obvious why we test

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3

Typical Inspection

Dry Cast • Generally visual inspection only

Wet Cast • Since visual inspection is impossible

some NDT is needed. Options include: 1. CSL 2. PIT (pulse echo) 3. Gamma Gamma Logging 4. Thermal Profiling

Top 1/3 44%

Bottom 1/3 45%

Mid 1/3 11%

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Jones & Wu, Geotechnology, Inc. Missouri and Kansas

“Experiences with Cross-hole Sonic Logging and Concrete Coring for Verification of Drilled Shaft Integrity”, ADSC GEO3 Construction Quality Assurance/Quality Control Technical Conference, Dallas Nov 2005

Percentage of Shafts with “Anomalies”

37% 38% Top 2D, 58%Bottom 2D, 32%

Middle, 10%

Billy Camp, S&ME Inc. Southeast USA “Crosshole Sonic Logging of South Carolina Drilled Shafts: A Ten Year Summary” - Presentation to ADSC Expo 2012, San Antonio March 2012

Thermal Integrity Profiling Advantages 100% Cross-section of the shaft Use temperature vs. depth vs. quadrant Test early after casting, speeds const. 12 to 48 hours (dependent on diameter)

Evaluates concrete quality, cover & alignment Only reports significant defects

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Concrete

Temperature versus depth during curing

at cage

Cover

Cement Quantity

Strength

Shaft Serviceability

Durability

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Thermal Integrity Profiling Use temperature vs. depth vs. quadrant

1 4 7

10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 3 6

S1

S10

S19

S28S37

S46

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Shaft Heat Signature Te

mpe

ratu

re

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1 4 7

10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 3 6

S1

S10

S19

S28S37

S46

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Shaft Heat Signature Te

mpe

ratu

re

8

1 4 7

10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 3 6

S1

S10

S19

S28S37

S46

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Tem

pera

ture

Shaft Heat Signature

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10 For uniform shaft, temperature is constant, except 1 diameter at top and bottom roll-off

Two TIP Methods Probe or Wire

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Test Procedure using probes

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• Remove water from tube, if applicable • Insert IR probe into tube • Collect data (top to bottom) • Repeat IR scan in all tubes

CSL Tubes

To Depth Encoder

THERMAL WIRE® Cables

Thermal Wire TAP Data Logger

Data Output

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Level 1: Direct Observation (Field)

• Verify shaft length - Identify top and bottom • Confirm cage alignment • Locate changes in shaft diameter

Locate immediate areas of concern

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view data instantly in field

16

8

13

18

23

28

33

38

43

48

53

110 120 130 140 150 160

Dept

h (ft

)

Degrees F

Shaft # 17 Thermal Wire Data

A3

B4

A3

B4

ODOT – I71 over Little Miami River Shaft # 17 Thermal Wire @18 hours

B4

A3

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Level 2: Added Field Records

• Relate concrete volume to meas’d temperature

• Predict as-built shaft radius, shape, and cover

18

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

70 90 110 130 150

Temperature (deg F)D

epth

(ft)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Shaft Diam (ft)

Average

Grnd Surf

TOS

WT

BOC

TOLime

TOR

BOS

EffectiveDiam.

TheoreticalDiam.

Method ShaftNo Correction for

Over-pour Concrete

No Correction forTremie f illing /

volume

Truck volume and depth after each truck can establish the effective diameter for each shaft segment.

19

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

70 90 110 130 150

Temperature (deg F)D

epth

(ft)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Shaft Diam (ft)

Average

Grnd Surf

TOS

WT

BOC

TOLime

TOR

BOS

EffectiveDiam.

TheoreticalDiam.

Method ShaftNo Correction for

Over-pour Concrete

No Correction forTremie f illing /

volume

Average temperature is related to average radius

20

21

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Dep

th (f

t)

Shaft Radius (ft)Sequoia Abutment 2 Pile C

TIP Projects

RW Harris Test Site • Probe Method, 3 tubes • 48 Inch Diameter • 25 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement – Tremie • Purpose built defects, sandbags installed

Tampa, FL • Instrumented with 4 Thermal Wires • 36 Inch Diameter • 75 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement - Tremie • Temporary Casing Installed to 40ft

Bridge 100722 Pier 3-1L Shaft 1

26

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135Temperature (deg F)

Dep

th (f

t)

-60

-55

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Elev

atio

n (ft

)

T1

T2

T3

T4

Avg

TOS

BOS

BOC

Bridge 100722Pier 3-1L Shaft 1

casi

ng

26

27

Bridge 100718 Pier 6-6 Shaft 3 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135Temperature (deg F)

Dep

th (f

t)

-60

-55

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

Elev

atio

n (ft

)

T1

T2

T3

T4

Avg

TOS

BOS

BOC

Bridge 100722Pier 3-1L Shaft 1

28 28

Sequoia, CA • Instrumented with 4 Thermal Wires • 37 Inch Diameter • 60 Feet Depth

37 inch diameter shaft 18.5 in. radius, 15 in. cage radius Gradient = 2 inch Per 5.1oF Sequoia Project – soft bottom 15 cu.y installed (13.8 theoretical)

Rock

37 inch shaft

Granular

Casing

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31

Sequoia Project – soft bottom 15 cu.y installed (13.8 theoretical)

Rock Rock

37 inch shaft

Granular

Casing

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Reporting: Sequoia Results

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-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

50 70 90 110 130

Dept

h (f

t)

Temperature (F)

000

001

003

004

Average

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Dep

th (f

t)

Shaft Radius (ft)Sequoia Abutment 2 Pile C

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Cleveland Innerbelt Bridge - OH • Instrumented with 6 Thermal Wires • 66 Inch Diameter • 180 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement - Tremie • Temporary Casing Installed to 28ft • Cage Spliced

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35

4 hours – after end casting

20 trucks 5 hrs to fill

0.8 hr

2.5

hrs

2 hr break

Let’s watch temperature change during 6 day curing …

2 days

66 inch diameter shaft - Cleveland

Extra pumping 2 hr delay

Can assess shaft over a wide range of time

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6 days 4 days

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TIP can look outside cage also and estimate the shaft profile

CSL looks only inside the cage

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TIP can look outside cage also and estimate the shaft profile

Retaining Wall Drilled Shaft - OH • Instrumented with 4 Thermal Wires • 21 Inch Diameter • 36 Feet Depth • Concrete Placement - Free Fall • Temporary Casing Installed to 24ft • Casing extracted using vibro hammer • Observed or Measured:

– Exterior to cage, materials caved in during casing extraction – Interior to cage, 18 inches of water & loose material at toe

(retaining wall – not an issue to contractor)

TIP Results at Peak Temp – 11 Hours

Temporary casing removed with vibratory hammer

Debris fell between cage and inner-wall of shaft –resulting in necking indicated by reduced temperature readings Early Rolloff Indicating Soft-Toe

Weighted tape showed 1.5 ft of water and soft soil at shaft bottom

CSL vs. TIP

Anomaly visible outside of cage

Anomaly not visible

TIP – At Peak Temp.

CSL – Results after 2 days

Anomaly not visible

Anomaly not visible

Soft Toe visible in both methods

?????

Thermal Integrity Profiling

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• Temperature during curing at cage is related to concrete quality, volume, and cover

• Thermal Integrity Profiler evaluates concrete both inside and outside the cage, assessing both cover and alignment

• Evaluates shaft during curing (as early as 12 hrs)allows construction to progress much earlier

Thanks for your attention

Jim Zammataro Pile Dynamics, Inc.

234-525-8617

www.pile.com