towards science-informed regulatory policies andrew d. maynard chief science advisor, project on...

Towards science-informed regulatory policies

Andrew D. MaynardChief Science Advisor, Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (in partnership with the Pew Charitable Trusts)

Nanotechnology in Perspective

Dr Roger Angel, University of Arizona

RelevanceDivergence

Adaptation

Deviating from the norm - what makes nanotechnology different?

Divergence:Nanotechnology Oversight

nano:

at the nanometer scale

Richard Smalley

The

art and science

of building stuffthat does stuff

StrangenessSmallness

Sophistication

SmallnessSmallness

Gets you to new placesGets you to new places

Gets you to new placesGets you to new places

SilverSmall

Suffocated bugs

Sweet feet

SmallnessSmallness

Woof!Miaow

StrangenessStrangeness

Behaves in unexpected waysBehaves in unexpected ways

Conce

pt:

Vic

ki C

olv

in

Lycurgus Cup

StrangenessStrangeness

Behaves in unexpected waysBehaves in unexpected ways

©F

elic

e F

ran

kel

11

Cadmium Selenide

“Quantum Dots”

Smallest

Largest

Nath

an

Saw

aya

SophisticationSophistication

Increasingly complexIncreasingly complex

SophisticationSophistication

Increasingly complexIncreasingly complex

Divergence:Nanotechnology Oversight

“Conventional” technologies, unconventional behavior

Novel technologies, unexpected behavior

New behavior, unanticipated risks?

Issues:

When does “different” mean “dangerous?”

Relevance:Nanotechnology Oversight

Over 800 listed manufacturer-identified nanotech consumer products: www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts

I wish spilt red wine would run off my pants without staining

I wish spilt red wine would run off my pants without staining

I wish my sunscreen wasn’t so unsightly

I wish my sunscreen wasn’t so unsightly

I wish my tennis racquet was lighter and stronger

I wish my tennis racquet was lighter and stronger

I wish my socks didn’t smell so much!

I wish my socks didn’t smell so much!

I wish I could keep leftovers for longer, before they go off

I wish I could keep leftovers for longer, before they go off

I wish I could get more songs on my iPod

I wish I could get more songs on my iPod

Nanotechnology:Adding value to products

Nanoparticles Nanoparticles

AgglomeratesAgglomerates

Aerosolized suspensionsAerosolized suspensions

ComminutionComminution

Degradation/Failure

Degradation/Failure

Unintentional use Unintentional use

Maynard and Kuempel (2005), J. Nanopart. Res. 7(6) 587-614

Nanoscale materials & products:Where exposure and hazard matter

Where exposure occurs

Where unanticipated harm could occur

Where existing regulations are weak

Focus:

Relevance:Nanotechnology Oversight

Bridging the gap between what we do, and what we need to do

Adaptation:Nanotechnology Oversight

Measurement...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBIIrJuBSto

2222

Same Chemistry

Potentially Different Risksnano-ZnO, Wang et al., Georgia Tech

250 nm particles

25 nm particles

Mass Concentration

Oberdörster, G., Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Series A 358 (1775), 2719-2740, 2000

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

10 100 1000 104

Inflammatory Response (% PMN)

Particlulate Mass (μ )g

Structure-related hazardTiO2 Instillation in Rats

ww

w.c

hara

cteri

zati

on

matt

ers

.org

Novel Behavior...

Structure-related hazard: Translocation Translocation following inhalation - Nose to Brain

(Based on Oberdörster, G., et al. (2004), Inhal. Toxicol. 16 (6-7), 437-445)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1 3 5 7

CerebellumCerebrumLungOlfactory Bulb

Days

Sig

nifi

cant

Data

beta-2 microgobulin

fibrillated protein

Linse, S., C. Cabaleiro-Lago, W.-F. Xue, I. Lynch, S. Lindman, E. Thulin, S. E. Radford and K. A. Dawson (2007). "Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104: 8691-8696.

Linse, S., C. Cabaleiro-Lago, W.-F. Xue, I. Lynch, S. Lindman, E. Thulin, S. E. Radford and K. A. Dawson (2007). "Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104: 8691-8696.

100

1000

104

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Fibrillation

(Thioflavin T Fluorescence)

Time / min

β2m without nanoparticles

β2m with 200 nm particles(85:15 copolymer)

β2m with 70 nm particles(85:15 copolymer)

Scale-specific hazard: Form Interfering with biology at the nanoscale

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

Les

ion

Are

a (m

m2 /m

m)

VEH

NPCB SFANT ta

ng1

NT tang2

LFANT lo

ng1

NT long2

Long fibers present

Short or tangled fibers present

***

***

***

AsbestosAsbestos

Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes

5 µm

Carbon nanotubes that look like harmful asbestos fibers, behave like harmful asbestos fibers

Poland, C. A., R. Duffin, I. Kinloch, A. Maynard, W. A. H. Wallace, A. Seaton, V. Stone, S. Brown, W. MacNee and K. Donaldson (2008). "Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study." Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.111.

Sou

rce:

Cra

ig P

ola

nd

Carbon nanotubes: Possible Risks?Fiber-like behavior

Safe Use...

House Science Subcommittee on Research & Science EducationOctober 31 2007

House Science Subcommittee on Research & Science EducationOctober 31 2007

Across the material & product life cycleAcross the material & product life cycle

Adaptation:Nanotechnology Oversight

Know what you have

Know what it does

Know how to handle it

Strategic steps:

Nature Vol. 444/16

November 2006

Andrew D. Maynard PhDChief Science Advisor

Project on Emerging NanotechnologiesWoodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

Tel: +1 202 691 4311Email: andrew.maynard@wilsoncenter.org

Web: www.nanotechproject.org

Writing on emerging technologies at:

http://2020science.org